STREET LIGHTING

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Scope.........................................................................................................1 2. Definitions................................................................................................1 3. Lighting Co !"ns....................................................................................3
3.1. Typical forms of columns....................................................................................3 3.2. Locations of columns...........................................................................................3 3.3. Base of columns...................................................................................................4 3.4. Projection and tilt angle.......................................................................................5 3.5. Earthing and fuses................................................................................................5 3. . !onduits...............................................................................................................

#. $o!nting Height......................................................................................%
4.1. "eneral.................................................................................................................# 4.2. $ mounting height or less than........................................................................# 4.3. % $ mounting height............................................................................................# 4.4. 1& $ mounting height..........................................................................................% 4.5. 12 $ mounting height..........................................................................................% 4. . 1%$ mounting height or more than.....................................................................%

&. Lighting A''(nge"ent............................................................................)

5.1. 'traight roads.......................................................................................................( 5.2. 'ingle)le*el road junctions..................................................................................( 5.2.1. T junction...................................................................................................( 5.2.2. 'taggered junction....................................................................................1& 5.2.3. !ross roads...............................................................................................11 5.2.4. + junction.................................................................................................12 5.3. Bridges...............................................................................................................13 5.4. Pedestrian crossings...........................................................................................13

ii

5.5. Par, and garden areas........................................................................................15 5.5.1. Typical forms of columns.........................................................................15 5.5.2. $ounting height and -ase of columns.....................................................15 5.5.3. Lamps and lighting le*els........................................................................1

%. Sp(cing f'o" L!"en $etho*...............................................................1%

.1. $ounting height and spacing -y luminaires......................................................1# .2. $a.imum spacing -et/een poles......................................................................1%

+. Lighting So!'ces....................................................................................1)
#.1. Lamps.................................................................................................................1% #.2. Lighting le*els...................................................................................................1( #.3. Lighting control.................................................................................................2&

). $(inten(nce (n* Ope'(ting ti"es.......................................................2,

%.1. $aintenance.......................................................................................................2& %.2. 0ours of operation.............................................................................................2&

-. Dist'i.!tion Bo/....................................................................................21
(.1. Locations of distri-ution -o.es..........................................................................21 (.2. !ircuit -rea,ers..................................................................................................22 (.3. 'i1e and installation of ca-les............................................................................23

1,. High $(st Lighting.............................................................................2#

1&.1. Location of 0igh mast lighting........................................................................24 1&.2. Lighting source................................................................................................25

iii

LIST OF TABLES

iv

LIST OF FIG0RES
1Fig!'e ,2 T3pic( fo'"s of st'eet ighting.................................................3 1Fig!'e ,2 B(se of ighting co !"n.............................................................& 1Fig!'e , 2 Geo"et'3 in e e4(tion of st'eet ighting.................................+ 1Fig!'e ,2 T 5!nction.................................................................................1, 1Fig!'e ,2 St(gge'e* 5!nction...................................................................11 1Fig!'e ,2 C'oss 'o(*s...............................................................................12 1Fig!'e ,2 6 5!nctions................................................................................12 1Fig!'e ,2 T3pic( (3o!t (t T 5!nction 7ith pe*est'i(n c'ossing.........13 1Fig!'e ,2 T3pic( (3o!t (t c'oss'o(*s 7ith pe*est'i(n c'ossing.........13 1Fig!'e ,2 St(gge'e* (''(nge"ent (*5(cent (t pe*est'i(n c'ossing.....1# 1Fig!'e ,2 Opposite (''(nge"ent (*5(cent (t pe*est'i(n c'ossing.......1# 1Fig!'e ,2 T3pic( fo'"s of p('8 o' g('*en ighting..............................1& 1Fig!'e ,2 Ro(*7(3 !"in(i'e c (ssific(tions.........................................1+ 1Fig!'e ,2 T3pic( fo'"s of *ist'i.!tion .o/..........................................22 1Fig!'e ,2 Inte'n( *i(g'(" of *ist'i.!tion .o/.....................................2#

LIST OF A99ENDI:
A 2eferences B C D E 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 3 E.ample of calculating design spacing 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 3 4tili1ation factor of lamps 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 3 !alculation of concrete -ase load 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 3 !ommunication net/or, for controlling street lighting 3333333333333333333333333333333333333 3 24 25 2 2% 32

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St'eet Lighting

1. Scope
This standard specifies the general re5uirements for lighting columns6 mounting height6 arrangement6 spacing6 lighting sources and distri-ution -o. of street lighting. 7t also co*ers the type of ca-le and feeder lengths recommended for the street lighting distri-ution.

2. Definitions
A''(nge"ent The pattern according to /hich luminaires are sited in plan for instance staggered6 opposite6 single side and t/in central. A4e'(ge i !"in(nce <E(4e= The mean illuminance in a hori1ontal plane at ground le*el o*er a specified area6 deri*ed in a specified manner. Co o' 'en*e'ing The a-ility of a lighting source to represent colors in o-ject. The relati*e measure of this a-ility is color rendering inde.6 or !27 /hich rates lighting sources on a scale of & to 1&&. the higher the !276 the more *i-rant or close to natural the colors of o-jects appear. F! c!t off !"in(i'e 8 classification applied to a luminaire6 /hich6 /hen installed at the specified design attitude gi*es 1ero intensity at and a-o*e the hori1ontal. G ('e The !ondition of *ision in /hich there is discomfort or reduction of a-ility to see6 or -oth6 caused -y an unsuita-le distri-ution or range of luminance6 or to e.treme contrast in the field of *ision. I !"in(nce <E= > F;A The luminous flu. arri*ing at a surface di*ided -y the area of the illuminated surface6 measured in l. 9 1 l. : 1 lumen;m2. I !"in(nce !nifo'"it3

