1 SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE ENTERPRISES INCUBATOR OR TRANQUILLIZER FOR SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS1

SEBASTIAN PITSCHNER Berlin Institute of Technology Chair of Organization and Management Sekretariat H 73 Stra e des 17! "uni 13# 1$%&3 Berlin' (ermany Tel) *+, -$.3$ 31+/&3073 e/mail) se1astian!2itschner3tu/1erlin!de

DEMET TUNCER Berlin Institute of Technology Chair of Marketing Sekretariat 4I5/B/3/1 4ilmersdorfer Str! 1+0 1$#0# Berlin' (ermany Tel!) *+, -$.3$ 31+/&#&01 e/mail) demet!tuncer3marketing/trommsdorff!de

The authors 6ould like to thank 7amona 8osselt for her su22ort in the 2rocess of data collection and 9ora Thiele for administrati:e assistance!

& INTRODUCTION The 2henomenon of social entre2reneurshi2 -S;. is emerging in a time in 6hich the :ery 1asic needs of di:erse 2o2ulation grou2s are increasingly unmet < not only in de:elo2ing countries 1ut also in the economically leading industrialized countries 6here the -social 6elfare. state traditionally ste2s into the 1reach 6hen market forces fail in their role as the 2rimary mechanism for the -re/.distri1ution of resources! The go:ernments 6hich ha:e suffered a se:ere loss of 2o6er are confronted 6ith increased calls for a reduction of ta= loads and no longer consider themsel:es res2onsi1le for 2ro:iding economic and social relief -5ead1eater' 1,,7> Catford' 1,,0.! Their ne6 role is rather that of a mere coordinator and facilitator of 2ri:ate efforts! Mean6hile' the num1er of not/for/2rofit organizations -9?8s. is gro6ing considera1ly -4ing' 8ollak and Black6ood' &$$0. and the social 2ro1lems are increasing in size and com2le=ity in the 6ake of a soaring glo1alization! Therefore' the 9?8s' 6hich ha:e long 1een regarded as the last resort for safeguarding social security' are no6 o2erating in a much more challenging en:ironment! In the face of the first decline in charita1le gi:ing in the @!S! since 1,07 -(i:ing @SA ?oundation' &$$,. they currently ha:e to co2e 6ith an intense com2etition for donors and are e:en threatened 1y su1stantial funding shortages -8ariyar and 4ard' &$$%> 7o2er and Cheney' &$$#.! In :ie6 of this de:elo2ment' the discussion and solution of social 2ro1lems recently entered the s2here of 1usiness! To 1e more 2recise' it can 1e o1ser:ed that 2ri:ate enter2rises assume the former social role of the state in t6o distinct 6ays! 4hile charita1le acti:ities of 2rofit/dri:en com2anies are far from 1eing a no:el 2henomenon' the conce2t of cor2orate social res2onsi1ility -CS7.' firstly addressed 1y Clark -1,1%.' did not recei:e 1road attention in the academic literature until the se:enties -Carroll' 1,,,.! By no6' ho6e:er' it seemst that :irtually all com2anies ha:e their o6n CS7 2rograms' in 2articular 1ecause such 2rograms constitute the o22ortunity to ma=imize a com2anyBs -shareholder. :alue -see' for e=am2le'

3 Mackey' Mackey and Barney' &$$7> (odfrey' Merrill and Hansen' &$$,> Orlitzky' Schmidt and 7ynes' &$$3.! In addition to com2anies' also indi:iduals 6ho are 2rimarily dri:en 1y the :alue of Custice and the desire to achie:e social im2ro:ements can tackle s2ecific deficiencies 1y means of commercial acti:ities if the 2ro1lems constitute an entre2reneurial o22ortunity! In todayBs com2le= en:ironment' such social entre2reneurs freDuently com2lement the acti:ities of socially res2onsi1le enter2rises 1y em2loying inno:ati:e a22roaches -"ohnson' &$$$.! 4hile there is little dou1t that social entre2reneurs constitute an enormous 2otential 6ith res2ect to the effecti:e resolution of 2ressing social 2ro1lems -Harris' Sa2ienza' Bo6ie' &$$,.' the Duestions that ha:e to 1e ans6ered are 6here they originally come from' ho6 they de:elo2' and ho6 they can 1e incenti:ized! CS7 e=hi1its a striking resem1lance 6ith S; 1ecause 1oth conce2ts im2ly economic :ia1ility as 6ell as social 1eneficence! (i:en the theoretical 2ro=imity of the conce2ts' 6e argue that com2aniesB engagement in CS7 is likely to affect the a1ility of their em2loyees to recognize o22ortunities for socially entre2reneurial acti:ities' the actual e=2loitation of such o22ortunities' and the long/term sur:i:al of the resulting social enter2rises! To ela1orate on this hy2othesis' 6e first de:elo2 a definition of social entre2reneurshi2! In doing so' 6e consider the 6idely acce2ted definitions of commercial entre2reneurshi2 and com2are the :arious understandings of S; that can 1e found in the literature! After 2ro:iding a short illustration of the term cor2orate social res2onsi1ility 6e 2oint out the similarities and differences 1et6een the t6o conce2ts! In the second 2art of the 2a2er' 6e 2resent a theory 2ositing that 2otential social entre2reneurs 6ho are 6orking in a socially res2onsi1le enter2rise may start an entre2reneurial career only under certain circumstances! If these conditions are 2resent' ho6e:er' the :enture is likely to 1e a success! In the third 2art of the 2a2er' 6e analyze the career 2aths of the social entre2reneurs 6e identified in the Esocial entre2reneur a22lication 2rogramming interfaceF' 6hich 6as recently de:elo2ed and released

+ 1y the non2rofit initiati:e ESocial ActionsF! & 4e conclude 1y 1ringing together data and theory in a short summary and 1y outlining the further research that is needed regarding the link 1et6een CS7 and S;!

SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP It is needless to 2oint out that e:ery 2iece of -Duality. research reDuires as a foundation unam1iguos and 6ell Custified definitions of the core conce2ts used! Ho6e:er' in some fields of study this 2rereDuisite is more im2ortant than in others and social entre2reneurshi2 certainly -still. ranks among the former! It makes no sense to e:aluate the theoretical and 2ractical significance of this conce2t if a sufficient definition is not 2ro:ided -8eredo and Mc5ean' &$$#.! On the other hand' it also makes no sense to e=2licitly introduce and define a ne6 term 6hich is 1asically congruent 6ith already e=isting conce2ts < a mistake' 6e think' that has re2eatedly 1een made in the field of social entre2reneurshi2! Since EGall sorts of acti:ities are no6 1eing called social entre2reneurshi2F -Martin and Os1erg' &$$7) &,. 6e conducted a literature re:ie6 to see if any consistent 2attern of definition can 1e identified in the :arious academic 2u1lications! In doing so' 6e made no distinction 1et6een definitions of entre2reneurshi2 and entre2reneurs 1ecause the first term Cust denotes 6hat entre2reneurs do> hence' defining either term defines the other -8eredo and Mc5ean' &$$#.! One key finding is that many authors see a certain o:erla2 of the conce2ts of social entre2reneurshi2 and -traditional. commercial entre2reneurshi2 -see' for instance' Thake and Hadek' 1,,7> ?o6ler' &$$$> Massetti' &$$0.! As Iees -&$$1. illustrates it' ESocial entre2reneurs are one s2ecies in the genus entre2reneur!F But 6hat is an entre2reneurJ Ski22ing the conce2tBs early ?rench history of the si=teenth and se:enteenth century -cf!
&

The social entre2reneur a22lication 2rogramming interface -social entre2reneur A8I. can 1e accessed through htt2)KKsearch!socialentre2reneura2i!org and is hosted 1y ESocial ActionsF! It is an o2en data1ase containing information a1out entre2reneurs 6ho 6on fello6shi2s or a6ards from rele:ant and esteemed organizations! Iata acDuisition 6as conducted on &1!$,!&$$,! On this day' the data1ase contained information a1out +0, indi:iduals 6ho 6ere decorated 1y si= different organizations' namely Ci:ic Lentures' Ira2er 7ichards ?oundation' idea1lo1' 8o2tech' Sch6a1 ?oundation for Social ;ntre2reneurshi2' Skoll ?oundation!

# Sulli:an Mort' 4eera6ardena and Carnegie' &$$3.' the first maCor contri1utions ha:e 1een made 1y 7ichard Cantillion' "ean/Ba1tiste Say and "ose2h Schum2eter 6ho highligthed that entre2reneurs are a1le to 1ring together and coordinate the different factors of 2roduction in an inno:ati:e 6ay 6hile 1eing faced 6ith income uncertainty -Se=ton and Bo6man' 1,0#> 4ee' 5im and 5ee' 1,,+.! According to Iees -&$$1.' this traditional definition has recently 1een com2lemented 1y 8eter Irucker 6ho stressed that entre2reneurs recognize and e=2loit o22ortunities! Ste:enson and "arillo -1,,$. argued that entre2reneurs also e=hi1it a uniDue resourcefullness 6hich ena1les them to 2ursue such o22ortunities e:en in situations in 6hich their resource endo6ments are :ery limited! The e=2loitation of o22ortunities is accom2anied 1y the generation of an entre2reneurial 2rofit -Shane and Lenkataraman' &$$$. and induces a systematic change of a society facing maCor social 2ro1lems -Irayton' &$$&.! Incremental im2ro:ements to the efficiency of already e=isting goods and ser:ices are not considered an entre2reneurial act -5arson' &$$$.! As Catford -1,,0. 2oints out' this 1asic conce2t of entre2reneurshi2 can 1e 1roadened to also ca2ture the 2henomenon of social entre2reneurshi2! That is' in order for an acti:ity to 1e identified as social entre2reneurshi2' it has to ha:e the charecteristics s2ecified a1o:e and an additional Duality 6hich Custifies the use of the su22lemental adCecti:e EsocialF! In this regard' Seelos and Mair -&$$+. note that some authors em2hasize the social outcome of an entre2reneurial acti:ity 6hile others refer to social 2ro1lems triggering entre2reneurial 1eha:ior! In our o2inion' there is no need to e=2licitly differentiate 1et6een these t6o a22roaches' 1ecause they are mutually de2endent! In order to generate a rele:ant social out2ut' a social 2ro1lem -i!e!' an unmet social need. has to 1e identified first! 4hile all the definitions 6e analyzed include the element of a social contri1ution or social :alue' the more difficult Duestion seems to concern the relati:e 6eighting of the social and economic outcomes of social entre2reneurshi2!

% T6o e=treme cases can 1e identified concerning this matter' and 6e argue that 1oth should not 1e e=aminded under the heading of S;! One case is that of 9?8s 6ho' in the face of decreasing go:ernmental su22ort and 2ri:ate gi:ing' are in search of ne6 sources of funding -Seelos and Mair' &$$+.! 4ithin the corres2onding Eenter2rise schoolF of social entre2reneurshi2' researchers e=2lore ho6 the ideas and tools of the 1usiness 6orld can 1e used in a sector that' 1y definition' ultimately does not make any financial 2rofits at all! -?ulton and Iees' &$$%.! That a great num1er of authors treat S; as a not/for/2rofit conce2t -8eredo and Mc5ean' &$$#. 6as recently confirmed 1y Taylor' Ho11s' 9ilsson' OBHalloran and 8reisser -&$$$. 6ho found out that 03M of the articles sur:eyed 1y them related social entre2reneurshi2 to the 9?8 sector! Ho6e:er' this understanding of S; is hardly conduci:e since it does not necessarily im2ly an inno:ati:e 6ay of tackling a social 2ro1lem! It is certainly true that 9?8s are increasingly transformed into some kind of Ehy1rid organizationE -8eredo and Mc5ean' &$$#.! Net' the 2henomenon of Ecom2lementary social

entre2reneurshi2F -?o6ler' &$$$. should not 1e included in an e=tended :ersion of the S; conce2t' 1ecause it merely denotes 9?8s ado2ting 1usiness 2ractices to earn money' 6hich can then 1e used to finance social causes! As long as the instruments ultimately used to sol:e the 2ro1lems ha:e not changed' that is' as long as relief su22ly is still shi22ed to the South 6ith con:oys' 6e do not see the need for a ne6 field of research! The other e=treme has 1een identified 1y Seelos and Mair -&$$+) 3. as Esocially res2onsi1le 2ractices of commercial 1usinesses engaged in cross/sector 2artnershi2s!F This definition' in our o2inion' does not set S; a2art from the means/end theory dominating CS7 research -Amaeshi and Adi' &$$7. 6hich 6ill 1e introduced in more detail 1elo6! 4e a1solutely agree 6ith the argument that CS7 2ractices ha:e 1een refined in the 2ast 1ut in most cases they are still means to Cust one single end' namely' the generation of 2rofits! This is not to deney that 1usinesses freDuently do hel2 to sol:e social 2ro1lems' 1ut the social out2ut is often a mere 1y/2roduct! Therefore' cross/sector 2artnershi2s can easily 1e e=2lained

