832

Chapter 15: Integration in Vector Fields

The formulas in Table 15.1 then give M = Mxy = = z =

C L C L 0 L

d ds = zd ds =
p

C L

s 2 - z d ds =

0 L

s 2 - sin t d dt = 2p - 2
p

C L

zs 2 - z d ds =

0 L

s sin t ds 2 - sin t d dt

s 2 sin t - sin2 t d dt =

8 - p 2

Mxy 8 - p 8 - p# 1 = L 0.57. = M 2 2p - 2 4p - 4

With z to the nearest hundredth, the center of mass is (0, 0, 0.57).

Line Integrals in the Plane

z height f (x, y)

y ta (x, y)

sk tb

Plane curve C

FIGURE 15.5 The line integral 1C ds gives the area of the portion of the cylindrical surface or wall beneath z = s x, y d 0.

There is an interesting geometric interpretation for line integrals in the plane. If C is a smooth curve in the xy-plane parametrized by rs t d = xs t di + ys t dj, a t b, we generate a cylindrical surface by moving a straight line along C orthogonal to the plane, holding the line parallel to the z-axis, as in Section 11.6. If z = s x, y d is a nonnegative continuous function over a region in the plane containing the curve C, then the graph of is a surface that lies above the plane. The cylinder cuts through this surface, forming a curve on it that lies above the curve C and follows its winding nature. The part of the cylindrical surface that lies beneath the surface curve and above the xy-plane is like a winding wall or fence standing on the curve C and orthogonal to the plane. At any point (x, y) along the curve, the height of the wall is s x, y d. We show the wall in Figure 15.5, where the top of the wall is the curve lying on the surface z = s x, y d. (We do not display the surface formed by the graph of in the figure, only the curve on it that is cut out by the cylinder.) From the definition
C L

where sk : 0 as n : q , we see that the line integral 1C ds is the area of the wall shown in the figure.

ds = lim a s xk, yk d sk, n: q

n k=1

Exercises 15.1
Graphs of Vector Equations Match the vector equations in Exercises 18 with the graphs (a)(h) given here. a.
z 1 1 x 1 x y y x 2 1 1 y x

b.
z

c.
z

d.
z (2, 2, 2) 2 2

15.1 Line Integrals e.

z 2

833

f.
z

z z (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 0) 1 C1 (0, 0, 0) C3 (1, 1, 1) y x (b) y C2 2 x C1 (a) (1, 1, 0) C2 (0, 1, 1)

(1, 1, 1) 1 1 x (1, 1, 1) y x

(1, 1, 1)

g.
z

h.
z 2 2 2 y 2 x y 2

The paths of integration for Exercises 15 and 16. 16. Integrate s x, y, z d = x + 1y - z 2 over the path from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1) (see accompanying figure) given by C1: C2: C 3: rs t d = t k, 0 t 1 0 t 1 0 t 1 rs t d = t j + k,

rs t d = t i + j + k,

17. Integrate s x, y, z d = s x + y + z d> s x 2 + y 2 + z 2 d over the path rs t d = t i + t j + t k, 0 6 a t b. 18. Integrate s x, y, z d = - 2x 2 + z 2 over the circle rs t d = s a cos t dj + s a sin t dk, Line Integrals over Plane Curves 0 t 2p.

1. rs t d = t i + s 1 - t d j, 2. rs t d = i + j + t k, 4. rs t d = t i,

0 t 1 -1 t 1 0 t 2p

3. rs t d = s 2 cos t di + s 2 sin t dj, -1 t 1 5. rs t d = t i + t j + t k, 6. rs t d = t j + s 2 - 2t dk, 7. rs t d = s t - 1 dj + 2t k,

2

0 t 2 0 t 1 -1 t 1 0 t p

19. Evaluate 1C x ds, where C is a. the straight-line segment x = t, y = t> 2, from (0, 0) to (4, 2). 20. Evaluate 1C 2x + 2y ds, where C is a. the straight-line segment x = t, y = 4t, from (0, 0) to (1, 4). b. the parabolic curve x = t, y = t 2, from (0, 0) to (2, 4).

8. rs t d = s 2 cos t di + s 2 sin t dk,

b. C1 C2; C1 is the line segment from (0, 0) to (1, 0) and C2 is the line segment from (1, 0) to (1, 2). 21. Find the line integral of s x, y d = ye x rs t d = 4ti - 3tj, - 1 t 2.
2

along the curve

Evaluating Line Integrals over Space Curves

11. Evaluate 1C s xy + y + z d ds along the curve rs t d = 2t i + t j + s 2 - 2t dk, 0 t 1. 12. Evaluate 1C 2x 2 + y 2 ds along the curve rs t d = s 4 cos t di + s 4 sin t dj + 3t k, - 2p t 2p.

