GENERAL MATHEMATICS - A.Y.

2012/2013 (code 30062, CLEAM - CLES - CLEF - BIEMF) DETAILED SYLLABUS

Structures ( 1.1-2, 1.4-5, 1.7, 2.1-3, 4.1, 5.1-4, 5.6, 14.1) Sets, operations with sets, number sets. The set R of real numbers, its geometric representation. Operations, order. Intervals. Absolute value, distance, neighbourhoods. The set R n of real vectors with n components, its geometric representation for n 2, 3 . Linear operations, linear combinations, inner product of vectors, order. Norm, distance, neighbourhoods. Interior, exterior, boundary, isolated, accumulation points. Open, closed, bounded, compact sets. Convex linear combinations, convex sets. Functions ( 6.1, 6.3-6, 14.2, 16.1, 16.4-5) The concept of function. Domain, codomain, range; image, inverse image. Injective, surjective, bijective function. Composite function, inverse function. Operations with functions. Real functions of one real variable. Natural domain, graph. Examples of elementary functions. Bounded functions, monotonic functions. Global and local maxima/minima. Convex/concave functions. Real functions of n real variables. Real functions of two real variables: natural domain, graph, level curves. Bounded functions. Global and local maxima/minima. Convex/concave functions. Sequences ( 8.1, 8.4-9, 8.11-13) Sequences of real numbers. Recursively defined sequences. Limits of sequences. Limits from above, limits from below. Convergent, divergent, irregular sequences. Theorem of uniqueness of the limit (*). Limits of elementary sequences. Operations with limits, indeterminate forms. Limits and inequalities. Limits and monotonic sequences. The number e. Calculation of limits. Comparisons among infinities and among infinitesimals. The symbols ~ and o. Extension to sequences of real vectors. Number series ( 10.1-4, 10.6) The concept of series. The sequence of partial sums. Behaviour of a series; convergent, divergent, irregular series. Behaviour of the geometric series (*). Necessary condition for convergence. Series with non-negative terms: regularity theorem, comparison test, asymptotic comparison test, behaviour of the generalised harmonic series. Series with terms of indefinite sign: simple convergence and absolute convergence. Limits of functions and continuity ( 11.1-7, 12.1-5, 16.2, 22.1) Limits of functions of one real variable (from the left, from the right, bilateral; from above, from below). Vertical and horizontal asymptotes. Limits of elementary functions. Theorems on limits. Calculation of limits. Change of variable. Some notable limits. The symbols ~ and o. Continuity for functions of one real variable. Points of discontinuity. Continuity of elementary functions. Properties of continuous functions: Weierstrasss theorem, intermediate-value theorem (Darbouxs theorem), zero-value theorem (Bolzanos theorem). Limits of functions of n real variables. Continuity for functions of n real variables. Weierstrasss theorem.

One-variable differential calculus ( 17.1-12, 19.1-2, 19.4-5, 20.1-3, 21.1, 22.1) Difference quotient, derivative at a point; geometric meaning. Equation of the tangent line. Lefthand and right-hand derivative; corners. The derivative function. Relationship between the existence of the derivative and continuity (*). Differentiability. Relationship between the existence of the derivative and differentiability. Differential at a point; geometric meaning. Derivatives of elementary functions. Rules on derivatives. Higher derivatives. Stationary points. Necessary condition for points of local maximum/minimum: Fermats theorem (*). Rolles theorem (*). Lagranges mean value theorem (*). Monotonicity test. First sufficient condition for points of maximum/minimum: local version, global version. Taylors formula and Maclaurins formula of order n, with Peanos remainder. Convexity test. Second sufficient condition for points of maximum/minimum: local version, global version. Graph sketching. Linear algebra (( 3.1-3.6, 13.1-9) Linear spaces, subspaces. Linear independence, linear dependence. Spanning sets, bases. Dimension. Matrices. Linear operations with matrices. Row-column product; main properties. Linear functions (linear functionals, linear operators). Representation theorem (*), representation matrix, image space, kernel. Determinant; main properties. Laplaces theorem. Inverse matrix: existence, uniqueness, explicit writing. Rank: definition as the number of linearly independent rows or columns, its calculation as the maximum order of non-null minors, Kroneckers algorithm. Linear systems; matrix writing. Existence of solutions: Rouch-Capellis theorem. Structure of solutions: homogenous and non-homogenous systems. Determination of solutions: Cramers theorem (*), Cramers rule, extension to all linear systems. N-variable differential calculus ( 18.1-3, 19.1, 28.1-4) Partial derivatives, gradient vector. Differential. Relationship between the existence of partial derivatives, differentiability and continuity. Stationary points. Unconstrained optimization problems. Necessary condition for points of unconstrained local maximum/minimum; Fermats theorem (*). Constrained optimization problems with one equality constraint. Lagrangean function, Lagrange multiplier. Necessary condition for points of constrained local maximum/minimum. Note A proof is required for all topics marked with (*).

Topics are listed according to the presentation order of the adopted textbook: Erio Castagnoli, Massimo Marinacci, Elena Vigna, Introduction to Mathematics and Economics, EGEA draft version (2012).

Classe 21 N33, N39 Ma 18.00-19.30: 09/10 Ma 16.15-17.45: 25/09 02/10 16/10 Ma 16.15-17.45: 20/11 27/11 04/12 11/12 tra Lu 22/10 e Ma 30/10: 2 sessioni da definire tra Lu 17/12 e Gio 17/01: 2 sessioni da definire