7 1y instrumental stakeholder theory -"ones' 1,,#. as an efficient 6ay to im2lement CS7 -Seitanidi and Crane' &$$,. and to secure the stakeholder contri1utions needed for ma=imizing o6ner :alue! Seelos and Mair -&$$+. o1ser:e that the conce2t of S; has to 1e 2laced alongside the CS7 2rograms of 1usinesses and the efforts of 2u1lic and 2ri:ate not/for/2rofit organizations! The Duestion that remains' ho6e:er' is 6here e=actly S; should 1e classified on the scale 1et6een the t6o e=tremes! (i:en that collections of di:erse S; definitions already e=ist in a sufficient num1er -see' for instance' Brouard and 5ari:et' &$$,> 8ariyar and 4ard' &$$%> "ohnson' &$$$.' 6e confine oursel:es to em2hasizing those definitional characteristics 6hich hel2 to ans6er the Duestion 2osed a1o:e! 8eredo and Mc5ean -&$$#) %3. argue that Esocial entre2reneurshi2 is e=ercised 6here some 2erson or grou2 OGP aim-s. at creating social :alue' either e=clusi:ely or at least in some 2rominent 6ayF! ?o6ler -&$$$) %+#. argues along the same lines 6hen he introduces the notion of Eintegrated social entre2reneurshi2F' 6hich indicates that the Eeconomic as2ects of an organisationQs acti:ities are e=2ressly designed for' and do generate' 2ositi:e social outcomesF' i!e!' the social outcomes are not merely the means to achie:e financial success 1ut constitute an end on their o6n! Hence' the alle:iation of social 2ro1lems is su2erordinate to the generation of 2rofits! This' ho6e:er' does not mean that securing a sustaina1le 2rofit can 1e neglected 1y social entre2reneurs! 7ather' 2rofits are a necessary condition for S;' since it is them that distinguish social entre2reneurs from traditional not/for/2rofit institutions -Massetti' &$$0.! Social entre2reneurs em2loy inno:ati:e a22roaches to make markets 6ork for 2eo2le -Catford' 1,,0.' that is' they do not alle:iate the sym2toms 1ut try to fight the sources of social 2ro1lems directly! Insofar' 6e do not agree 6ith Iees -&$$1.' 6ho admittedly e=2lains that the social mission is e=2licit and central to the social entre2reneur 1ut also argues that for him or her' 2rofits created on the market are Cust a means to a social end! 4e disagree 1ecause e:en -full/time. social entre2reneurs ha:e to make a li:ing and they are not financed 1y 2ri:ate donors or go:ernments! May1e it is Cust the

0 2ros2ect of making a real change 6ithout ha:ing to gi:e u2 a reasona1le standard of li:ing 6hat makes S; an attracti:e o2tion for 1usiness school graduates' 6ho rarely intend to 2ursue a carrer in non2rofit management -(entile' &$$&.! The conce2t social entre2reneurshi2' 6e 1elie:e' should 1e closely related to the notion of Custice! On the one hand' this im2lies that social entre2reneurs direct their actions to6ard the elimination of an EunCust eDuili1rium that causes the e=clusion' marginalization' or suffering of a segment of humanity that lacks the financial means or 2olitical cloud to achie:e any transformati:e 1enefit on its o6nF -Martin and Os1erg' &$$7) 3#.! On the other hand' social entre2reneurs also 1eha:e Custly! They try to assure that their o6n -economic. outcomes' relati:e to their in2uts' are in 1alance 6ith the 2ercei:ed situation of rele:ant others -cf! Homans' 1,%1.!

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY One of the earliest formal definitions of CS7 6as gi:en 1y ?itch -1,7%) 30.' ECor2orate social res2onsi1ility is defined as the serious attem2t to sol:e social 2ro1lems caused 6holly or in 2art 1y the cor2oration!F Carroll -1,7,) #$$.' one of the most 2rominent e=2onents of CS7 research' later ela1orated on the degree to 6hich 1usinesses are res2onsi1le for sol:ing social 2ro1lems' EBefore anything else' the 1usiness institution is the 1asic economic unit in our society! As such' it has res2onsi1ility to 2roduce goods and ser:ices that society 6ants and to sell them at a 2rofit! All other 1usiness roles are 2redicated on this fundamental assum2tion!F This 2ro2osition can 1e seen as the lynch2in of the su1seDuent discussion a1out 6hether cor2orations ha:e any o1ligations that go 1eyond ma=imizing shareholder 6ealth 2roduction -Barnett' &$$7.! One side' hea:ily influenced 1y Milton ?riedmanBs -1,7$) 1&&. famous statement' EThe Social 7es2onsi1ility of Business is to Increase its 8rofitsF' argues that CS7 can ha:e 2ractical rele:ance only if the costs accruing from socially res2onsi1le 1eha:ior are lo6er than the financial 1enefits associated 6ith it -Barnett' &$$7.! In addition to

, this economic res2onsi1ility and the res2onsi1ility to o1ey the la6' Carroll -1,7,) #$$. identifies t6o further res2onsi1ilities of 1usinesses! EThe ethical res2onsi1ility re2resents the kinds of 1eha:iors and ethical norms that society e=2ects 1usiness to follo6!F This res2onsi1ility is clearly instrumental in that it is not much more than a strategic le:er for increasing cor2orate re2utation' market o22ortunities and ultimately o6ner 6ealth -4indsor' &$$%.! The fourth dimension of res2onsi1le 1eha:ior identified 1y Carroll -1,7,. is the discretionary' i!e!' the 2hilanthro2ic dimension! This refers to indi:idual managersB and cor2orationsB Cudgments that can not 1e Custified 1y societal e=2ectations! ;m2irical studies sho6 that this dimension 2lays a relati:ely small role in managersB moti:ation to act socially res2onsi1le -see' for instance' 8inkston and Carroll' 1,,%.' and it is Duestiona1le 6hy managers 6ould decide to li:e out their 2ersonal agenda of res2onsi1ility 1y the means of a -con:entional. 1usiness! If someone 6ants to 1e charita1le irres2ecti:e of market demand' then a com2any is certainly not the right 2lace to 2ut this into 2ractice! Therefore' as o22osed to S;' cor2orate social res2onsi1ility im2lies a long term shareholder :alue a22roach -?alck and He1lich' &$$7.! 9e:ertheless' S; and CS7 ha:e some characteristics in common 6hich 6e 6ill esta1lish in the ne=t 2art of the 2a2er!

