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Experiment No.1
Title: Study of Amplitude Modulation
Apparatus: Experimental Kit, connecting cords, CR
Theory: Modulation is t!e process of con"erting lo# fre$uency signal to !ig! fre$uency so t!at
it can %e transmitted o"er a long distance.
&ecause of modulation #e !a"e follo#ing ad"antages
1. 'eig!t of Antenna red
(. Mixing of signals at lo# fre$uency a"oided
). Multiplexing of signals possi%le
*. Narro# %ending
+. ,arge transmission range
-e !a"e t!ree %asic types of modulations

.or modulation process #e need t#o signals
1. Modulating signal: /!e signal #!ic! #e !a"e to transmit
2. Carrier signal: /!e signal used to carry t!e signal
/!ese t#o signals are mixed in t!e modulator so as to generate ne# signal called AM signal.
Amplitude Modulation: /!e process in #!ic! amplitude of carrier signal is c!anged
proportional to instantaneous "alue of t!e original signal 0eeping fre$uency 1 p!ase of t!e
carrier constant.
AM Modulators: /!e electronic circuits use to generate AM signals %y mixing original signal
#it! t!e carrier signal.
2n amplitude modulation Modulation index is one of t!e important parameters calculated %y t!e
formula,
Amplitude
Modulation
.re$uency
Modulation
P!ase Modulation
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m =
v
m
v
c
=
v
mcx
-v
min
v
mcx
+v
min

I
mux
is t!e maximum carrier amplitude 1 I
mn
is t!e minimum carrier amplitude. /!e "alue of
Modulation index is al#ays calculated in 3. Calculated as
v
m
v
c
#!ere carrier amplitude is al#ays
greater t!an original amplitude. 'ence m is 4 1.
2f I
c
5 I
m
2ndex 4 1 called 6nder Modulation.
2f I
c
4 I
m
2ndex 51 called "er Modulation.
2f I
c
7 I
m
2ndex 7 1 called 188 3 Modulation.
.or efficient transmission m selected is around )).)) 3
2n case of AM amplitude of !ig! fre$uency carrier signal "aries in accordance #it! instantaneous
"alue of lo# fre$uency modulating signal.
: = I
c
sin
c
t +
mI
c
2
cos(
c
-
m
) t +
mI
c
2
cos(
c
+
m
) t
/!e e$uation for amplitude modulated #a"e is as a%o"e.
/!us it contains t#o side %and fre$uencies fc 9fm 1fc : fm and %and#idt! re$uired t#ice t!e
fre$uency of modulating signal
P
t
=
I
c
2
R
+
I
LSB
2
R
+
I
0SB
2
R

P
t
=
I
c
2
R
+
m
2
I
c
2
4R
+
m
2
I
c
2
4R

P
t
= P
c
+
m
2
P
c
4
+
m
2
P
c
4

P
t=
P
c
+
m
2
P
c
2

P
t=
P
c
(1 +
m
2
2
)
AM
Modulators
,inear
modulators
S$uarelo#
Modulators
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/!is is total po#er in t!e modulated #a"e.
/!e maximum po#er in t!e AM #a"e is Pt71.+ x Pc #!en m 71
2t s!o#s t!at ;;3 po#er is lost in carrier #a"e itself. 2t can %e a"oided using <ou%le side %and
transmission 1 signal side %and transmission. 2n case of dou%le side %and transmission carrier is
suppressed %efore transmission. -a"e forms are as s!o#n.
2n our AM =enerator /ransistori>ed scillator is gi"en as a carrier generator. 2ts amplitude is "aria%le.
2C ?8)? %ased @.unction generatorA Modulating signal #it! "aria%le fre$uency and "aria%le
amplitude is pro"ided. .or AM generation output of carrier generator 1 modulating signal generator
are gi"en to PAMP @,. )+1A adder. Modulation index can %e "ary, using amplitude adBust pot gi"en
on front panel. utput of adder is gi"en to tuned amplifier @Class CA. 2t gi"es re$uired AM signal.
2n linear modulators #e !a"e /ransistor Modulator 1 /u%e Modulators
1. Plate Modulator
(. =rid Modulator
). Cat!ode Modulator
*. Collector Modulator
+. &ase Modulator
;. Emitter Modulator
Circuit <iagramC
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Procedure:
1. S#itc! on t!e po#er supply.
(. AdBust DP of carrier generator to 1Ep:p 1 t!at modulating signal to +88 m Ep:p, 1 K'>.
). Connect carrier output to fc 2DP of adder 1 modulating signal to fm 2DP of adder.
*. %ser"e DP of Adder 1 connect it to 1DP of tanned circuit.
+. %ser"e DP of tanned circuit #!ic! is re$uired AM signal. AdBust oscillator coils pro"ided on
panel suc! t!at AM 8DP is maximum. Also 0eep pot near to tanned circuit to maximum
position.
!ser"ations:
Modulating Signal
Amplitude /ime Period .re$uency
Em7 /7 .m7
Carrier Signal
Amplitude /ime Period .re$uency
Ec7 /7 .c7
Keep .m constant 1 c!ange t!e "alue of Em
Sr. No. Em Emax Emin Modulation index

Keep Em constant 1 c!ange t!e "alue of .m
Sr. No. .m Emax Emin Modulation index

Calculation:
Modulation 2ndex @mAC
m =
I
m
I
c
=
I
mux
-I
mn
I
mux
+I
mn

Conclusion:
1. As t!e modulating amplitude increases t!e Modulation 2ndex :::::::::::
(. As t!e modulating fre$uency increases t!e Modulation 2ndex :::::::::::