10. Evaluate 1C s x - y + z - 2 d ds where C is the straight-line segment x = t, y = s 1 - t d, z = 1, from (0, 1, 1) to (1, 0, 1).

9. Evaluate 1C s x + y d ds where C is the straight-line segment x = t, y = s 1 - t d, z = 0, from (0, 1, 0) to (1, 0, 0).

22. Find the line integral of s x, y d = x - y + 3 along the curve rs t d = (cos t)i + (sin t)j, 0 t 2p. 23. Evaluate x2 ds, where C is the curve x = t 2, y = t 3, for 4>3 L C y 1 t 2.

24. Find the line integral of s x, y d = 2y> x along the curve rs t d = t 3i + t 4j, 1> 2 t 1. 25. Evaluate 1C A x + 2y B ds where C is given in the accompanying figure.
y C y5x y 5 x2 (0, 0) x (1, 1)

13. Find the line integral of s x, y, z d = x + y + z over the straightline segment from (1, 2, 3) to s 0, - 1, 1 d. 14. Find the line integral of s x, y, z d = 23> s x 2 + y 2 + z 2 d over the curve rs t d = t i + t j + t k, 1 t q . 15. Integrate s x, y, z d = x + 1y - z 2 over the path from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1) (see accompanying figure) given by C1: C2: rs t d = t i + t 2 j, rs t d = i + j + t k, 0 t 1 0 t 1

834

Chapter 15: Integration in Vector Fields 1 ds where C is given in the accompanying 2 x + y + 1 L C

2

26. Evaluate figure.

yz-plane. Find the moments of inertia of the rod about the three coordinate axes. 39. Two springs of constant density lies along the helix A spring of constant density d 0 t 2p.

rs t d = s cos t di + s sin t dj + t k,
(0, 1) (1, 1)

a. Find Iz. b. Suppose that you have another spring of constant density d that is twice as long as the spring in part (a) and lies along the helix for 0 t 4p. Do you expect Iz for the longer spring to be the same as that for the shorter one, or should it be different? Check your prediction by calculating Iz for the longer spring. 40. Wire of constant density A wire of constant density d = 1 lies along the curve rs t d = s t cos t di + s t sin t dj + A 2 22> 3 B t 3>2k, 0 t 1.

(0, 0)

(1, 0)

In Exercises 2730, integrate over the given curve. 27. s x, y d = x > y,

3

C:

28. s x, y d = s x + y 2 d> 21 + x 2, (0, 0) 29. s x, y d = x + y, (2, 0) to (0, 2) C: 30. s x, y d = x 2 - y, C: (0, 2) to s 12, 12 d

y = x > 2,

0 x 2 C: y = x 2> 2 from (1, 1> 2) to

x 2 + y 2 = 4 in the first quadrant from x 2 + y 2 = 4 in the first quadrant from

Find z and Iz.

41. The arch in Example 3

Find Ix for the arch in Example 3.

31. Find the area of one side of the winding wall standing orthogonally on the curve y = x 2, 0 x 2, and beneath the curve on the surface s x, y d = x + 2y .

42. Center of mass and moments of inertia for wire with variable density Find the center of mass and the moments of inertia about the coordinate axes of a thin wire lying along the curve rs t d = t i + 2 22 3>2 t2 t j + k, 3 2 0 t 2,

32. Find the area of one side of the wall standing orthogonally on the curve 2x + 3y = 6, 0 x 6, and beneath the curve on the surface s x, y d = 4 + 3x + 2y. Masses and Moments 33. Mass of a wire Find the mass of a wire that lies along the curve rs t d = s t 2 - 1 dj + 2t k, 0 t 1, if the density is d = s 3> 2 dt.

COMPUTER EXPLORATIONS In Exercises 4346, use a CAS to perform the following steps to evaluate the line integrals. a. Find ds = vs t d dt for the path rs t d = gs t di + hs t dj + ks t dk. b. Express the integrand s gs t d, hs t d, ks t dd vs t d as a function of the parameter t. c. Evaluate 1C ds using Equation (2) in the text. 43. s x, y, z d = 21 + 30x 2 + 10y ; 0 t 2 44. s x, y, z d = 21 + x 3 + 5y 3 ; 0 t 2 rs t d = t i + t 2j + 3t 2k, 1 2 t j + 1t k, 3

if the density is d = 1> s t + 1 d.