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St'eet Lighting
The ratio of minimum illuminance to a*erage or ma.imum illuminance. The closer this figure is to 16 the more e*en the illuminance. L!"in(nce <B= > I;A The physical 5uantity corresponding to the -rightness of a surface <e.g. a lamp6 luminaire6 s,y or reflecting material= in a specified direction. 7t is the luminous intensity of the surface di*ided -y that area6 measured in units of cd; m2. L!"ino!ns f !/ <F= The total lamp light in all directions6 measured in unit of lumen. L!"ino!ns intensit3 <I= The concentration of luminous flu. emitted in a specified direction6 measured in unit of cd. $(inten(nce f(cto' <$= The estimation of ho/ lighting conditions /ill deteriorate through use. 'ome factors are dust and dirt inside luminaire surface6 aging of light -ul-s emitting less light and depreciation of the reflection of road surface. $ini"!" i !"in(nce <E"in= The minimum measured lighting le*el recorded in the measurement area6 the measurements ta,en at ground le*el in the hori1ontal plane. 9'o5ection The distance measured hori1ontally from the centre of a -rac,et)mounted luminaire6 to the centre of the column or pole. O4e'h(ng The distance measured hori1ontally -et/een the photometric centre of a luminaire and the adjacent edge of a carriage/ay. The distance is ta,en to -e positi*e if the luminaires are in front of the edge and negati*e if they are -ehind the edge. >ote. ?or installation purposes6 the centre of a lamp or lamps may -e regarded as the photometric centre of a luminaire. Set .(c8 The shortest distance from the for/ard face of a column to the edge of a carriage/ay.

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St'eet Lighting

Ti t (ng e The angle -y /hich the a.is of the fi.ing spigot entry is tilted a-o*e the hori1ontal /hen the luminaire is installed.

3. Lighting Co !"ns
3.1. T3pic( fo'"s of co !"ns ?igure 1 sho/s the e.terior appearances of typical street lighting /ith one and t/o arms. The one arm columns may -e installed for lighting side/al,s.

<a= @ne arm <-= T/o arms A?igure &B Typical forms of street lighting 3.2. Loc(tions of co !"ns 8ll pu-lic lighting columns shall -e set -ac, from the edge of the carriage/ay to the roadside face of the column6 a minimum clearance of %&& mm. The minimum clearances according to the design speed of the road are gi*en -elo/. The designer shall consider that the set -ac, of columns allo/ the free passage of -lind persons6 peram-ulators and /heelchairs on the foot/ay. C Ta-le & D $inimum clearance Eesign speed <,m;h= !learance <m=

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St'eet Lighting
5& %& 1&& 12& &.% 8-solute minimum 1.& 2ecommended minimum 1.5 8-solute minimum 1.5 8-solute minimum 1.5

3.3. B(se of co !"ns Fhere the column -ase is set up for rag -olted mounting6 the mounting -ase shall consist of a cast concrete -ase. The -ase shall pro*ide four $24 gal*ani1ed -olts e*enly set out on a 35& mm pitch circle for fi.ing and aligning the columns.7t is recommended that the planting depth of the column in the ground shall -e as sho/n in ta-le 2. C Ta-le & D !oncrete -ase Type of pole @ne arm $ounting height 4 m6 5 m6 %m 1& m 12 m T/o arms 4 m6 5 m6 %m 1& m 12 m
A

Base dimensions in mm <8GBG0= 4&&G &&G16&&& 4&&G%&&G161&& 4&&G%&&G162&& 5&&G16&&&G163&&

4&&G &&G161&& 4&&G%&&G162&& 5&&G16&&&G163&& 5&&G16&&&G163&&

B 100m m 100m m

The door opening (bc) shall -e a minimum of && mm high G 115 mm /ide and the -ottom of the door opening (a) shall -e located -et/een 5&& mm and #&& mm a-o*e

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St'eet Lighting
ground le*el. The designer can *erify the suita-ility of these depths for the site conditions6 and can arrange for other depths in the ground /here necessary. The minimum depth of underground ca-les (f) shall -e && mm. 7n addition6 the height a-o*e ground of any portion of the anchor -olts <d= or foundation shall not e.ceed 1&& mm in order to pre*ent the -ottom of a *ehicle from snagging the foundation or -ase.

c b

a d f e

!oncrete

Electrical electrode

A?igure &B Base of lighting column 3.#. 9'o5ection (n* ti t (ng e The lengths of projection shall -e e5ual to6 or less than6 a 5uarter of mounting height. C Ta-le & D Lengths of projection >ominal height <m= 46 56 6 %6 1&6 126 156 1% Projection <m= &.#5 ;1.25 ; 2 ; 3

Fhen the angle of tilt is larger6 a uniformity ratio is increasing. @ther/ise discomfort glare is increasing -ecause strong light comes into dri*erHs eyes. 'o the angle of tilt shall -e ,ept from 15 to 3&. 3.&. E('thing (n* f!ses 8ll metal parts of columns shall -e earthed6 and the column and -rac,et shall -e electrically continuous. The grounding /ire shall -e a minimum si1e of 22mm 2 PI! insulated /ires. The earth shall -e terminated on the -ody of the pole -y drilling and

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St'eet Lighting
affi.ing /ith a suita-le gal*ani1ed nut and -olt6 /ith a crimped terminal fitting on the earth ca-le. The rated current of a fuse shall -e at least t/ice the normal full load current of the ma.imum num-er of lights to -e simultaneously s/itched. The ampere rating of the fuse /hich is installed in each column shall -e not less than a 1& amp fuse to ensure protection against electric shoc, and o*er current. 3.%. Con*!its !onduits shall -e re5uired in road/ay crossings and also -e installed in footpaths /here access roads6 dri*e/ays and footpath crossings are 2.5 m and o*er in /idth. !onduits shall -e not less than 4& mm internal diameter6 and laid as nearly perpendicular to the street as practica-le. They shall -e e.ca*ated to a minimum depth of && mm from finished ground le*el and a 1&& mm -ed of clean sand shall -e spread along the -ase of the trench prior to laying the ca-le and a PI! duct shall -e laid in the trench. $ar,er tape shall -e 15& mm /ide colored yello/ and printed along its entire length in 1&& mm high -lac, lettering /ith the legend J!aution K 'treet Lighting !a-le -elo/L.

