UNIT II 1. Specify the objective of image enhancement technique.

The objective of enhancement technique is to process an image so that the result is more suitable than the original image for a particular application. 2. Explain the 2 categorie of image enhancement. i) Spatial domain refers to image plane itself & approaches in this category are based on direct manipulation of picture image. ii) Frequency domain methods based on modifying the image by fourier transform. !. "hat i contra t tretching# Contrast stretching reduces an image of higher contrast than the original by darkening the levels belo m and brightening the levels above m in the image. $. "hat i grey level licing# !ighlighting a specific range of grey levels in an image often is desired. "pplications include enhancing features such as masses of ater in satellite imagery and enhancing fla s in #$ray images. %. &efine image ubtraction. The difference bet een % images f&#'y) and h&#'y) e#pressed as' g&#'y)(f&#'y)$h&#'y) is obtained by computing the difference bet een all pairs of corresponding pi#els from f and h. '. "hat i the purpo e of image averaging# "n important application of image averaging is in the field of astronomy' here imaging ith very lo light levels is routine' causing sensor noise frequently to render single images virtually useless for analysis. (. "hat i meant by ma )ing# )ask is the small %$* array in hich the values of mask co$efficient determines the nature of process. The enhancement technique based on this type of approach is referred to as mask processing. *. +ive the formula for negative an, log tran formation. +egative, S(-$.$r -og, S ( c log&./r) 0here c$constant and r$input pi#el -. "hat i meant by bit plane licing# 1nstead of highlighting gray level ranges' highlighting the contribution made to total image appearance by specific bits might be desired. Suppose that each pi#el in an image is represented by 2 bits. 1magine that the image is composed of eight .$bit planes' ranging from bit plane 3 for -S4 to bit plane$5 for )S4.

1.. &efine hi togram. The histogram of a digital image ith gray levels in the range 63' -$.7 is a discrete function' given by h&rk)(nk rk$kth gray level nk$number of pi#els in the image having gray level rk. 11. "hat i meant by hi togram equali/ation#

This transformation is called histogram equali8ation. 12. "hat ,o you mean by 0oint proce ing# 1mage enhancement at any 9oint in an image depends only on the gray level at that point is often referred to as 9oint processing. 1!. "hat i Image Negative # The negative of an image ith gray levels in the range 63' -$.7 is obtained by using the negative transformation' hich is given by the e#pression. s ( -$.$r 0here s is output pi#el r is input pi#el 2.. Explain patial filtering# Spatial filtering is the process of moving the filter mask from point to point in an image. For linear spatial filter' the response is given by a sum of products of the filter coefficients' and the corresponding image pi#els in the area spanned by the filter mask. 21. "hat i a 1e,ian filter# The median filter replaces the value of a pi#el by the median of the gray levels in the neighborhood of that pi#el. 22. "hat i maximum filter an, minimum filter# The .33th percentile is ma#imum filter' it is used in finding brightest points in an image. The 3th percentile filter is minimum filter ' hich is used for finding darkest points in an image. 2!. "rite the application of harpening filter # .. :lectronic printing and medical imaging to industrial application %. "utonomous target detection in smart eapons. 2$. Name the ,ifferent type of ,erivative filter # .. 9er itt operators %. ;oberts cross gradient operators

<. Sobel operators .. %. <. ?. @. A. 5. =ive some of the applications of po er $la transform> 0hat are the applications of histogram processing> 0hat is hite noise> 0hat is salt and pepper noise> 0hat is directional smoothing> 0hat is a median filter> 0hat is homomorphic filtering> 023T 451' 1236S7 1. "hat i hi togram# Explain hi togram equali/ation an, hi togram matching 51'7 2. i. Explain ,etail about color image enhancement. 5*7 ii. Explain 8omomorphic filtering in ,etail. 5*7 !. Specify the expre ion an, explain in ,etail about the follo9ing filter . 5i7 +eometric mean filter 5ii78armonic mean filter5iii7:ontra harmonic mean filter 5*7 ?. i. :#plain the types of gray level transformation used for image enhancement. &2) ii. *iscuss the image smoothing filter ith its model in the spatial domain. &2) @. i. :#plain image enhancement in the frequency domain. &2) ii. :#plain in detail about directional smoothing. &2) A. :#plain the various noise distributions in image enhancements &2) 5. 0rite a detailed note on directional smoothing and median filtering &.A) 2. i. 0hat are image sharpening filters> :#plain the various types of it. &2) ii. :#plain spatial filtering in image enhancement. &2)