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6.

Three Types of Percent Problems


6.4

OBJECTIVES
1. Find the unknown amount in a percent problem 2. Find the unknown rate in a percent problem 3. Find the unknown base in a percent problem

From your work in Section 6.3, you may have observed that there are three basic types of percent problems. These depend on which of the three partsthe amount, the rate, or the baseis missing in the problem statement. The solution for each type of problem depends on the percent relationship.

Rules and Properties:


Amount rate base

Percent Relationship

We will illustrate the solution of each type of problem in the following examples. Lets start with a problem in which we want to nd the amount.

Example 1 Finding an Unknown Amount


NOTE Type 1: Finding an
unknown amount.

What is 18% of 300? We know the rate, 18%; and the base, 300; the amount is the unknown. Using the percent relationship, we can translate the problem to an equation.
Rate Base

Amount 0.18 300 54 So 54 is 18% of 300.

Write 18% as the decimal 0.18 by the rule of Section 6.1. Then multiply to nd the amount.

CHECK YOURSELF 1
Find 65% of 200.
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1. If the rate is less than 100%, the amount will be less than the base.

20 is 40% of 50

and

20 50 75 50

2. If the rate is greater than 100%, the amount will be greater than the base.

75 is 150% of 50

and

Lets consider a second type of percent problem involving an unknown rate.

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Example 2 Finding an Unknown Percent


NOTE Type 2: Finding an
unknown percent.

30 is what percent of 150? We know the amount, 30, and the base, 150; the rate (what percent) is the unknown. Again using the percent relationship to translate to an equation, we have
Base Amount

Rate 150 30
NOTE This will leave the rate
alone on the left.

We divide both sides by 150 to nd the rate. Rate 30 1 1 0.20 20 20% 150 5 100

30 is 20% of 150.

CHECK YOURSELF 2
75 is what percent of 300?

1. If the amount is less than the base, the rate will be less than 100%. 2. If the amount is greater than the base, the rate will be greater than 100%.

Lets look at a percent problem involving an unknown base in Example 3.

Example 3 Finding an Unknown Base


NOTE Type 3: Finding an
unknown base.

28 is 40% of what number? We know the amount, 28, and the rate, 40%. The base (what number) is the unknown. From the percent relationship we have
Rate Amount

NOTE Notice that 40% is


written as 0.40.

0.40 base 28 We divide both sides by 0.40 to nd the base.


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Base

28 70 0.40

So 28 is 40% of 70.

CHECK YOURSELF 3
70 is 35% of what number?

THREE TYPES OF PERCENT PROBLEMS

SECTION 6.4

497

We have now seen solution methods for the three basic types of percent problems: nding the amount, the rate, and the base. As you will see in the remainder of this section, our work in Chapter 5 with proportions will allow us to solve each type of problem in an identical fashion. In fact, many students nd percent problems easier to approach with the proportion method. First, we will write what is called the percent proportion.

Rules and Properties:


Amount R Base 100 In symbols,
R NOTE On the right, is the 100 rate, and this proportion is equivalent to our earlier percent relationship.

The Percent Proportion

R A B 100

Because in any percent problem we know two of the three quantities (A, B, or R), we can always solve for the unknown term. Consider in Example 4 the use of the percent proportion. Example 4 Solving a Problem Involving an Unknown Amount
NOTE This is an unknownamount problem.

________ is 30% of 150. A R B

Substitute the values into the percent proportion. R A 30 150 100 B We solve the proportion with the methods of Section 5.4. 100A 150 30 100A 4500 Divide by the coefcient, 100.
1 2001 McGraw-Hill Companies The amount A is the unknown term of the proportion.

4500 100 A 100 100


1

A 45 The amount is 45. This means that 45 is 30% of 150. CHECK YOURSELF 4
Use the percent proportion to answer this question: What is 24% of 300?

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The same percent proportion will work if you want to nd the rate. Example 5 Solving a Problem Involving an Unknown Rate
NOTE This is an unknown-rate
problem.

______% of 400 is 72. R B A

Substitute the known values into the percent proportion. A 72 R 400 100 B Solving, we get 400R 7200
1 R, the rate, is the unknown term in this case.

400R 7200 400 400


1

R 18 The rate is 18%. So 18% of 400 is 72. CHECK YOURSELF 5


Use the percent proportion to answer this question: What percent of 50 is 12.5?

Finally, we use the same proportion to nd an unknown base. Example 6 Solving a Problem Involving an Unknown Base
NOTE This is an unknown-base
problem.

40% of ______ is 200. R B A

Substitute the known values into the percent proportion. A 200 40 B 100 Solving gives 40B 200 100
1

R
2001 McGraw-Hill Companies In this case B, the base, is the unknown term of the proportion.

20,000 40B 40 40
1

B 500 The base is 500, and 40% of 500 is 200.