#. $o!nting Height

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St'eet Lighting
#.1. Gene'(
Tilt angle

@*erhang

'et)-ac, Fidth of carriage/ay Edge of carriage/ay

A?igure & B "eometry in ele*ation of street lighting Fhen a mounting height is generally higher6 a glare is decreasing and o*erall 5uality of surrounding circumstances is impro*ing6 -ut a capital cost is higher and o*erall efficiency is lo/er. The same mounting height shall -e ,ept not only in the same /idth of road/ays6 -ut also at road junctions. 8s far as possi-le6 mounting heights shall -e ,ept at or -elo/ the height of adjacent -uildings. This is particularly important in conser*ation areas. Therefore6 -efore a mounting height is determined6 luminance distri-ution6 o*erall lighting effect and economic efficacy shall -e considered and compared. #.2. 6 M "o!nting height o' ess th(n 6 M or less than shall -e installed at some locations as follo/s 9 M the majority of side streets or alleys6 or M lighting for pu-lic gardens and par,ing lots to ma,e people feel safe. #.3. 8 M "o!nting height 8 M shall -e installed at some locations as follo/s 9

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St'eet Lighting
M ur-an traffic route /here6 o/ing to the multiplicity of road junctions6 no reduction in the num-er of lighting points is to -e gained -y the use of a higher mounting height6 or M traffic routes /here higher mounting heights /ould -e out of scale /ith the adjacent -uildings6 or M relati*ely narro/ roads such as local distri-utor and access roads to residential areas in /hich a mounting height -et/een 1& $ or 12 $ and 5 $ or $ is desira-le. #.#. 10 M "o!nting height 10 M shall -e installed at some locations as follo/s 9 M the majority of ur-an traffic routes6 or M lighting for traffic routes in /hich a mounting height of 12 $ /ould -e an undesira-le appearance6 or M lighting for /ide hea*ily used routes /here a large num-er of intersection6 -ends6 etc6 could lead to a short spacing ma,ing the use of 12 $ mounting height uneconomical. #.&. 12 M "o!nting height 12 M shall -e installed at the location of /ide or hea*ily used routes /here ad*antage can -e ta,en of a longer spacing of luminaires. #.%. 18M "o!nting height o' "o'e th(n 0igh mast lighting poles shall -e installed at large)scale area such as airports6 doc,yards6 large industrial areas6 sports areas and road intersections.

&. Lighting A''(nge"ent

Poles for t/o and three lane roads shall -e installed in the /ay of staggered or single side arrangement for reasons of economy. ?or more than four lane roads6 poles shall -e installed in the /ay of opposite or t/in central arrangement or -oth. C Ta-le & D $ethods of pole arrangement >um-ers of lane 8rrangement 2 N 3 lanes 'taggered or single side @*er 4 lanes @pposite or t/in central

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St'eet Lighting
&.1. St'(ight 'o(*s M 'taggered arrangement
Oer'pacing

M 'ingle side arrangement

Oer'pacing

M @pposite arrangement
Oer'pacing

M T/in central arrangement on dual road/ays

Oer'pacing

&.2. Sing e? e4e 'o(* 5!nctions The lighting at a junction shall -e related to the need of dri*ers approaching the junction to see *ehicles approaching from other directions. The illuminance6 on the carriage/ay6 throughout a junction shall -e not less than the illuminance pro*ided on the main roads leading to the junction. 5.2.1. T junction To achie*e the re5uired luminance on the T junction6 typical lighting positions shall -e as sho/n in figure 4.

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St'eet Lighting
8 ! B
1;3 ' 8ppro.imately 1;2 '

E A?igure &B T junction

8ppro.imately 1;2 '

Luminaire 8 on the major road shall -e sited in line /ith centre line of the approach lanes of the minor road to re*eal the end of the minor road to traffic approaching along it and to re*eal pedestrians crossing its mouth. Luminaire B on the major road shall -e sited at a distance from the ,er- of the minor road appro.imately e5ual to one)third of the design spacing for the major road and prefera-ly not greater than 12m along the major road. This luminaire re*eals -oth the junction /ith the minor road to traffic in the major <approaching from the right in figure 3= and a *ehicle /aiting in the mouth of the minor road. Luminaire ! on the major road shall -e sited at not more than the design spacing for the major road from luminaire 8 and prefera-ly at a distance from the ,er- of the minor road of a-out one)half of the same design spacing along the major road. This luminaire re*eals turning mo*ements to traffic in the major road <approaching from the left in figure 3=. Luminaire E on the minor road shall -e sited on the nearside for traffic lea*ing the major road at a distance from the ,er- of the major road of a-out one)half of the design spacing for the major road along the major road. This luminaire re*eals the traffic conditions in the mouth of the minor road to traffic entering from the major road. 5.2.2. 'taggered junction T/o T junctions <1= and <2= on opposite sides of the major road6 as sho/n in figure 5 shall -e considered independently in the first instance. 7f they are closer together6 i.e. less than a-out & m apart6 compromise positions may -e chosen for luminaire B or ! in figure 5 -ut care shall -e ta,en not to reduce the standard of lighting.

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St'eet Lighting

E2 8ppro.imately 1;2 ' 81 1;3 ' B2

<1=
B1 1;3 ' !1 8ppro.imately 1;2 ' E1 8ppro.imately 1;2 '

<2=
82

A?igure &B 'taggered junction 5.2.3. !ross roads Typical light positions for a cross roads are sho/n in figure . @n each road6 there shall -e a luminaire 8 on the nearside for traffic lea*ing the junction at a distance from the ,erof the cross roads appro.imately e5ual to one)third of the design spacing for the major road. These four luminaires shall -e of the same type and mounted at the same height. This distance may ha*e to -e reduced if the cross roads are /ide or if there is a pedestrian crossing. Luminaire 8 ser*e to re*eal crossing and turning traffic. The ne.t luminaire B6 on each road6 on the offside for traffic lea*ing the junction6 shall -e at not more than t/o) thirds of the design spacing for the major road6 from luminaire 8.

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St'eet Lighting

>ot greater than 2;3 '

A?igure &B !ross roads 5.2.4. + junction ?or a + junction6 the general arrangement of the luminaire in the major road shall -e continued across the junction6 -ut /ith the spacing shortened to site the luminaire /here they are needed and to increase the amount of light in the *icinity of the junction.

