Universe and solar system:

1-study of universe is known as Cosmology.Origin of unverse is explained by Big Bang Theory which is proposed by George Lemaitre.according to this bang bang occurred 15billion years ago lead to the formation of galaxies of stars and other bodies.Light year is the unit of distance.It is equal to the distance travelled by light in a year. 2-Galaxies:it is a vast system of stars.there are 100 billion galaxies in universe and each galaxy has 100 billion of stars.Milky Way is the home of our earth and our solar system.it is in spiral shape 3-Star:clump of dust and gases in nebula ,come together their own gravity and form stars.Made of burning gases.Emit light of their own.Proxima century is the nearest star. 4-Solar System:it consisr Sun and bodies which are bound due to its gravity in their orbit.sun is in the centre of solar system and all body revolves around it.The motion of members of solar sytem is governed by Gravitational forces.Sun accounts 99.9% of matter in solar system.it consist 71% hidrogen 26.5% helium and remaining other gases.the source of enegry is Nuclior Fusion.Surface temp-6000 degree centigarde.The sequence of planet from sun isMercury,Venus,earth,Mars,Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus,Neptune. sequence of planet(Decreasing in size)Jupiter,Satrun,Uranus,Neptune,Earth,Venus,Mars,Mercury. Mercury,Venus,Earth,Mars are known as Terrestrial planet while rest are known as Jevian planet.Jevian Planet has rings around them and mainly formed of gases. 5-Venus is the hottest planet of solar system not mercury however it is close to sun.the reason why venus is hottest is due to fact the its whole environment made of carbon di oxide and we this gas absorb heat and works as blanket.Venus is also known as earth sister and morning as well as evening star.Venus and Mercury have no natural satellite. 6-The Earth is 23o tilted on its axis and thus makes 66o angle. It takes 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.091
seconds to rotate on its axis. It takes 365 days, 5 hours and 48 minutes to revolve around the Sun.Mars is known as Red Planet due to presence of Iron minerals.Phobos and Demos are natural satellite of it.Jupiter is the largest planet and also known as Winter Planet due to low temp.Ganymede is its one of satellites ,it is also the haviest satellite of solar system. 7-Saturn satellite Titan shows antigreen house gas effect.Uranus is also known as Green Planet due to presence of Methane.William Heshel discovered it in 1781.This is the first planet discovered by the help of Telescope.Uranus and Venus rotate from east to west which is just oppoiste to all others planets. The axis of Uranus has large inclination so that is appears to be lying down, hence it bears the name A Planet on its Side.Neptune is very similar to Uranus and considerd its Twin. 8-Asteroids are known as minor planet. They are objects that revolve around the sun.They are mostly found between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Certain asteroids may have satellites. Trojan asteroids are found in two clouds moving in the orbit of Jupiter, one moving ahead of it and the other moving behind

it. 9-Miteors and Miteorits:Meteors and Meteorites are also called shooting stars.Meteors are fragments of rocks, coming towards the earth, formed due to the collision of asteroids with one another.Meteors are usually small and due to heat produced by air resistance, burn up before they reach the Earths surface.When meteors are large and do not burn up completely, they land on the Earths surface and are known as Meteorites. 10-Comets: Comets move around the Sun in regular orbits, but their orbits are elongated ellipses that it takes them hundreds and sometimes even thousands of years to complete one revolution around the Sun.they are made of frozen gases.it is visible when it passed to sunIts ice melts and the gas and dust is swept back into a tail.The tail always points away from the Sun. So if it is travelling away from the Sun, it travels tail first. 11-Constellation: To enable astronomers to roughly identify the position of the stars, the sky has been divided into units. The units are known as Constellations.These constellations were named in honor of mythological characters.At present 88 constellations are recognized.

MOTION OF EARTH AND THEIR IMPACT:

Rotaion of Earth:it rotated from west to east.thats why sun rising in east and sets in west. The
rotation speed varies at different places on Earth, at any point upon the equator is at the rate of approximately 1,038 miles per hour, decreasing to zero at the poles. Tilted axis and its impact: The Earths axis is not vertical. It makes an angle of 230 30 with the vertical or 660 30 with the plane of the Earths orbit. Rotation of the Earth on its tilted axis causes days and nights to be of different lengths in different parts of the Earth. Since the Earths axis is tilted in the same direction, the orientation of the Earths axis to the Suns rays is constantly changing as the Earth moves around the Sun. Solstice is one of the two dates in the year on which the sun reaches greatest altitude north or south of the equator and is directly overhead along one of the lines of the tropics. Equinoxes are the two days in a year when day and night are equal throughout the world are equinoxes. The two dates are March 21 and September 23 Coriolisis Force: The Coriolis force is defined as the evident deflection of objects moving in a straight path relative to the earth's surface.The main cause is earth rotation. As a result of this Coriolis force the winds moving in the Northern hemisphere are deflected rightwards, while those in the Southern hemisphere are deflected leftward. As latitude increases and the speed of the earth's rotation decreases, Coriolis effect increases. Revolution of earth: Earth revolves around the Sun in a counter-clockwise direction.It takes 365 days 6 hours, 9 minutes and 9.5 seconds to complete one revolution around the Sun.The path taken by Earth for this revolution is known as the Earth's orbit. It is elliptical.Perihelion is the position of the earth or any other planet in its orbit when it is at its nearest point to the sun.Aphelion is the position of the earth or any other planet in its orbit when it is at its greatest distance from the sun Eclipses: An eclipse is an astronomical event which occurs when an astronomical object is temporarily hidden, either by passing into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass between it and the viewer.An Eclipse occurs when the sun, moon and earth are in a straight line.In solar eclipse the

Moon's shadow crosses the Earth's surface.A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes directly in front of the sun so that its shadow lies on the earth. In other words, the moon lies between the sun and the earth.A solar eclipse takes place on new moon day.The lunar eclipse takes place when the earth comes in between the sun and the moon and the shadow of Earth falls on moon.A lunar eclipse takes place on a full moon