BRINGING SE AND CSR TOGETHER 4e ha:e argued a1o:e that 6hile 2rofita1ility is an essentail feature of social entre2reneurshi2 it is not its main o1Cecti:e and in 2rinci2le su1ordinate to the direct solution of a s2ecific social 2ro1lem! Critics of this definition 6ill certainly confront us 6ith the o1Cection that in 2ractice it is almost im2ossi1le to determine the actual goal structure of a 1usiness and the moti:ation underlying socially res2onsi1le 1eha:ior' res2ecti:ely! Consider the case of Ben R "erryBs as it is descri1ed in detail 1y Choi and (ray -&$$0.! 8eredo and Mc5ean -&$$#. are unsure ho6 to classify the famous ice cream com2any! It could 1e ECust ice cream 6ith a fashiona1le dollo2 of cor2orate social res2onsi1ilityF -Ste2hens' &$$3) 17. or

1$ it could 1e an inno:ati:e market solution to a social 2ro1lem! According to 8eredo and Mc5ean -&$$#.' the former case 6ould 1e an e=am2le of Ecause 1randingF' that is' considering social o1Cecti:es to enhance the fiscal 1ottom line! Although 6e agree 6ith their 2oint of :ie6 that the identification of a com2anyBs goal structure is a far from 1eing an easy task' 6e do not think that the task is im2ossi1le and that the identification of those com2anies 6hich 2ursue first and foremost a social agenda 6ould ha:e little 2ractical conesDuence! 4hile the conseDuences 6ill 1e addressed in more detail in the last 2art of this 2a2er 6e can illustrate our idea of the definition of S; using the e=am2le of Ben R "erryBs! The com2anyBs mission statement -htt2)KK666!1enCerry!comKacti:ismKmission/statement. does not indicate a concrete social 2ro1lem 6hich is sol:ed 1y an inno:ati:e a22roach! Indeed' the com2any may 1e o2erated in a 6ay to im2ro:e the Duality of life' the 1usiness 2ractices may res2ect the en:ironment' and the com2any may 1e o2erated on a sustaina1le financial 1asis! But' as lauda1le as this is' Ben R "erryBs still Cust sells ice cream and they do not 2ro:ide an inno:ati:e and fundamental solution to' for e=am2le' the 2o:erty of small/scale gro6ers in Africa! 4e do not intend to criticize com2anies 6ith an o1:iously high le:el of social res2onsi1ility like Ben R "erryBs! 7ather' 6e Cust em2hasize that there is a difference 1et6een them and 6hat 6e 2ercei:e to 1e social entre2reneurshi2! A2art from these differences' S; and CS7 also ha:e some characteristics in common! ?irstly' CS7' too' can 1e theorized as an e=2ression of Custice -Aguilera' 7u22' 4illiams and (ana2athi' &$$7> 4ettstein' &$$,.' if' as Bosse' 8hilli2s and Harrison -&$$,. sho6 1y means of stakeholder theory and the assum2tion of reci2rocal 1eha:ior' Cust treatment of stakeholders creates an additional rent! Secondly' in order to do good' irrele:ant of the underlying moti:e' a socially EunCust eDuili1riumF -Martin and Os1erg' &$$7) 3#. has to 1e identified first! Both in the case of CS7 and in the case of S;' this unCust eDuili1rium re2resents an economic o22ortunity! But 6hile the marketa1le elimination of social unCustice is the :ery raison dQStre of social entre2reneurshi2' it is a means to an end for a socially res2onsi1le enter2rise! By referring to their differences and similarities

11 6e 6ill no6 2ro2ose a so far unstudied link 1et6een the t6o conce2ts' namely the function of socially res2onsi1le enter2rises as an incu1ator for social entre2reneurs!

A THEORY OF INCUBATORS FOR SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS In order to 1ecome an entre2reneur -of any kind. one first of all has to recognize an o22ortunity 6hich can 1e e=2loited -Shane and Lenkataraman' &$$$.! Net' o22ortunities for social entre2reneurshi2 are o1:iously of a different nature than o22ortunities for commercial entre2reneurshi2! 9amely' they arise out of a condition of social inCustice 6hich has so far not 1een resol:ed 1y the market! Therefore' market im2erfections not only contri1ute to social -and en:ironmental. 2ro1lems' they also 2ro:ide the o22ortunities for entre2reneurial action -see Cohen and 4inn' &$$7' for en:ironmental 2ro1lems and the res2ecti:e entre2reneurial o22ortunities.! But these o22ortunities 6ill not 1e recognized and e=2loited 1y commercial entre2reneurs 1ecause their o1Cecti:e function is dominated 1y the financial 1ottom line! Only if the im2lications that ne6 :enture creation has for social 6ealth are considered 1y the entre2reneur' does the creation of Custice 1ecome a 6orth6hile endea:or! Therefore' social entre2reneurs ha:e to 1e led 1y the dee2 desire to esta1lish social Custice! This :alue 6ill gi:e them a different focus of 2erce2tion! EThey see o22ortunities 6here others only see em2ty 1uildings' unem2loya1le 2eo2le and un:alued resourcesF -Catford' 1,,0) ,%.! 4e argue that this flair may not 1e com2letely in1orn 1ut can in fact 1e trained! The 2ractice field could 1e either a socially res2onsi1le enter2rise or a com2any characterized 1y clearly unfair 1usiness 2ractices! 7odrigo and Arenas -&$$0. ha:e found em2irical su22ort for the former case! Their study re:ealed that CS7 2rograms ha:e a 2ositi:e effect on the sense of Custice of em2loyees! This can 1e e=2lained 1y the influence of 2ersonal e=2eriences 6hich Elead em2loyees to identify 6ith 2ersons 6ho ha:e 1een marginalized' e=2loited' or e:en socially o22ressedF -7odrigo and Arenas' &$$0) &7+. 4e thus relate the de:elo2ment of social entre2reneurs to the conce2t of incu1ator organizations 6hich is 6idely/used in entre2reneurshi2 research -see'