8ppro.imately 1;2 '

8ppro.imately 1;3 '

>ot greater than '

>ot greater than ' 8ppro.imately 1;3 '

8ppro.imately 1;3 '

<a=

<-=

A?igure &B + junctions Typical positions for a staggered arrangement are sho/n in figures # <a= and # <-= for the minor road on the right and left respecti*ely. These luminaires ser*e to re*eal the junction in much the same /ay as for T junctions descri-ed in 5.2.1. The amount of light on the junctions shall -e not less than that along any of the approach roadsP this may -e achie*ed -y arranging these four luminaires some/hat closer than the design spacing for the major

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St'eet Lighting
road. Luminaire 8 shall -e conspicuous and shall emit ade5uate light to re*eal road layout and traffic mo*ement along the minor road. Luminaire B6 ! and E shall pro*ide no less light than those on any of the approach roadsP their positions are more critical than that of luminaire 8. &.3. B'i*ges Fhen street lighting is installed at -ridges6 staggered arrangements can produce an irregular appearance /hen seen o-li5uely. The appearance of opposite arrangements is preferred particularly as this may ma,e possi-le a lo/er mounting height. 8 central arrangement appears as a regularly spaced array of columns from any *ie/point and needs fe/er columns than an opposite arrangement. 8ll luminaires shall -e at the same mounting height at -ridges. 8nd rag -olt mounted columns shall -e used. &.#. 9e*est'i(n c'ossings

Pedestrian crossing

A?igure &B Typical layout at T junction /ith pedestrian crossing

Pedestrian crossing

A?igure &B Typical layout at crossroads /ith pedestrian crossing 8t crossings in the immediate *icinity of junction6 the arrangement shall -e on the principles sho/n in figures % and (6 although indi*idual junction dimension /ill *ary

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St'eet Lighting
/idely. Lighting is most effecti*e in re*ealing pedestrians using the crossing /hen it is symmetrical from -oth directions along the road. The lighting6 therefore6 shall -e so arranged that the crossing is at the mid)point of a span. This may in*ol*e the use of one span of shorter spacing than that calculated. Particularly6 a column shall not -e placed adjacent to a pedestrian crossing. 7n a staggered arrangement6 the optimum is to pro*ide t/o columns at e5ual distances of not more than 1&m from the centre of the crossing. The column on the left)hand side of the road shall -e -eyond the crossing as seen -y an approaching dri*er <see figure 1&=.
Pedestrian crossing

E5ual distances of not more than 1& m

A?igure &B 'taggered arrangement adjacent at pedestrian crossing 7n an opposite arrangement6 there shall -e to/ pairs of columns at e5ual distances of not more than 15 m from the centre of the crossing. These distances shall -e measured parallel to the centre line of the road in the usual /ay and for *ery /ide roads they may need to -e reduced <see figure 11=.
Pedestrian crossing

E5ual distances of not more than 15 m

A?igure &B @pposite arrangement adjacent at pedestrian crossing

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St'eet Lighting
&.&. 9('8 (n* g('*en ('e(s 5.5.1. Typical forms of columns The follo/ing figures are some of typical forms of columns installed in par, and garden areas.

<a= @ne)arm <-= T/o)arms A?igure &B Typical forms of par, or garden lighting 5.5.2. $ounting height and -ase of columns 7n case of ne/ installations in par,s6 it is recommended that the height of lighting poles shall -e 4m6 5m and m. The -ase of columns shall -e made from concrete and the si1es of -ase are sho/n in ta-le 5. C Ta-le & D 0eights and concrete -ase of poles Type of pole @ne and t/o arms $ounting height 4m 5m m Base dimension in mm <8GBG0= 3&&G &&G && 4&&G#&&G%&& 4&&G%&&G16&&&

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St'eet Lighting

B 100m m 100m m

5.5.3. Lamps and lighting le*els Fhen lighting poles in par, or garden places are installed6 installing metal halide lamps are -etter than using high pressure sodium lamps -ecause of their high color rendering inde. </hite light=6 and the capacity of lamps shall -e 25& /att and less in order to pre*ent glare. To -e pedestrian safety and good night *ie/6 the lighting le*els shall -e not less than 15 l. in accordance /ith the recommendations gi*en in ta-le . C Ta-le & D Lamps and lighting le*els Type of lamps 0igh pressure sodium $etal halide !apacity <F= 25& and less Lighting le*els Ea*e <l.= 3& Emin <l.= 15

?or !rime pre*ention and pedestrian safety6 color rendering can help in crime detection -y permitting -etter identification of o-jects and people and this shall -e ta,en into account /hen choosing a lighting source.

%. Sp(cing f'o" L!"en $etho*

?or day)to)day installation design6 spacing shall -e determined from the follo/ing lumen method. FUNM = EA

Fhere6 F is the total luminous flu. of the lamp as 5uoted -y the manufacturer <in lm=. U is the utili1ation factor /hich ta,es into account the efficiency of the light and the

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St'eet Lighting
light losses as 5uoted -y the manufacturer. N is the total num-er of lamps M is the maintenance factor /hich is the product of the lamp flu. maintenance factor and the luminaire maintenance factor. Ialues for the latter are gi*en in ta-le %. E is the maintained a*erage illuminance on street <in l.= A is the surface area of street to -e illuminated <in m2= >ote 9 1= 8n a*erage utili1ation factor <4= could -e &.35 to &.5&. 2= The utili1ation factor and maintenance factor shall -e o-tained from the manu) facturerHs supplied photometric data. %.1. $o!nting height (n* sp(cing .3 !"in(i'es Luminaires are classified as cutoff6 semi)cutoff6 and non)cufoff6 and are sho/n in figure 13. Luminaire classifications are descripti*e of the position of the -ul- in the soc,et. !utoff control shall -e used for partial interchange lighting and rural intersections due to the a-ility to reduce glare. 'emi)cutoff control shall -e typically used for standard road lighting. 8de5uate glare control is o-tained /ith reasona-le spacing. >on)cutoff control shall -e used in areas /ith a lot of -ac,ground light. >on)cutoff luminaires shall not -e used at lo/er mounting heights -ecause of glare.