34. Center of mass of a curved wire A wire of density ds x, y, z d = 15 2y + 2 lies along the curve rs t d = s t 2 - 1 dj + 2t k, - 1 t 1. Find its center of mass. Then sketch the curve and center of mass together. 35. Mass of wire with variable density Find the mass of a thin wire lying along the curve rs t d = 22ti + 22t j + s 4 - t 2 dk, 0 t 1, if the density is (a) d = 3t and (b) d = 1. 36. Center of mass of wire with variable density Find the center of mass of a thin wire lying along the curve rs t d = t i + 2t j + s 2> 3 dt 3>2k, 0 t 2, if the density is d = 3 15 + t . 38. Inertia of a slender rod A slender rod of constant density lies along the line segment rs t d = t j + s 2 - 2t dk, 0 t 1, in the

rs t d = t i +

37. Moment of inertia of wire hoop A circular wire hoop of constant density d lies along the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 in the xy-plane. Find the hoops moment of inertia about the z-axis.

45. s x, y, z d = x 1y - 3z 2 ; rs t d = s cos 2t di + s sin 2t dj + 5t k, 0 t 2p 46. s x, y, z d = a1 + t 5>2k, 9 1> 3 z b 4 0 t 2p

1> 4

rs t d = s cos 2t di + s sin 2t dj +

15.2

Vector Fields and Line Integrals: Work, Circulation, and Flux

Gravitational and electric forces have both a direction and a magnitude. They are represented by a vector at each point in their domain, producing a vector field. In this section we show how to compute the work done in moving an object through such a field by using

844

Chapter 15: Integration in Vector Fields

Calculating Flux Across a Smooth Closed Plane Curve s Flux of F = M i + N j across C d = F M dy - N dx

(7)

The integral can be evaluated from any smooth parametrization x = gs t d, y = hs t d, a t b, that traces C counterclockwise exactly once.

EXAMPLE 8
Solution

Find the flux of F = s x - y di + xj across the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 in the xy-plane. (The vector field and curve were shown previously in Figure 15.19.) The parametrization rs t d = s cos t di + s sin t dj, 0 t 2p, traces the circle counterclockwise exactly once. We can therefore use this parametrization in Equation (7). With M = x - y = cos t - sin t, dy = ds sin t d = cos t dt N = x = cos t, we find Flux = =
C L 0 L

dx = ds cos t d = - sin t dt,

M dy - N dx =
2p

0 L 2p

2p

s cos2 t - sin t cos t + cos t sin t d dt

2p

Eq. (7)

cos2 t dt =

0 L

The flux of F across the circle is p. Since the answer is positive, the net flow across the curve is outward. A net inward flow would have given a negative flux.

1 + cos 2t sin 2t t dt = c + d = p. 2 2 4 0

Exercises 15.2
Vector Fields Find the gradient fields of the functions in Exercises 14. 1. s x, y, z d = s x 2 + y 2 + z 2 d-1>2 2. s x, y, z d = ln 2x 2 + y 2 + z 2 3. gs x, y, z d = e z - ln s x 2 + y 2 d 4. gs x, y, z d = xy + yz + xz 5. Give a formula F = Ms x, y di + Ns x, y dj for the vector field in the plane that has the property that F points toward the origin with magnitude inversely proportional to the square of the distance from (x, y) to the origin. (The field is not defined at (0, 0).) 6. Give a formula F = Ms x, y di + Ns x, y dj for the vector field in the plane that has the properties that F = 0 at (0, 0) and that at any other point (a, b), F is tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 + b 2 and points in the clockwise direction with magnitude 2 2 F = 2a + b .
x (1, 1, 0)

a. The straight-line path C1: rs t d = t i + t j + t k, b. The curved path C2: rs t d = t i + t 2j + t 4 k,

0 t 1 0 t 1

c. The path C3 C4 consisting of the line segment from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 0) followed by the segment from (1, 1, 0) to (1, 1, 1) 7. F = 3yi + 2xj + 4zk 11. F = s 3x - 3x di + 3zj + k
z

9. F = 1zi - 2xj + 1y k
2

10. F = xyi + yzj + xzk

8. F = [1> s x 2 + 1 d]j

12. F = s y + z di + s z + x dj + s x + y dk

(0, 0, 0)

C1

(1, 1, 1)

C2 C3

C4

Line Integrals of Vector Fields In Exercises 712, find the line integrals of F from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1) over each of the following paths in the accompanying figure.

