Department of Aeronautical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia SMF 3333 Aerodynamics Solution Tests 1 Semester

1 2010/11 1. The velocity components for a two-dimensional (plane) incompressible ow are a b b v r = + 2 cos" v" = 2 sin " r r r where a and b are constants. Determine the corresponding complex potential function, w = w(z). Solution ! In polar coordinates
vr = vr = ! ! ! "# 1 "$ = "r r "% v" = v$ = 1 #$ #& =% r #" #r

"# a b = + cos$, "r r r 2

1 "# b = sin $ r "$ r 2

! "# a b = + 2 cos$ "r r r $a b ' " = * & + 2 cos # )dr %r r ( b " = a ln r # cos $ + f ($ ) r

"# b = sin $ "$ r b " = * sin # d# r b " = # cos $ + f ( r) r

! Therefore, " = a ln r # b cos $ r ! 1 "# a b "# b vr = = + 2 cos$ v$ = % = sin $ r "$ r r "r r 2 ! 1 "# a b "# b = + 2 cos$ % = sin $ r "$ r r "r r 2 ! b b " = $ a + cos# d# " = % $ 2 sin # dr r r ! b b " = a# + sin # + f ( r) " = sin # + f (# ) r r ! b Therefore, " = a# + sin # r ! & ) b b w = " + i# = # = a ln r $ cos% + i( a% + sin % + ' * r r ! &b ) b w = " + i# = # = a ln r + ia$ % cos $ + i( sin $ + 'r * r ! b b b w = a ln r + ia" ln e # (cos" # i sin " ) = a ln re i" # e# i" = a ln re i" # i" r r re ! b w ( z) = a ln z " z !

2)

Show that the continuity equation in the integral form " $$$ # dV + $$ #V % dS = 0 "t V S "# + $ % #V = 0 can be converted to a differential form as "t For a convergence divergence nozzle at a quasi-one-dimensional flow with ! point 1 and 2 at upstream and downstream of a throat respectively, show that "1 A1V1 = " 2 A2V2 . ! Solution

"
! "t

$$$ # dV + $$ #V % dS = 0
V S

" " (V ) = ("V ) = 0 since V and !V are fixed "t "t

!
!

Therefore,

" "t

$$$ # dV = $$$ "t dV + $$$ #

V V V

"#

" ( dV ) = "t
V

$$$ "t dV
V

"#

Apply divergence theorem "

%% #V $ dS = %%% (& $ #V ) dV
S

! " Therefore, "t

$$$ # dV + $$ #V % dS = $$$ "t dV + $$$ (& % #V ) dV = 0

V S V V

"#

! ' "# * "# dV + $$$ (% & #V ) dV = $$$ ) + % & #V ,dV = 0 and then, $$$ ( "t + "t V V V ! This equation holds for any arbitrary volume V, therefore the integrand
!

"# + $ % #V = 0 "t

Continuity equation for flow through the convergence divergence nozzle ! " " # dV + $$ #V dS = 0 ! $$$ "t V S
!1

!2 A2 V2

For steady flow,

!

! " Therefore, ## "V dS = 0

S

" "t

$$$ # dV = 0
V

A1 V1

$! ! " ' $ $ ! "' ! "' & ## "V dS ) + & ## "V dS ) + & ## "V dS ) = 0 % S (1 % S ( wall % S (2 ! ! ! "#1V1 $$ dS + # wallVwall $$ dS + # 2V2 $$ dS = 0
S1 Swall S2

"#1V1 A1 + 0 + # 2V2 A2 = 0 since

"" dS = A , "" dS = A
1 S1 S2

and Vwall = 0

! Therefore

"1 A1V1 = " 2 A2V2

3)

b2 Show that the transformation w = z + transforms a circle of radius b with z

its centre at (0, 0.15i) in the z-plane into a camber line in the w-plane. Derive the equation of the camber line.

Solution

Let the point P on the circle be represented by z = Re i" b2 Tranformation will give w = Re i" + e# i" R 2 b w = R(cos" + i sin " ) + (cos" # i sin " ) =! $ + i% R

# b2 & " = % R + ! ( cos) R' $ # b2 & * = % R + ( sin ) R' $

Eliminating R, gives (i)

" 2 sin 2 # $ % 2 cos 2 # = 4 b 2 sin 2 # cos 2 # (ii)

Equation (ii) is the shape of the transform body in w plane , which can be plotted or analyse. For triangle OQP

! From the diagram, express " in term of ! and "

QP 2 = OP 2 + OQ2 " 2(OQ)(OP ) cos(QOP ) ! QP = b = c cos " and OQ = c tan " !

c2 = R 2 + c 2 tan 2 " # 2 Rc tan " cos(90 o # $ ) , 2 cos "
cos(90 o " # ) =

$ = sin # R

!
!

using equation (i), can be simplified to

2c tan " sin # = R $ c 2 R = % sin #

Eliminate " , note that from (iii)

(iii) !

!
!

cos2 " =

2c tan # $ % 2c tan #
2

and cot 2 " =

2

2c tan # $ % %

" 2 + (# + 2c cot 2$ ) = (2c csc2$ ) where cos " = 0.15 b

2

! A circle in the w plane with centre at (0, " 2c cot 2# ) and radius (2c csc2" ) .
to a circular arc. ! ! Therefore the circular cylinder is transformed Alternatively find the equation of the circle wrt the centre of the circle in z plane i.e ! ! z = be i" + 0.15i - (mathematiknya lagi susah)