A?igure &B 2oad/ay luminaire classifications Fhen mounting height is comparati*ely high from /idth of road/ay6 spacing can -e a little longer -y applying the second ro/ of staggered and opposite Q t/in central arrangement. C Ta-le & D 2elationship -et/een mounting height and spacing 8rrangement !ut)off type 0eight 'pacing 'emi cutoff type 0eight 'pacing

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St'eet Lighting
<0= 'taggered 'ingle side @pposite Q T/in central 1.&F 1.5F &.#F &.5F &.#F <'= 3.&0 3.50 3.&0 3.&0 3.50 <0= 1.1F 1.#F &.%F &. F &.%F <'= 3.50 4.&0 3.50 3.50 4.&0

>ote 9 F : /idth of road/ay <m=6 0 : mounting height <m= %.2. $(/i"!" sp(cing .et7een po es The follo/ing ta-le sho/s ma.imum spacing recommended -et/een mounting height and /idth of road/ay. Fhen the spacing e.ceeds 4% m6 it is desira-le that a mounting height shall -e higher. C Ta-le & D $a.imum spacing
(unit : m)

$ounting 0eight

Fidth of road

N#m 'emi cutoff 2% 2% ) 35 35 ) 4% ) )

( N 1&.5 m !ut)off ) ) 2% ) 3& 35 3 3 42 'emi cutoff ) ) 2% ) 35 4& 42 42 4%

12 N 14 m !ut)off ) ) ) ) ) 3& ) 3 42 'emi cutoff ) ) ) ) ) 35 ) 42 4%

luminaire !ut)off arrangement 'ingle side 'taggered @pposite 24 24 ) 3& 3& ) 42 ) )

%$

1& $

'ingle side 'taggered @pposite

12 $

'ingle side 'taggered @pposite

>ote 9 The road /idth of N# m means 2 dri*ing lanes6 (N1&.5 m for 3 dri*ing lanes and 12N14 m for 4 dri*ing lanes /ithout a central reser*e.

+. Lighting So!'ces
+.1. L("ps The high pressure sodium lamps ha*e a longer life6 poor color rendering gi*ing yello/ light comparing to metal)halide lamps. The metal)halide lamps offer energy efficacy of

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St'eet Lighting
a-out %& lm;F /ith e.cellent color rendering gi*ing /hite light. Therefore6 the preferred sources6 on grounds of efficacy and life6 are high pressure sodium lamps and metal)halide lamps. ?or main roads or some important places6 metal)halide lamps can -e prefera-le6 and for other cases6 mercury *apour and high pressure sodium lamps can -e used. Po/er factor shall -e corrected to a *alue greater than &.(. C Ta-le & D !haracteristics of lamps Type of lamp $ercury *apour !apacity <F= 125 25& 4&& 0igh pressure sodium $etal halide 15& 25& 4&& 15& 25& 4&& Luminous flu.<lm= 56%&& 116&&& 226 && 1 6&&& 2%6&&& 516&&& 1165&& 2&6%&& 356&&& Efficacy <lm;F= 4 44 5# 1&# 112 12% ## %3 %% !olor rendering 8*erage life inde.<2a= <0r= 5& 5& 5& 22N3& 22N3& 22N3& 5 #& #& 246&&& 246&&& 246&&& 246&&& 246&&& 246&&& 6&&& 6&&& 156&&&

>ote 9 Each *alue of lamps can -e different from manufactures. +.2. Lighting e4e s 7n commercial and leisure areas6 the pro*ision of good lighting can add to the general amenity and so encourage people to *isit and ma,e use of the facilities. To -e *isually satisfactory for dri*ers and pedestrians6 the lighting le*els for the general traffic situations shall -e in accordance /ith the recommendations gi*en in ta-le %. C Ta-le & D Lighting le*els !ategory Ea*e < l. = 3& 25 25 15 Emin < l. = 15 1& 1& 5 4niformity ratios Ema. 9 Emin 391 591 591 1& 9 1 Ea*e 9 Emin 2.5 9 1 391 391 591

E.press Q $ain street 'u-ur-an shopping street 'u-sidiary street @ther streets

1- ; 33

St'eet Lighting
+.3. Lighting cont'o There are three types of lighting control methods such as6 timer control6 photocell control and /ireless remote control. $ost of main streets shall -e controlled -y the /ireless remote control system /hich consists of a central controller and a recei*er installed at a distri-ution -o.6 if necessary a pole recei*er. 7n case of controlling the range of streetlights6 for instances -y each -ranch circuit or column6 the /ay of controlling each -ranch circuit must -e more economical6 suita-le than controlling each column. 7n rural areas6 a timer control or photocell control shall -e applied as a control /ay of street lighting.

). $(inten(nce (n* Ope'(ting ti"es

).1. $(inten(nce 7t is essential that cleaning and lamp replacement routines shall -e regularly carried out to maintain suita-le conditions. $aintenance program shall include lamp replacement6 luminaire cleaning6 rene/al of failed parts6 chec,ing of gas,ets and night inspections. The *alues of the luminaire maintenance factor gi*en in ta-le ( are typical and ta,e into account the en*ironmental pollution and the fre5uency of cleaning. The reduction in lamp output /ith age is allo/ed for -y multiplying the initial luminous flu. of the lamp -y the appropriate lamp flu. maintenance factor. C Ta-le & D $aintenance factors !leaning inter*als <months= 12 1% 24 3 Pollution category 0igh &.53 &.4% &.45 &.42 $edium &. 2 &.5% &.5 &.53 Lo/ &.%2 &.%& &.#( &.#%

>ote 9 1= 0igh pollution occurs in the centre of large ur-an areas and in hea*y industrial areas. 2= $edium pollution occurs in semi)ur-an6 residential and light industrial areas. 3= Lo/ pollution occurs in rural areas. ).2. Ho!'s of ope'(tion 'treet lighting is re5uired during all the hours of dar,ness6 independently of traffic flo/6 and shall normally -e in full operation from a-out 1& min after sunset to a-out 2& min

2, ; 33

St'eet Lighting
prior to sunrise in any controlling /ay. The practice of e.tinguishing certain luminaire /hen the traffic flo/ is small does not fulfill the lighting needs of *ehicular traffic and may increase the li,elihood of collision /ith columns. C Ta-le & D @perating times !ategory Time '/itch on 1& min after sunset '/itch off 2& min prior to sunrise