1& for e=am2le' Coo2er and 8ark' &$$0> Coo2er and Iunkel1erg' 1,0%.! Indeed' the rele:ant literature concentrates on commercial entre2reneurshi2 in the field of high technology 1ut 6e argue that the theory can 6ell 1e ado2ted for social entre2reneurshi2! Commercial entre2reneurs Erecognise o22ortunities through social and conte=tual learning' identifying 2ossi1ilities and unmet demands 6hich can 1e re/framed as o22ortunitiesF -7ae' &$$+) 1,0. and 6e do not see 6hy this should 1e different in the case of 1usiness o22ortunities arising out of a social need 6hich is not satisfied 1y either the market or 9?8s and the state -Seelos and Mair' &$$+.! If indi:iduals are uno1ser:ant and fail to Duestion the things around them they cannot identify actually e=isting o22ortunities -Thom2son' Al:y and 5ees' &$$$.! But the em2loyees of a socially res2onsi1le enter2rise are likely to engage in a 2rocess of conte=tual learning 6hich includes learning through dee2' situated e=2eriences 6ithin the industry or community! The outcome of this 2rocess e=clusi:e to socially res2onsi1le enter2rises is the a1ility to recognize and act on emergent market o22ortunities -7ae' &$$+.! The 2otential entre2reneursB attention can further 1e attracted 1y interaction 6ith others! This interaction can hel2 them make sense of o6n e=2eriences -"ones' 5atham and Betta' &$$0.! 4ith res2ect to the aforementioned e=am2le of Ben R "erryBs it is' for e=am2le' concei:a1le that em2loyees in certain 2ositions 6ill learn a1out the social 2ro1lems related to the 2urchasing of commodities like :anilla' cocoa' and macadamia nuts from de:elo2ing countries 6hile 1eing in:ol:ed 6ith the 2roduction and selling of the res2ecti:e 2roducts! 8articularly if the res2onsi1le 1eha:ior of a com2any is e=tensi:ely 2romoted through marketing cam2aigns' also the consumers may 1e a6are of social issues related to a 2roduct' 1ut it is assumed that they 6ill not learn a1out the roots and the s2ecific circumstances of the social 2ro1lems! Ho6e:er' a dee2 and situated kno6ledge of the cultural conte=t and the needs of the target grou2 are 2ro1a1ly necessary to identify and 1eing a1le to act on socially entre2reneurial o22ortunities -7ae' &$$+.!

13 Once an o22ortunity is identified 1y Elatent entre2reneursF -Thom2son et al!' &$$$. currently em2loyed 1y a com2any' they ha:e to decide 6hether to take action and lea:e the com2any or to stay in their current 2osition! Coo2er and Iunkel1erg -1,0%. indicate that research attaches great im2ortance to dis2lacements and 2ushes as triggers for Duitting the Co1 and starting an entre2reneurial career! 4e 1elie:e that such dis2lacements can 2rimarily 1e found on the le:el of :alues! In this regard' Heming6ay -&$$#. has 2resented an interesting a22roach! She argues that there may 1e a conflict 1et6een the :alues of the indi:idual em2loyees and the cor2orate en:ironment in 6hich these em2loyees 6ork! The em2loyeesB :alues may either signalize a high concern for others -Ecollecti:istic 2ersonal :aluesF. or a 2ersonal focus -Eindi:idualistic 2ersonal :aluesF.! Considering that :alues are seen as im2ortant dri:ers of 1eha:ior -see' for instance' Agle and Cald6ell' 1,,,.' it is reasona1le to assume that em2loyees may lea:e a com2any if the cor2orate culture is unsu22orti:e of collecti:istic attitudes! Ho6e:er' Heming6ay -&$$#. does not e=2licitly account for this reaction and instead assumes that the 2otential entre2reneurs 6ill 1eha:e Emorally muteF' engage in cogniti:e adCustments or o2erate entre2reneurially Eunder the radarF inside the com2any! She also addresses the case of socially res2onsi1le enter2rises and argues that indi:iduals 6ith collecti:ist 2ersonal :alues 6ill 2ursue a CS7 agenda 6ithin these organizations! 7odrigo and Arenas -&$$0. are su22orti:e of this argument and e=2lain that em2loyees of com2anies e=tensi:ely engaging in CS7 6ill feel 2roud! More 2recisely' the indi:idual em2loyees 6ill feel' Ethat his or her contri1ution to society has a smaller im2act com2ared 6ith the social contri1ution that the organization can make' and so the em2loyees 6ish to make a social contri1ution is satisfied through the organizationF -7odrigo and Arenas' &$$0) &71. and they 6ill see no need to Duit their Co1 and 1ecome an social entre2reneur! Another 1ranch of the e=isting literature seems to 1e insightful 6ith regard to our research Duestion' namely' the analysis of the link 1et6een CS7 and organizational commitment! ;:ans and Ia:is -&$$0. hold that indi:idual 2erce2tions of CS7 6ill influence the

1+ attracti:eness of an organization to its em2loyees! Collier and ;ste1an -&$$7. as 6ell as 8eterson -&$$+. su1stantiate this claim 1y referring to social identity theory' 6hich im2lies that the 6ays in 6hich em2loyees think a1out their organization sha2e their 1eha:iour! Therefore' means/end a22roaches of CS7 are likely to elicit a strong commitment of em2loyees 6ith collecti:istic 2ersonal :alues! Commitment' in turn' is related to organizational outcomes like 6ork 2erformance' a1senteeism' and turno:er -8eterson' &$$+.! This im2lies that the identity of an organization characterized 1y a tendency to6ards ineDuity may ha:e negati:e connotations for the em2loyees and may ultimately trigger Duitting the Co1! Indi:iduals 6ho ha:e Duitted their Co1s are then on their o6n and may decide to start an entre2reneurial career! 7esearch in the field of commercial entre2reneurshi2 has sho6n that the succes of such a career is to a large e=tent de2endent on the human ca2ital of the entre2reneur -see' for instance' Ia:idsson and Honig' &$$3> Iiochon' Menzies' (asse' &$$0.! Therefore' for the :entures of social entre2reneurs to 1e economically successful' the a1ility to recognize o22ortunities must 1e accom2anied 1y certain a1ilities! More 2recisely' to successfully create and manage a :enture 6hich is economically sustaina1le -i!e!' 2rofita1le.' the entre2reneur firstly needs to 1e eDui22ed 6ith general and s2ecific com2etencies -Baum' 5ocke and Smith' &$$1.! 4hile general com2etencies are a1ilities' 6hich are not e=clusi:ely related to management and include' inter alia' oral 2resentation skills' decision/making a1ility' and conce2tualization a1ility -Boyatzis' 1,0&> Herron and 7o1inson' 1,,$.' s2ecific com2etencies can only 1e a22lied in a 1usiness conte=t and are em2hasized 1y the management school of entre2reneurshi2 -Cunningham and 5ischeron' 1,,1.! This stream of research suggests that 1eing 2roficient in at least the 1asic techniDues of 1usiness administration is a must for the indi:idual -social. entre2reneur to 1e successful -Chandler and "ansen' 1,,&> Bro6n' &$$7> 5ussier' 1,,#.! Although the 2ure EenactorF/entre2reneur might sometimes 1e a1le to delegate tasks 6hich reDuire e=tensi:e managerial skills to an Eena1lerF -Thom2son et al!' &$$$. the enactor 6ill mostly 1e on her or his o6n 6hen it comes

