2 June 2010 1

Wat er Tr eat ment

Pl ant
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 2
Why w at er t r eat ment ?
Raw water contains many dissolved minerals and
organic materials.
At high temperature certain minerals left scaling on the
tube metal of the boiler and cause permanent damage.
Some dissolved minerals leads to corrosion of tube
metals. Some leads to foaming
At high pressure and temperature an element, silica can
be carried away with steam causing damage to turbine
low pressure stage.
A Thermal Power Station needs water of varying quality
for different process and hence the requirement.
The performance and life expectancy of the station
greatly depends on water chemistry compliance.
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 3
Type of w at er t r eat ment
the type of demineralization process chosen for a power
station depends on three main factors :
The quality of the raw water.
The degree of deionisation i.e. treated water quality
Selectivity of resins.
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 4
Di f f er ent w at er qual i t i es i n use at
NTPC-St at i ons
Condenser cooling..Raw water/ Clarified &
post-chlorinated water.
BA flushing Raw water.
Boiler feed water..Conditioned DM water.
ESP / Channel flushing..Raw/ Clarified water.
Other aux. cooling..Clarified water.
H2 generation plant..DM water.
Drinking water..Filtered & post-chlorinated
water.
DM plant operation..Filtered water.
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 5
St eps of t r eat ment pr oc ess
Aeration of raw water
Adding chemicals for bacteria removal
Adding chemicals for sedimentation of
suspended particles
Flocculation
Filtration
Ion Exchange process
water treatment process is generally made up of
two sections :
Pretreatment section
Demineralisation section
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 6
What i s pr e t r eat ment pr oc ess?
Pretreatment plant removes the suspended solids
The coarse components, such as sand, silt etc, can be
removed from the water by simple sedimentation
the non-separable solids (colloids) will not settle in any
reasonable time and must be floculated to produce the
large particles which are settle able.
Flocculation is obtained by gentle and prolonged mixing
which converts the submicroscopic coagulated particle
into discrete, visible & suspended particles.
This operation is done by flash mixer in the
clarifloculator.
Proper pre treatment reduce loading on anion and cation
exchanger.
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 7
Raw w at er t o Cl ar i f i ed w at er
Raw water bay
Pershall
flume
Cl2 dosing
Lime dosing
Alum dosing
Clarified
water
RW make up
pumps
Aerator
Flash
mixer
Clariflocculator
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A vi ew of Cl ar i -f l oc c ul at or
Flocculation zone
Clarification zone
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 9
Motion of water in a Clari-flocculator
Flocculation zone
Clarification zone
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Cl ar i f i ed w at er t o Fi l t er ed w at er
Clarified water
Clari-flocculator
To Township for
drinking water
Turbidity & Free Cl
2
check
DM PLANT
Filtered water
DW
sump
FW
sump
FW
pumps
DW
pumps
DM water
for Plant
purpose
GF Bed
Sand filters
Cl2
Post-
chlorination
Cl
2
House
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 11
Demi ner al i zat i on
pl ant
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 12
Demi ner al i zat i on Pl ant
Degasser
FW water
ACF
WAC SAC
WBA SBA MB
CST
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 13
Ac t i vat ed c ar bon Fi l t er (ACF)
Activated carbon acts on principle of adsorption which is a
surface active phenomenon
It removes residual turbidity (<2 NTU) of water to its 1/10
level.
It removes organic molecules to control colour and odour.
It removes free residual chlorine present in filtered water(0.5
ppm Nil)
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 14
I on ex c hange r esi n & i t s
f unc t i onal gr oup
An ion exchange resin consists of a cross-linked polymer
matrix (poly-styrene cross linked with 5-8% di-vinyl
benzene for structural stability) to which charged
functional groups are attached.
Common functional groups are : -SO3-H+ (SAC), -COO-
H+ (WAC), -NR4+OH- (SBA) and NR2 (WBA).
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 15
Ex c hange Reac t i ons
CATION RESIN:
2R-H + Na2CO3 2R-Na+H2CO3
ANION RESIN:
2R-OH + H2SO4 2R-SO4+2H2O
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 16
Wor k i ng of WAC i on ex c hange
r esi ns
WAC resin is capable to exchange cations of alkalinity
producing salts only ie, for carbonate hardness removal
purpose.
2 R-COOH + Ca(HCO3)2 (RCOO)2Ca2+ 2 H2CO3
WAC resin can exchange ions only in neutral to alkaline
pH range.
WAC results efficient TDS reduction in high carbonate
hardness water.
Efficient regeneration takes place even with very dilute
acid solution.
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 17
Wor k i ng of SAC i on ex c hange
r esi ns
SAC resin works over wide pH range & is capable to
exchange any type of cations present in salts as
sulphonic acid group is strongly acidic.
2 R-SO3-H+ + CaCl2 (RSO3)2Ca2+ 2 (H+ + Cl- )
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 18
Wor k i ng of Degasser
Water from the ex-cation contains carbonic acid which is
very weak acid and difficult to be removed by strongly
basic anion resin and causing hindrance to remove silicate
ions from the bed.
The ex-cation water is trickled in fine streams from top of a
tall tower packed with rasching rings, and compressed air
is passed from the bottom
Carbonic acid break into CO^ and water. carbon dioxide
escapes into the atmosphere. Water is pumped back to
anion exchanger bed
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 19
Wor k i ng of WBA r esi ns
WBA resin works over acidic pH range only & is capable
to trap any strong type acid molecules present in cation
effluent, through protonation of secondary / tertiary
amine centre, as the amine group is weakly basic in
nature.
-NR2 + HCl -NR2H+Cl-
WBA can be regenerated easily with very dilute alkali
(NaOH) solution
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 20
Wor k i ng of SBA i on ex c hange
r esi ns
SBA resin works over wide pH range & is capable to
exchange any type of anions present in water as
quarternary ammonium group is strongly basic.
2 -NR3+OH- + SiO32- (-NR3+)2SiO32- + 2 OH-
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 21
Wor k i ng of Mi x ed bed
ex-anion water is fed to the mixed bed exchanger
containing both cationic resin and anionic resin.
This bed not only takes care of sodium slip from cation but
also silica slip from anion exchanger very effectively
The final output from the mixed bed is an extira-ordinarily
pure water having less than 0.2/Mho conductivity, H 7.0
and silica content less than 0.02 ppm.
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 22
I nt er nal Tr eat ment
D.M.Water has a good affinity to absorb carbon dioxide
and oxygen, and both are extremely harmful to metal
surfaces for their destruction like corrosion,
water is finally de-oxidized by a suitable doze of hydrazine,
at the point after deaerator.
The pH of feed water is maintained at around 9.0
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Regener at i on of i on ex c hanger
During water treatment any deviation from the
specified quality in the output means that the resins
in mixed bed became exhausted and need
regeneration.
regeneration of the mixed bed first calls for suitable
back washing and settling, so that the two types of
resins are separated from each other.
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 24
Regener at i on of r esi n bed
ACF is regenerated by backwashing the bed with
air-water.
WAC and SAC are regenerated by counter
current regeneration with 4% Hydrochloric Acid
with a down flow of DM water.
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 25
WBA and SBA are regenerated by counter current
regeneration with 4% caustic with a down flow of DM
water.
Resins of MB is first separated by air scouring.
Individual resins are regenerated by acid and alkali
respectively.
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 26
Regener at i on of i on ex c hanger
After regeneration, the effluent comes out from the
system is treated in a neutralizing pit for
discharging through normal drain.
2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 27
THANK YOU