-. Dist'i.!tion Bo/
-.1. Loc(tions of *ist'i.!tion .o/es Eistri-ution -o.es shall -e of sheet steel construction6 gal*ani1ed after fa-rication6 of /eatherproof construction and shall -e large enough to afford easy access to the control e5uipment. 8ll fi.ings6 hinges and loc,s shall -e of non)ferrous metal. They shall -e pro*ided /ith a concrete foundation6 -e free standing /ith necessary ducts for incoming and outgoing ca-les and Eistri-ution -o.es shall not -e sited in indentations in landscaping features /here /ater is li,ely to collect6 or in position *ulnera-le to impact from *ehicles and shall normally -e positioned a minimum of %&& mm from the edge of carriage/ays. "round electrodes shall -e installed at e*ery distri-ution -o.. 2ecei*er Fatt)hour meter 2ecei*er

cc

Fatt)hour meter

cc

--

--

'teel pole

aa

!oncrete

aa

21 ; 33

St'eet Lighting
<a= <-=

[Figure 0] Typical forms of distribution bo

The -ottom of the door (a) shall -e located -et/een #&& and 12&& mm a-o*e finished ground le*el and the door (bc) shall -e a minimum of (&& mm high G && mm /ide. The si1e of distri-ution -o.es can -e changed from some situations. The door shall -e pre*ented from -eing opened -y unauthori1ed persons6 -y the use of fasteners re5uiring a specific tool to gain access to the fuses ad terminations. 8 ground electrode shall -e installed at e*ery distri-ution -o.. -.2. Ci'c!it .'e(8e's $!!B<molded case circuit -rea,er= /hich is no need to replace a -ro,en fuse6 shall -e used as a primary and secondary circuit6 and the rated current of primary $!!B shall -e not less than 1&& 8. Fhen such a primary $!!B is installed6 the total num-er of lamps in a distri-ution -o. shall not e.ceed & lamps for 4&& F or 1&2 lamps for 25& F. C Ta-le & D $inimum rated capacity !ategory 2ated current Primary !B <$!!B= 1&& 8 'econdary !B <ELB= 3& 8

"enerally the rated current of secondary ELB <Earth Lea,age Brea,er= shall not -e less than 3& 8. Fhen such a secondary -rea,er is installed6 the num-er of lamps /ithin one ELB shall not e.ceed 1& lamps for 4&& F or 1# lamps for 25& F. C Ta-le & D $a.imum num-er of lamps !ategory $ain -rea,er 'econdary -rea,er $a.imum num-er of lamps <E8= 25&F lamp 1&2 1# 4&&F lamp & 1&

The rated capacity of magnetic contactors shall -e not less than 3&8. Fhen the num-er of street lighting increases /ithin one distri-ution -o.6 it shall not replace the e.isting $! /ith a ne/ $! /hich has much higher rated current than the old one6 -ut install another 3& 8 $! for ne/ some street lighting. The num-er of -ranch circuits per distri-ution -o. shall not e.ceed si.. Therefore6 the distri-ution -o. shall ha*e e.pansion space for -rea,ers or magnetic contactors /hen they need to -e installed. $a.imum ca-le length from the distri-ution -o. to the last street light shall not e.ceed && m to ensure *oltage

22 ; 33

St'eet Lighting
drops. -.3. Si@e (n* inst( (tion of c(. es The incoming ca-le for the main -rea,er of distri-ution -o.es shall -e a minimum si1e of 3.5! G35 mm2 RLPE insulated PI! sheathed copper ca-le or e5ui*alent to meet the load and the outgoing ca-le for a group of streetlights shall -e a minimum si1e of 2! G1 mm2 RLPE insulated PI! sheathed copper ca-le or e5ui*alent. The ca-le for internal /iring of columns shall -e a minimum si1e of 2! G 2.5 mm 2 PI! insulated copper ca-le. 'treet lighting loads shall -e -alanced o*er the three phases. Therefore6 lighting designers shall indicate on the street lighting plan the phase to /hich each luminaire is to -e connected. C Ta-le & D $inimum si1e of ca-les !ategory !a-le si1e 7ncoming ca-le 35 mm2 @utgoing ca-le 1 mm2 7nternal /iring 2.5 mm2

8ll underground supplying ca-les shall -e laid directly6 e.cept they run -eneath road/ay or path/ay crossings. 7n that case6 ca-les shall -e laid in duct and ducts shall -e installed as nearly perpendicular to the street as practical and terminate one meter -ehind the ,er<on the footpath side= on each side of the road.

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St'eet Lighting
R S T N

$!!B 4P

$! 4 1P 3& 8

A?igure &B 7nternal diagram of distri-ution -o.

1,. High $(st Lighting

1,.1. Loc(tion of High "(st ighting 0igh mast lighting consists of se*eral luminaires mounted on a single luminaire support. This type of system shall -e installed at the locations that need large)area illumination6 such as par,ing lots6 interchanges and air)ports in order to pro*ide the greatest degree of roadside safety and night *isions. 4sually there are t/o ,inds of poles6 such as stationary and automatically ele*ated 0$L. 7t is recommended that the automatically ele*ated 0$L -e installed due to the easy maintenance of replacing -ro,en lamps. The height of 0$L shall -e 1% m6 2& m and 25 m6 -ut its height can -e changed due to the conditions of installation areas. 0$L shall not -e placed in narro/ medians if possi-le. 0$L placed /ithin the clear 1one shall need protection such as guardrail. The height a-o*e ground of any portion of the anchor -olts or foundation shall not e.ceed 1&& mm in order to pre*ent the -ottom of a *ehicle from snagging the foundation or -ase. 8fter re*ie/ing the num-er of luminaires per mast and potential mast locations6