1# to economically rele:ant decisions in the early stages of the :enture life cycle -Sam1asi:an' A1dul and Nuso2' &$$,> see 4e1ster' 1,77> TazanCian and Irazin' 1,,$ for e=am2les of life cycle models.! In their meta/analysis of the relationshi2 1et6een human ca2ital and different success indicators @nger' 7auch' ?rese and 7osen1usch -&$$,. found out that human ca2ital in:estments ha:e a considera1ly 6eaker effect on entre2reneurial success than human ca2ital conce2tualized as outcomes of human ca2ital in:estments! ?urthermore' correlations 6ith success 6ere found to 1e higher for s2ecific task/related com2etencies than for general com2etencies and a1ilities! In our o2inion' this su22orts the argument that a socially res2onsi1le 1usiness is a good 2lace for 2otential social entre2reneurs to learn the s2ecial a1ilities constituting the foundation for su1seDuent entre2reneurial success! Besides human ca2ital' research has identified social ca2ital as another im2ortant :aria1le influencing the success of entre2reneurs -Ia:idsson and Honig' &$$3.! Social ca2ital theory holds that indi:iduals can e=tract 1enefits from social structures and grou2 mem1ershi2s! ?or e=am2le' 2ersonal relationshi2s and a net6ork of rele:ant contacts are crucial for the effecti:e 2rocurement of needed 2hysical and financial ca2ital' the de:elo2ment of trust' :isi1ility' and credi1ility -Thom2son et al!' &$$$.' and ultimately for the sustaina1ility of inno:ation and gro6th -5arson' &$$$.! Al:ord' Bro6n and 5etts -&$$+. su22ort the argument 1rought for6ard 1y Austin' Ste:enson and 4ie/Skillern -&$$%.' that this relationshi2 is not only :alid in the case of commercial entre2reneurs 1ut also in that of social entre2reneurs! 4e think that it is reasona1le to assume that a socially res2onsi1le com2any is the 1est 2lace for 2otential social entre2reneurs to socialize and to 1uild effecti:e net6orks 6hich are a 2rereDuisite for the succes of entre2reneurial actions targeted at social 2ro1lems of the res2ecti:e com2anyBs stakeholders! This argument is in 2rinci2le consistent 6ith the literature on commercial entre2reneurshi2 6hich holds that a2art from s2ecific technical and cogniti:e com2etencies' industry kno6ledge is another im2ortant 1asis for the sur:i:al of an entre2reneurial :enture -see' for e=am2le' Ioutriau= and Simyar' 1,07> Shane' &$$$> McTel:ie and 4iklund' &$$+.!

1% It 6ill most likely 1e much more difficult to identify the 2ro:iders of infrastructure and resources as 6ell as the 2otential customers for those indi:iduals 6ho do not ha:e the o22ortunity to ta2 the social ressources of an esta1lished 1usiness in the rele:ant area! Through social net6orks' 2otential entre2reneurs can in 2articular get access to tacit industry kno6ledge! Mitchell -1,,7) 1&+. further e=2lains this 1y referring to e=2ert information 2rocessing theory! According to him' Ee=2erts out/2erform no:ices 6ithin their s2eciality 1ecause' on the 1asis of their uniDue 1ut common history' they can recognize immediately that 6hich no:ices may miss or reDuire great effort to disco:er) com2liance of e=2ertise/ s2ecific circumstances 6ith an e=2ert Qscri2tQ!F ?rom our 2oint of :ie6' the 1ottom line of the 2receding discussion turns out to 1e as follo6s! In order to 1ecome a successful social entre2reneur' indi:iduals are in need of certain ca2a1ilities! Some of them can 2ossi1ly 1e acDuired through lectures' seminars' and so forth 6hile others may 1e in1orn! But study and fate may not 1e sufficient! 7ather' 2ractical e=2erience in already esta1lished enter2rises 2rior to the first entre2reneurial act is likely to 1e another im2ortant :aria1le! ?urthermore' gi:en the theoretical 2ro=imity of the conce2t of CS7 to S;' com2aniesB engagement in CS7 is likely to affect the a1ility of em2loyees to recognize o22ortunities for socially entre2reneurial acti:ities' the actual e=2loitation of such o22ortunities and the long/term sur:i:al of the resulting social enter2rises! 4e make the case that com2rehensi:e CS7 2ractices could 1e the hands/on e=2erience 6ith social inCustice 2otential social entre2reneurs need to de:elo2 and succeed! Ho6e:er' it is Duestiona1le if these indi:iduals 6ill e:er lea:e their nest gi:en that the :alues underlying their em2loyerBs culture and o2erations are consistent 6ith their o6n :alues! In fact' the a1sence or mere su2erficial acce2tance of social res2onsi1ility could 1e the trigger lea:ing the com2any and 1ecoming a social entre2reneur!

