ASeminaron

DIFFERENTATOMICMODELS
Presentedby:
SHANTISHARMA
4
TH
SEMESTER
Thomsons Atomic Model
Drawbacks of Thomsons Atomic Model
Bohr atom model
Drawbacks of Bohr atom model
Sommerfelds atom model
Sommerfelds relativistic atomic model
Drawbacks of Sommerfelds atom model
The vector atom model
Conclusion
References
CONTENTS
Thomsons Atomic Model
J . J . Thomson
1. Electronenterintotheconstitutionofallatoms
2. Since the atom as a whole is electrically neutral the
quantityofpositiveandnegativechargeinitmustbethe
same.
Drawbacks
He explained that hydrogen can give rise only to a
single spectral lines.
He couldn't explain the fine spectra
BOHR ATOM
MODEL
Niels Bohr
Heproposedthefollowingpostulates
(1)Anelectroncannotrevolveroundthe
nucleusinallpossibleorbit.Itcanrevolve
roundthenucleusinthoseallowedorbits
forwhichtheangularmomentumofthe
electronisanintegralmultipleof.
H 2
h
Bohrsatomic
model
(2)Anatomradiatesenergyonly
whenelectronjumpsfroma
stationaryorbitofhigherenergyto
oneoflowerenergy.Ifelectron
jumpsfromaninitialorbitof
energytothefinalorbitof
energy,aphotonof
frequencyisemitted.
i
E
) (
f i f
E E E >
h
E E
f i

=
TheBohrformulae
r
e
Radiusofthenthpermissibleorbitfor
hydrogen
m e
h n
r
n
2
0
2 2
H
=
c
Thetotalenergyoftheelectroninthenthorbit
2 2 2
0
2 4
8 h n
Z me
E
n
c

=
+Ze
DifferentspectralseriesofhydrogenatomaccordingtoBohr.
Lyman
Balmer
Paschen
Brackett
Pfund
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6 n=7
Theenergyleveldiagram
TheequationCanbediagrammatically
represented.ThenitiscalledTheenergylevel
diagram.

2 2 2
0
2 4
8 h n
Z me
E
n
c

=
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
= n
Lyman
Balmer
Paschen
Brackett
Pfund
136
3.4
1.5
085
) (eV E
n
o
H
|
H

H
Drawbacks
Spectrographofhighresolvingshowedthatlines
arenotsingle.Eachspectrallinesactually
consistedofseveralverycloselinepacked
together.Thisiscalledfinestructureofspectral
lines.Bohrtheorycouldnotexplainthisfine
structure.
Sommerfeldsatommodel
Sommerfeldintroducedtwomainmodificationin
Bohrsmodel:
(1)Thepathofanelectronaroundthenucleus,in
general,isanellipsewiththenucleusatoneofthe
foci.
(2)The velocity of the electron moving in an
ellipticalorbitvariesconsiderablyatdifferentparts
oftheorbit.
N
electron
|
r
Ellipticalorbitforhydrogenatom
Theconditionthatdeterminestheallowedellipticalorbitis
Whenandtheorbitbecome circular

hasndifferentvalues
0 , , = = = c
|
a b n n
n
n
a
b
|
=
0 =
|
n
n n s
|
|
n
1 , 1 = =
|
n n
2 , 2 = =
|
n n
1 , 2 = =
|
n n
3 , 3 = =
|
n n
2 , 3 = =
|
n n
1 , 3 = =
|
n n
2 2 2
0
2 4
8 h n
Z me
E
n
c

=
TOTALENERGY
Sommerfeldsrelativisticatomicmodel
Thevelocityofelectronintheellipticorbitsis C
137
1
~
SoSommerfeldtakingintoaccountthevariationofmass
withvelocity.
SoSommerfeldtakingintoaccountthevariationofmass
withvelocity.
Heshowedthattherelativisticequationdescribingthe
pathoftheelectronis
) 1 (
cos 1 1
2
c
| c

+
=
a r
2 2 2
0
2
4 2
2
16
1
c p
e z
c t
=
(1)
4 2 2
0
2 4 4
2 2 2
0
2 4
1
)
4
3
(
8 8 n n
n
h
Z me
h n
Z me
E
n
=
|
c
o
c
iscalledthefinestructureconstant
The path of the electron given by equation(1) is an
ellipsewhosemajoraxisprecessesslowlyin the plane
oftheellipseaboutanaxisthroughthenucleus.
Thetotalenergyintherelativistictheory
o
137
1
2
0
2
~ =
ch
e
c
o
Lineisduetothetransitionfromn=3
stateton=2stateofhydrogenatom.
Finestructureofthelines
o
H
o
H
1
2
2
2
1
3
2
3
3
3
Drawbacks
Sommerfelds theory was able to give an
explanation of the fine structure of the spectral
line of hydrogen atom. But he could not predict
thecorrectofspectrallines.
Thevectoratommodel
Thevectoratommodel
Thetwodistinctfeaturesofvectoratom
modelare:
Theconceptionofspatial
quantization
Thespinningelectronhypothesis
Quantumno.associatedwiththe
VectorAtomModel
Atotalquantumnumbern,itcantakeonly
integralvalues1,2,3..etc
Anorbitalquantumnumberl,whichmaytake
anyintegralvaluebetween0and(n1)
inclusively.
Aspinquantumnumbers,themagnitudeof
whichisalways.
Atotalangularquantumnumberj,theresultant
angularmomentumoftheelectronduetoboth
orbitalandspinmotionsi.evectorsumofl ands.
Vector atom Model for Orbital
Angular Momentum
Theorbitalangularmomentum
foranatomicelectroncanbe
visualizedintermsofavector
modelwheretheangular
momentumvectorisseenas
precessingaboutadirectionin
space.
Thediagramshowsthatthepossible
valuesforthe"magneticquantum
number"m
l
forl=2cantakethe
values
ml=2,1,0,1,2
or,ingeneral,
ml=l,l+1,..,l1,l
Vector atom Model for Total Angular
Momentum
WhenorbitalangularmomentumL andelectronspinangularmomentumS
arecombinedtoproducethetotalangularmomentumofanatomic
electron,thecombinationprocesscanbevisualizedintermsofavector
model.
Conclusion
VectoratommodelcanexplainZeeman
effect,Starkeffect.
Itcanalsoexplainthecomplexspectraof
alkalimetallikesodium.
Andalsocanexplainhowtheorbital
electronsinanatomaredistributed
aroundthenucleus.
ATOMICPHYSICS
J.B.RAJAM
INTRODUCTIONTOATOMICSPECTRA
HARVEYELLIOTTWHITE
http://www.tutornext.com/lesson/vectoratom
model/1243900
http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/preuss/1_5_V
ectorModel.pdf
References
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