2# ; 33

St'eet Lighting
designers shall contact manufactures of high mast lighting to see their assistance in determining e.act luminaires selection and final mast location. 8 grounding electrode shall -e installed at each high)mast lighting poles. Each high mast lighting pole has a minimum of anchor -olts in a concrete -ase. 1,.2. Lighting so!'ce 0igh pressure sodium lamps shall -e typically6 -ecause 0P' lamps pro*ide e.cellent luminous efficacy6 good lumen)maintenance6 long life6 and *ery accepta-le color. 7f the designers /ant to -etter night *isions6 metal halide lamps shall -e considered to -e used. 1&&& Fatts are suita-le for the capacity of lamps. The tilt angle shall -e ,ept from 15S to 3&S to pre*ent glare. C Ta-le & D !haracteristics of lamps for high mast lighting Types of lamp 0igh pressure sodium $etal halide !apacity <F= 16&&& 16&&& Luminous flu.<lm= 14&6&&& 1&%6&&& Efficacy <lm;F= 14& 1&% !olor rendering inde.<2a= 22 5 8*erage life <0r= 246&&& 116&&&

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St'eet Lighting

Appen*i/ A A Refe'ences
B' 54%( Part 1 Part 2 Part 4 Part Part ( B' # 54 >' &11( O' ! %&1& O' ! %321 7E! &5(% Part 1 Part 2)3 2oad lighting "uide to the general principles !ode of practice for lighting for traffic routes !ode of practice for lighting for single)le*el road junctions including rounda-outs !ode of practice for lighting for -rides and ele*ated roads !ode of practice for lighting for ur-an centres and pu-lic amenity areas 'ingle)phase street lighting fuses<cut)outs= for lo/)*oltage pu-lic electricity distri-ution systems 'pecification for street lighting design and installation Luminaires for road lighting $olded case circuit -rea,ers Luminaies "eneral re5uirements and tests Particular re5uirements luminaires for road and street lighting

2% ; 33

St'eet Lighting

Appen*i/ B A E/("p e of c( c! (ting *esign sp(cing

'pacing T

There is four dri*ing lane in ur-an area. !onditions needing to decide design spacing -et/een poles are as follo/s. 1= The /idth of each lane 9 3 m. 2= !haracteristics of lamps installed 9 4&& F 0igh pressure sodium lamp<4 6&&& lm=. 3= !leaning inter*als 9 24 months 4= Eesired lighting le*el 9 3& l. 5= 4tili1ation of lamp 9 &.35 To calculate design spacing6 use the -elo/ e5uation FUNM = EA The luminous flu. of 4&&/ high pressure sodium lams is 4 6&&& lm and the num-er of lamps for opposite arrangement is 2 <if staggered or single side arrangement is applied6 > is 1=. The surface area of 4 lanes is multiplied design spacing -y 12 m < : 4 lanes 3 m= and maintained factor is &.45 -y applying ta-le %. Therefore the design spacing can -e calculated from the follo/ing e5uation 9 'pacing : ?4>$ E 12 m : 4 6&&& lm &.35 2 &.45 3& l. 12 m : 4& m

Therefore6 the street lighting in this road shall -e installed at 4& m inter*als. 7f 25& F high pressure sodium lamps <25&&& lm= are applied6 the spacing shall -e decreased to 22 m.

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St'eet Lighting

Appen*i/ C A 0ti i@(tion f(cto' of ("ps <0=

The utili1ation factor of lamps is the ratio of luminous flu. /hich is arri*ed to the road from the full luminous flu. of lamp. 7t is calculated -y using the curse sign of utili1ation factor /hich is different from each lamp.

U = U 1 + U2
Fhere6 41 <4tili1ation factor for road side= : &.2(

F1 : 0

Fidth of road $ounting height

( 1&

: &.(

41 <4tili1ation factor for foot)/ay side= : &.& F1 : Fidth of foot/ay : 1 0 $ounting height 1&

: &.1

416 42 can -e o-tained from the -elo/ cur*e sign -y applying -oth &.( and &.1. Therefore6 4 : 41 U 42 : &.2( U &.& : &.35

2) ; 33

St'eet Lighting

0.5 0 0 .45 !ut off 0.40

01

0 .35 0.30 0 .25 0.20 0.15

'emi cutoff

W2 H
3 .0 2.0 1.0

0.10 0.05 3.0

1 .0 0 .05 0.10 0.1 5 off !ut 0.20 0.25 cutoff 'emi 0.30

W1 H

2 .0

02

A?igure1B E.ample of curse sign of utili1ation >ote. Fhen it comes to actual design6 it needs to refer to the utili1ation factor of rele*ant lamps.

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St'eet Lighting

Appen*i/ D A C( c! (tion of conc'ete .(se o(*

1. Con*itions of *esign 1.1 Find load !ategory Find load<,g;m2= !ircular 4%.% @ctagonal 1.& Tetragonal (&.3 Luminaire 55.%

1.2 +ield point of rolled steel material 9 264&& ,g;m2 2. A'e( of 7in* p'ess!'e 2.1 8rm F : 881 and 882 9 881 : &.11 m G &.4 m : &.&44 m2 9 882 : <&.&#5 m U&.31 m= ; 2 G &.525 m G &. ( U &.&#5 m G 1.5 : &.1%2 m2 Fhere6 881 is the area of arm post6 and 882 is the area of arm 2.2 Lighting pole <1&$= 0 : <&.11mU&.22m= ; 2 G (.3 m : 1.53 m2 2.3 Luminaire 8L : &.2% m2 3. Ho'i@ont( o(* 3.1 8rm <08= F : 081 and 082 9 081 : 1.& ,g ; m2 G &.&44 ! : 2. % ,g 9 082 : (&.3 ,g; m2 G &.1%2 : 1 .4 ,g 3.2 Lighting pole <0P= 0P : 1.& ,g; m2 G 1.53 : (3. ,g

3, ; 33

St'eet Lighting

3.3 Luminaire <0L= 0L :55.% ,g; m2 G &.2% m2 : 15. 2 ,g #. Be'tic( o(* 4.1 Feight of arm <F8= F8 : 2 m G unit length of arm <15.(5m= : 31.( ,g 4.2 Feight of luminaire <FL= FL : # ,g &. C'oss section (n* f(cto' of c'oss section 5.1 !ross section
A = &.%2% < D 2 d 2 = = 22.(% cm2
V D2

9 outside diameter of pole <22 cm= V d2 9 inside diameter of pole <21.3 cm= 5.2 ?actor of cross section
Z = &.1&( < D 4 d 4 = = 12(.2% cm2

%. S!""('3 of o(* .1 0ori1ontal load !ategory Load <,g= .2 Iertical load !ategory Load <,g= .3 0eight of hori1ontal and *ertical load !ategory 0L 0eight <cm= 1&&& 0ori1ontal load 081 (54 082 (15 0P 4 5 Iertical load FL 2&& F8 1&& FL 14.& F8 31.( 0L 31.25 081 2. % 082 32.(1 0P (3.