15.2 Vector Fields and Line Integrals: Work, Circulation, and Flux Line Integrals with Respect to x, y, and z In Exercises 1316, find the line integrals along the given path C. 13. 14. 15.
C L C L C L

845

Line Integrals in the Plane

(x - y) dx, where C: x = t, y = 2t + 1, for 0 t 3 x 2 y dy, where C: x = t, y = t , for 1 t 2 (x 2 + y 2) dy, where C is given in the accompanying figure.
y (3, 3) C (0, 0) (3, 0) x

23. Evaluate 1C xy dx + s x + y d dy along the curve y = x 2 from s - 1, 1 d to (2, 4). 24. Evaluate 1C s x - y d dx + s x + y d dy counterclockwise around the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), and (0, 1). 25. Evaluate 1C F # T ds for the vector field F = x 2i - yj along the curve x = y 2 from (4, 2) to s 1, - 1 d . 26. Evaluate 1C F # dr for the vector field F = yi - xj counterclockwise along the unit circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 from (1, 0) to (0, 1).

Work, Circulation, and Flux in the Plane 27. Work Find the work done by the force F = xyi + s y - x dj over the straight line from (1, 1) to (2, 3). 28. Work Find the work done by the gradient of s x, y d = s x + y d2 counterclockwise around the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 from (2, 0) to itself. 29. Circulation and flux Find the circulation and flux of the fields F1 = x i + y j and F2 = - y i + x j 0 t 2p 0 t 2p around and across each of the following curves.

16.

C L

2x + y dx, where C is given in the accompanying figure.

y (0, 3) C (1, 3)

a. The circle rs t d = s cos t di + s sin t dj, b. The ellipse rs t d = s cos t di + s 4 sin t dj, 30. Flux across a circle
x

y 5 3x (0, 0)

Find the flux of the fields and F2 = 2xi + s x - y dj 0 t 2p.

F1 = 2xi - 3yj across the circle

17. Along the curve r(t) = ti - j + t 2k, 0 t 1, evaluate each of the following integrals. a. b. c.
C L C L

rs t d = s a cos t di + s a sin t dj,

(x + y - z) dx (x + y - z) dy

In Exercises 3134, find the circulation and flux of the field F around and across the closed semicircular path that consists of the semicircular arch r1s t d = s a cos t di + s a sin t dj, 0 t p, followed by the line segment r2s t d = t i, - a t a. 31. F = x i + y j 33. F = - y i + x j 32. F = x 2 i + y 2 j 34. F = - y 2 i + x 2 j

(x + y - z) dz C L 18. Along the curve r(t) = (cos t)i + (sin t)j - (cos t)k, 0 t p, evaluate each of the following integrals. a.
C L

35. Flow integrals Find the flow of the velocity field F = s x + y di - s x 2 + y 2 dj along each of the following paths from (1, 0) to s - 1, 0 d in the xy-plane. a. The upper half of the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 b. The line segment from (1, 0) to s - 1, 0 d c. The line segment from (1, 0) to s 0, - 1 d followed by the line segment from s 0, - 1 d to s - 1, 0 d 36. Flux across a triangle Find the flux of the field F in Exercise 35 outward across the triangle with vertices (1, 0), (0, 1), s - 1, 0 d. 37. Find the flow of the velocity field F = y 2i + 2xyj along each of the following paths from (0, 0) to (2, 4). a.
y (2, 4)

xz dx

b.

C L

xz dy

c.

C L

xyz dz

Work In Exercises 1922, find the work done by F over the curve in the direction of increasing t. 19. F = xyi + yj - yzk rs t d = t i + t 2j + t k, 0 t 1 0 t 2p

b.

y (2, 4) y 5 x2

20. F = 2yi + 3xj + s x + y dk rs t d = s cos t di + s sin t dj + s t> 6 dk, 21. F = zi + xj + yk rs t d = s sin t di + s cos t dj + t k,
2

y 5 2x

0 t 2p 0 t 2p
(0, 0) 2 x (0, 0) 2 x

22. F = 6zi + y j + 12xk rs t d = s sin t di + s cos t dj + s t> 6 dk,

c. Use any path from (0, 0) to (2, 4) different from parts (a) and (b).