17 METHOD Research Appr ach In the 2re:ious section of this 2a2er 6e discussed the 2henomena of cor2orate social res2onsi1ility and social entre2reneurshi2! Indeed' the literature on social entre2reneurshi2 has gro6n considera1ly in the last cou2le of years and theory formation has 1egun! Net' literature on the link 1et6een S; and cor2orate social res2onsi1ility is :irtually none=istent! 4ith this as a 1ackdro2 it seems reasona1le to use the research method of directed content analysis to gain insights! According to Hsieh and Shannon -&$$#.' this a22roach is a22ro2riate if the goal of research is to :alidate and e=tend already e=isting theoretical foundations! As a first ste2 of this rather e=2loratory ende:our' 6e tried to de:elo2 sufficient instrumentations for social res2onsi1ility on the institutional le:el' i!e! CS7' and the :alue of social Custice on the 2ersonal le:el! There6ith' 6e aimed at understanding the real meanings and the 2atterns of the original 2henomena! Our analysis 1egan 6ith a deducti:e a22roach dealing 6ith the theoretical foundations and definitions of CS7 and S; -8atton' 1007.! In this 2hase of research' 6e already had some e=2ectations and 6orked on certain s2ecific research Duestions! According to ;isenhardt -1,0,.' this a22roach is definitely 2romising since it hel2s to limit the flood of information and to focus the research! Ho6e:er' during the analysis our data 1egan to s2eak u2 for itself and it 1ecame ine:ita1le to also take an inducti:e a22roach and to look for some originally unconsidered 2atterns! 4e decided to select a Dualitati:e case study a22roach from the :arious inDuiry methods 1ecause it offers the 2ossi1ility to ca2ture and re2ort indi:idualized outcomes as 6ell as organizational le:el im2acts 8atton -1,07.! Social entre2reneurs are generally indi:iduals 6ho stri:e for the solution of social 2ro1lems 1y means of ne6 :enture creation! Ho6e:er' the indi:idual manifestations of entre2reneurshi2 :ary significantly! Our aim 6as to analyze these indi:idual 2aths and to identify common 2atterns as 6ell as salient discre2ancies! The conce2t

10 of social res2onsi1ility' for e=am2le' is 2ro1a1ly not understood eDually in different countries' cultures' communities' and firms!

Sa!p"e a#$ Research I#s%r&!e#% As the unit of em2irical analysis 6e ha:e used cases of social entre2reneurshi2! 4e concentrated on e:aluating indi:idualized outcomes that are Custifia1ly reluctant to generate standardized criteria and scales against 6hich all :alues can 1e com2ared -8atton' &$$&.! ;ach case deli:ers a certain outcome story consisting of descri2ti:e information a1out the life and es2ecially the career of the res2ecti:e indi:idual su1seDuent to the decision to 1ecome a social entre2reneur! 4e chose our sam2le 2ur2osefully and reached a case num1er of +& through 3 sam2ling stages) Stage I: Extreme Sampling. After a first acDuaintance 6ith the Social ;ntre2reneur A8I' 6e decided to start 6ith the +0, social entre2reneurs 6ho 6ere a6arded for their contri1utions to social change and 1ecame fello6s of :arious su22orting organizations! 4e used the a6arding of 2rices and fello6shi2s as a criterion for success since research has not yet identified a single 1est 2ractice for measuring the 2erformance of neither commercial entre2reneurs -Mur2hy' Trailer and Hill' 1,,%. nor 9?8s -see Sa6hill and 4illiamson' &$$1. Stage II: Criterion Sampling. 4e then defined our o6n selection criteria to narro6 do6n our focus on certain issues! 9amely' 6e decided to concentrate on the entre2reneurial 2rocesses and decisions -see Ta1le I.! There1y' 6e identified 113 social entre2reneurs!

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!!
Insert Table 1 about here

1, Stage III: Intense Sampling. In the end' 6e decided to use +& information/rich cases that manifest the 2henomenon of social entre2reneurshi2 thoroughly! There6ith' 6e ho2ed to reduce redundancy and to enhance case heterogeneity! In order to 1e a1le to identify cross/case 2atterns -;isenhardt' 1,0,. and 6e structured the cases 1y means of a ta1le consisting of fi:e criteria) - Career and personal background of the social entrepreneur - Experience with corporate social responsibility - Recognition of an opportunity based on social in ustice - !ecision to become a social entrepreneur - Resources used in the process of "enture creation

RESEARCH FINDINGS Career a#$ pers #a" 'ac()r &#$ * %he s c+a" e#%repre#e&r 4e feel that the data su22orts one of our main theoretical arguments' namely that indi:iduals 6ho are dri:en 1y the :alue of social Custice and start a social :enture 1enefit from 2ractical e=2erience as an em2loyee and are likely to sur:i:e in the market! Actually' the 1usiness conce2ts of social entre2reneurs are mostly directly related to the entre2reneursB 2rofessional careers' 2articularly 6ith regard to the the 1usiness conce2t itself the com2etencies the social entre2reneurs acDuired during 2receding em2loyments the target grou2 the access to resources -social ca2ital' human ca2ital' financial ca2ital. gained through a 2rior em2loyer the 1usiness 2artners -6ho 6ere often former colleagues.

&$ E,per+e#ce -+%h c rp ra%e s c+a" resp #s+'+"+%. 4e found out that references to social res2onsi1ility in the Co1 definitionsKassignments of the em2loyees often indicate the direct e=2osure to s2ecific social 2ro1lems like e=clusion' :iolence' disease or discrimination 6hich are in turn realizations on inCustice! Ha:ing faced 6ith these 2ro1lems' the em2loyees notice that the issue is different' i!e! more -in:isi1le. factors are rele:ant and the roots of the 2ro1lem dee2er than assumed from a certain distance the issue needs a more fle=i1le solution 6hich can only 1e 2ro:ided 1y indi:iduals and not 1y large and cum1ersome -1ureaucratic. organization ErealF social res2onsi1ility can only 1e assumed on the local le:el 6here indi:iduals can actually e=2erience the social 2ro1lems for themsel:es

Rec )#+%+ # * a# pp r%&#+%. 'ase$ # s c+a" +#/&s%+ce Social ;ntre2reneurs de:elo2 hands/on/a22roaches to deal 6ith the ErealF social res2onsi1ility instead of the theoretically de:elo2ed solutions for a 2ro1lem seen from a distance! They de:elo2 contacts 6ith the target 2o2ulation' other organisations and market 2artici2ants in:ol:ed in the social issue on the local le:el! Target 2o2ulation needs to learn ho6 to hel2 themsel:es <they donBt 6ant an o2inion leader telling them all the time 6hat has to 1e done according to a theoretical model! They need someone 6ho is an e=2ert and 6ho can see the 6orld through the eyes of the target 2o2ulation in need and 6ho Eshare the same 1read 6ith themF <as a human 1eing! All of the entre2reneurs are res2onsi1le against their target 2o2ulations 1ut social entre2reneurs ha:ing 1uilt their 1usiness conce2ts directly on the 2romise of 1ringing social Custice' ha:e to understand the roots of the social issue clearly and de:elo2 a certain common understanding 6ith the target 2o2ulation! It is :ery difficult to make the target 2o2ulation 1elie:e in the solution and too easy to lose their trust <it is more 2ersonal and delicate than normal entre2reneurshi2!