THREE TYPES OF PERCENT PROBLEMS

SECTION 6.4

499

Remember that a percent (the rate) can be greater than 100. CHECK YOURSELF 6
288 is 60% of what number?

Example 7 Solving a Percent Problem


NOTE The rate is 125%. The
base is 300.

What is 125% of 300? In the percent proportion, we have A 125 300 100 So 100A 300 125. Dividing by 100 yields A 37,500 375 100

NOTE When the rate is greater


than 100%, the amount will be greater than the base.

So 375 is 125% of 300. CHECK YOURSELF 7


Find 150% of 500.

We next look at two examples of solving percent problems involving fractions of a percent.

Example 8 Solving a Percent Problem 34 is 8.5% of what number? Using the percent proportion yields
NOTE The amount is 34, the rate is 8.5%. We want to nd the base.

34 8.5 B 100 Solving, we have 8.5B 34 100

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or
NOTE Divide by 8.5.

3400 400 8.5

So 34 is 8.5% of 400. CHECK YOURSELF 8


12.5% of what number is 75?

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Example 9 Estimating Percentages Find 19.3% of 500. Round the rate to 20% as a fraction, 1 500 100 5
Rounded rate Base Estimate of amount

1 . An estimate of the amount is then 5

CHECK YOURSELF 9
Estimate the amount.

20.2% of 800

CHECK YOURSELF ANSWERS 1. 130 4. 2. 25% R A 24 300 100 B 100A 7200; A 72 6. A R B 50R 1250; R 25% 7. 750 8. 600 9. 160 3. 200 5. A 12.5 R 50 100

288 60 B 100 60B 28,800; B 480

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Name

6.4 Exercises
Solve each of the following problems involving percent.
1. What is 35% of 600? 3. 45% of 200 is what number? 5. Find 40% of 2500. 7. What percent of 50 is 4? 9. What percent of 500 is 45? 11. What percent of 200 is 340? 13. 46 is 8% of what number? 15. Find the base if 11% of the base is 55. 17. 58.5 is 13% of what number? 19. Find 110% of 800. 21. What is 108% of 4000? 23. 210 is what percent of 120? 25. 360 is what percent of 90? 27. 625 is 125% of what number? 29. Find the base if 110% of the base is 935. 2. 20% of 400 is what number? 4. What is 40% of 1200? 6. What is 75% of 120?

Section

Date

ANSWERS
1. 3. 5. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 22. 24. 26. 28. 30. 32.

8. 51 is what percent of 850? 10. 14 is what percent of 200? 12. 392 is what percent of 2800?

7. 9. 11. 13.

14. 7% of what number is 42? 16. 16% of what number is 192? 18. 21% of what number is 73.5? 20. What is 115% of 600?

15. 17. 19. 21. 23.

22. Find 160% of 2000. 24. What percent of 40 is 52? 26. What percent of 15,000 is 18,000? 28. 140% of what number is 350?

25. 27. 29. 31. 33.

30. 130% of what number is 1170?

34. 35. 36.

31. Find 8.5% of 300.


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32. 8 % of 800 is what number?

1 4

33. Find 11 % of 6000.

3 4

34. What is 3.5% of 500?

37. 38.

35. What is 5.25% of 3000? 37. 60 is what percent of 800? 39. What percent of 180 is 120?

36. What is 7.25% of 7600? 39. 38. 500 is what percent of 1500? 40. 40. What percent of 800 is 78? 501

ANSWERS
41. 42. 43. 45. 58.5 is 13% of what number? 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 51. 74.7% of 600 is what number? 49. 53. Find 152% of 400. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. It is customary when eating in a restaurant to leave a 15% tip. 54. What is 118% of 5000? 52. 9.8% of 1200 is what number? 47. 195 is 7.5% of what number? 48. 21% of what number is 73.5?

41. What percent of 1200 is 750? 43. 10.5% of what number is 420?

42. 68 is what percent of 800? 44. Find the base if 11 % of the base

is 46.

1 2

46. 6.5% of what number is 325?

Estimate the amount in each of the following problems.


49. Find 25.8% of 4000. 50. What is 48.3% of 1500?

(a) Outline a method to do a quick approximation for the amount of tip to leave. (b) Use this method to gure a 15% tip on a bill of $47.76.

55.

56.

56. The dean of Enrollment Management at a college states, Last year was not a good year.

Our enrollments were down 25%. But this year we increased our enrollment by 30% over last year. I think we have turned the corner. Evaluate the deans analysis.

Answers
1. 210 15. 500 27. 500 3. 90 5. 1000 7. 8% 9. 9% 11. 170% 13. 575 17. 450 19. 880 21. 4320 23. 175% 25. 400% 29. 850 31. 25.5 33. 705 35. 157.5 37. 7.5% 41. 62.5% 53. 600 55. 43. 4000 45. 450 47. 2600 49. 1000

2 3 51. 450

39. 66 %

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