Measurement Systems

Asst. Prof. Ahmed A. Al-Rajihy University of Karabal College of engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering

Text: Measurement Systems, Application

and Design by Ernest O. Doebelin.

1- accuracy: Is the extent to which a

reading might be wrong, and is often given by a percentage of the full- scale reading of an instrument.

2- Tolerance: Is the maximum error which is to be expected in some value (maximum deviation of a manufactured component from some specific value). A device of 1000 W with 5% tolerance may be of 950 W or 1050 W. 3- Range: It defines the minimum and maximum values of a quantity that the instrument is designed to measure.

4- Zero Drift: It describes the effect when the zero reading of an instrument is modified by a change In ambient conditions.
5-Sensitivity of Measurement:It defined as the slope of calibration curve.

Sensitivity=

Ex: Find the sensitivity of the resistance thermometer whose readings shown

Sensitivity= 6-Bias: The constant error which exists over the

full range of measurement of an instrument. This error can be removed by calibration

7- Linearity:The nonlinearity is the maximum deviation of any output readings from the linear best fit along the full scale of the instrument.

8-Threshold: The minimum level of input before any change in the instrument output reading.

Error Error is the difference between the measurement value (reading of instrument) and the true value. error
is positive if the measured value is greater than the true vale and negative if it is less. Combination of Component Errors:

Error Analysis on Commonsense Basis:

Consider the calculation of an electric

power from; P=IV I=10 0.2 A, V=100 2 V The nominal Power, P= 10x100=1000 W Pmax =(100+2)x(10+0.2)=1040.4 W Pmin =(100-2)x(10-0.2)=960.4 W Pmax =(100+2)x10=1020 W (due to V only) Pmin =(100-2)x10=980 W (due to V only)

Round-off Error: In order to round a number to n-significant digits, all digits to the right of the nth place may be neglected. The nth digit unchanged when the neglected number less than one-half a unit. When the neglected digit is >0.5 the nth digit may be increased by (1). If the neglected digit is exactly one-half, then the nth digit must be unchanged if it is an even number and increased by (1) if it is odd.

 1- Addition: a)Round-off the more accurate numbers to one more decimal digit than those contained in the least-accurate numbers.
b) Round-off the result to the same decimal place as the least-accurate number.

2- Subtraction:
a)Round-off the more accurate numbers to the same decimal digits of the least-accurate numbers. b) Round-off the result to the same decimal place as the leastaccurate number.

3- Multiplication and Division:

a)Retain the more- accurate numbers to one more significant figure than the least accurate before computing. b) The result may be rounded to the same number of significant figures as the least-accurate number.