&1

Dec+s+ # % 'ec !e a s c+a" e#%repre#e&r After defining the ErealF res2onsi1ility' Social ;ntre2reneur must suggest a 6ay that su22lies a self/sufficient R interacti:e system in 6hich the target 2o2ulation 6ould 1e 2art of the 2rocesses like decision making' 6ork force de:elo2ment etc! is con:incing in the eye of the target 2o2ulation -seen mostly as a 2ull factor. 6ould 1e a 1etter solution to the 2ro1lem than the ones till no6 -through 2ersonal initiati:e' fle=i1ility' em2athy etc!. 6ould change the destiny of the target 2o2ulation in the long term!

Iuring our analysis 6e 6ere a1le to o1ser:e the institutional influence on the design' 2ositioning and customer retention 2rocesses of the ne6ly formed entre2reneurial systems through the e=2erience of the entre2reneur! 4e ha:e more e=2ectancy a1out this issue and in the second stage of our research 2rocess> 6e are ho2ing to recei:e more insights a1out this influence inter:ie6ing the chosen social entre2reneurs so that 6e can analyse it further) in 6hich as2ects' ho6 and to 6hat e=tent!

Res &rces &se$ +# %he pr cess * 0e#%&re crea%+ # Our findings sho6 that the resources reached through on the institutional e=2erience 2lay an im2ortant role! The a:aila1ility of the resources for a social entre2reneur are influenced 1y) The re2utation of the institution and Social ;ntre2reneur 8artnershi2 6ith the former institution Su22ort coming directly from the institution -in a monetary or non/monetary 6ay. Human Ca2ital acDuired in the institution < 1usiness R management skills from 2ractice Social Ca2ital -contacts 6ith the other 2artici2ants of the markets.

&& I#$&c%+ # *r ! %he prac%+ce1 Pers #a" E,per+e#ce -+%h S c+a" I#/&s%+ce As 6e 1egan our research' 6e kne6 that the le:el of 2ersonal in:ol:ement 6ould 1e higher than the normal entre2reneur as a result of his 2hilanthro2ic a22roach 1ut 6e did not reckon a 2ersonal e=2erience 6ith social inCustice! According to our findings' this e=2erience can 1e made in one of the entre2reneurBs life cycles at any time) in his childhood or e:en during his e=2erience co2ing 6ith the social res2onsi1ility and it can 1e the result of immigration' health disease' aging' gender issues' family issues' community issues' ineDuity issues' education' and unem2loyment among others! Ha:ing had such an e=2erience is firstly a :ery strong moti:ation to find out the ErealF res2onsi1ility! Secondly it accelerates the act of entre2reneurshi2! These findings sho6 a striking resem1lance 6ith 6omen entre2reneurshi2 and immigrant entre2reneurshi2 2henomena!

&3 RESEARCH MODEL /Immigration /Health disease /Aging /(ender issues /?amily issues /Community issues /IneDuity issues /;ducation /@nem2loyment /Other

Meeting 6ith social res2onsi1ility Meeting 6ith social res2onsi1ility on the +#s%+%&%+ le:el on the +#s%+%&%+#a" #a" le:el /(o:ernment /9(O /Com2anies /Iach:er1Unde /Other ;=2erience 6ith Social InCustice ;=2erience 6ith Social InCustice on pers le:el on pers#a" #a" le:el 2ersonal e=2erience R le:el of in:ol:ement

Iefining the ga2s Iefining the ga2s

(etting in touch 6ith the target 2o2ulation (etting in touch 6ith the target 2o2ulation 7ecognizing the need for ! social Custice 7ecognizing the need for !re re social Custice O1ser:ing the coreK rea" 2ro1lem issues O1ser:ing the coreK rea" 2ro1lem issues

9e6 7esource Com1inations for Social "ustice 9e6 7esource Com1inations for Social "ustice 2ersonal insights * institutional 2rocesses * social ca2ital* re2utation

;ntre2reneurial Iecision ;ntre2reneurial Iecision

&+ DISCUSSION Our research sho6s that institutions are 2laying a 2ioneer role in social entre2reneurshi2 that has until no6 stayed in shado6! The mo:e of social res2onsi1ility from the institutional le:el to the entre2reneurial le:el is essential for 1etter solutions of social Custice for communities R societies 6hich can Cust 1e de:elo2ed through a hands/on/a22roach and the su22ort <1oth direct R indirect/ of the institution is essential for the esta1lishment and sur:i:al of a ne6ly firmed organisation in the market! According to our findings' 6e can consider it as a E2re2aration 2haseF for the social entre2reneur! This 2a2er 1eing the first ste2 of a trilogy' 6e are 2lanning to go further dealing 6ith this link through the follo6ing ste2s in Ta1le & in accordance 6ith the 2hase model of 5azarsfeld -Iiekmann' &$$7.!

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!!
Insert Table 2 about here

CONCLUSION 4ith our research 6e tried to shed light to an im2ortant link 6hich could at the same time 1e defined as one of the success factors for the social entre2reneurshi2 2henomenon! Iuring our analysis 6e recognized the need for more in/de2th research using multi/method Dualitati:e a22roach to define and demarcate the 2henomenon 6ith its antecedents and socio/economic im2act! Ii:ersity and integration issues in :arious societies 6ould 1e a22ro2riate to 1e considered for further research in social entre2reneurshi2! Analysing the social res2onsi1ility taken 1y the 6omen entre2reneurs 6ho 6ork mostly 6ith socially e=cluded grou2s and 1y

&# immigrant entre2reneurs 6ho 6ork for a 1etter standard of li:ing on the community le:el could also lead us to different links and facts!

FIGURES
Table I : Selection Criteria

a. Entrepreneurial Emphasis: Entrepreneurship definitions Entrepreneurial processes

b. Social Responsibility Emphasis: Target population in need/excluded Social nclusion !irect nterference with the business plan

(Opp. Recognition, Competitive Advantage etc.)

Formation of a new & independent (or promising to be) organisation/body

Business idea/ Business plan

Table 2: Steps of the Research

Ste2 I

Q&a"+%a%+0e Case S%&$. Analysis of +& 2ur2osefully chosen cases for the first insights Ste2 II Q&a"+%a%+0e I#%er0+e-s 6ith narrati:e and 2ro1lem oriented character including 1# social entre2reneurs to model the 2henomenon and to 1ring it to a measura1le le:el Ste2 III Q&a#%+%a%+0e Research 6ith a scale de:elo2ed 1oth deducti:ely and inducti:ely for measurement' defining the causal relationshi2s 1et6een constructed :aria1les

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&0

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