31 ; 33

St'eet Lighting
+. St'ength #.1 0ori1ontal moment 0ori1ontal load <,g= G height of hori1ontal load <cm= V V V V V 31.25 ,g G 16&&& cm : 31625& <,g3cm= 2. % ,g G (54 cm : 2655# <,g3cm= 32.(1 ,g G (15 cm : 3&6113 <,g3cm= (3. & ,g G 4 5 cm : 436524 <,g3cm= total : 1&#6443 <,g3cm= : 1.&#4 <t 3 m=

#.2 0ori1ontal moment Iertical load <"= G height of *ertical load <#= V 14.&& ,g G 2&& cm : 26%&& <,g3cm= V 2. % ,g G (54 cm : 361(& <,g3cm= V total : 56((& <,g3cm=

M f = 1&#443 2 + 5((& 2 = 1&#6 15 <,g3cm=

). Con*itions of soi Oind of ground Effecti*e angle of soil W <S= Feight of soil X <t;m3= Permissi-le pressure -earing po/er <t;m2= Proof stress of pressure <t; m2= Bottom of -ase plate 5a ?lan, of -ase plate 5fa ?lan, of main -ase 5sa Bottom of -ase plate 5 ?lan, of -ase plate 5f ?lan, of main -ase 5s 8 3& 1. 3& 2& 15 & 4& 3& B 2& 1.5 2& 15 1& 4& 3& 2& ! 1& 1.4 1& #.5 5 2& 15 1& E & 1.3 5 3.# 2.5 1& #.5 5

Fhere6 8 9 ground /hich has *ery high resistance /ith *ery lo/ le*el of underground /ater E. 9 mountain area6 areas of field and farm B 9 ground /hich has a little high resistance /ith lo/ le*el of underground /ater

32 ; 33

St'eet Lighting
E. 9 areas of /ea, field ! 9 ground /hich has lo/ resistance /ith high le*el of underground /ater E. 9 areas of normal paddy field E 9 ground /hich has no resistance /ith *ery high le*el of underground /ater -. 9e'"issi. e p'ess!'e .e('ing po7e' of conc'ete .(se
W MR1 M and q a A

&.4 m

$ h :1.2 m B

h;2 : &. m

5a &.% m

5sa

Fhere6 $21 9 resistance moment for flan, of main plate <t3m=

MR1 = B q sa h 2 = &. 1& 1.2 2 = 1.44& <t3m=

B 9 /idth of main -ase <m= h 9 height of concrete -ase <m= $ 9 yielding moment at the half depth of -ase <t3m= $F 9 total *ertical load on the concrete -ase <t=

W = M
Therefore6

+ < HL + HA1 + HA2 + HP= 12& = 12 6% ( ,g3cm : 1.2 ( t

8 9 floor space of concrete -ase <!= : 1 m2

M = M f + < HL + HA1 + HA2 + HP = H ; 2 = 1.&# + &.1 & 1.2 ; 2 = 1.1#1 <t3m=

$21 <: 1.44& t3m= Y $ <:1.1#1 t3m=

q a < = 2&=

W <= 1.2
A

(=

33 ; 33

St'eet Lighting

Appen*i/ E A Co""!nic(tion net7o'8 fo' cont'o ing st'eet ighting

1= Types of /ireless remote control systems a= !ontrol of each distri-ution -o. -y -ranch circuit @ne)/ay control ) "i*ing only an on;off signal to the recei*er of each distri-ution -o. /hich is connected /ith some street lighting in order to turn on;off street lamps -y -ranch circuit line. T/o)/ay control ) "i*ing not only an on;off signal to the recei*er of each distri-ution -o.6 -ut also recei*ing the indi*idual information of distri-ution -o.es -y -ranch circuit line /hich is grouped /ith a-out 1&N15 street lightings to chec, the present condition of indi*idual distri-ution -o.es. -= !ontrol of each street lighting <t/o)/ay control= ) "i*ing not only an on;off signal to the recei*er of each street lighting6 -ut also recei*ing the information of indi*idual street lighting to chec, the present state such as its position6 lea,age current and num-er of accumulated days since lamps are installed etc. 2= 'ystem configuration a= !ontrol of each distri-ution -o. <one)/ay and t/o)/ay control=

Repe(te'

@ne)/ay

T/o)/ay

Cont'o cente' St'eet ighting

@ne)/ay 9 Fhen a control center gi*es an on;off signal to the recei*er of each distri-ution -o. /hich a fe/ -rea,ers are composed of6 the -rea,ers turn on and off group lightings /hich are connected /ith each -rea,er.

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St'eet Lighting
T/o)/ay 9 8 control center can not only turn on and off group lightings just li,e the one)/ay control6 -ut also recei*e and chec, the collecti*e information of group lightings. -= !ontrol of each street lighting
Cont'o Cente'

Se'4e'

Eistri-ution Bo.

Lighting

Eata-ase

2eport

"ate/ay $odem

By communicating /ith each lighting6 a control center can not only turn it on and off6 -ut also recei*e and chec, useful information from them such as their positions6 lea,age current and year of installation. 3= $erits and demerits of each control system !ategory $erits !ontrol of Eistri-ution -o.es !ontrol of street lightings

Z Economical in*estment Z Possi-le to chec, and control Z !ontrol some lamps connected each street lighting -y -ranch circuit Z Easy to find out faulty points Z 7mpossi-le to control each street Z 0uge initial in*estment lighting Z $ore than 1& times e.pensi*e Z !entral controller Z Eistri-ution -o. controller Z !entral controller Z Eistri-ution -o. controller Z Lamp post controller

Eemerits

!omponents

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