Suspended high-rise

Suspended high-rise Prof Schierle 1

Suspended high-rise
1 2 3 4 Gravity load path Differential deflection Prestress to reduce deflection Ground anchors for stability 1 2 3 4 5 6 Single tower Multiple towers Multiple stacks Multiple stacks / towers Triple stacks Triple stacks / twin towers

Challenges Load path detour: load travels up to top, then down to foundation Combined hanger / column deflection yields large differential deflection Architectural rational Column-free ground floor Planning flexibility at ground floor Facilitates top down future expansion with minimal operation interference Small hangers replace large columns Structural rational Eliminates buckling in hangers, replacing compression by tension High-strength hangers replace large compression columns Concentration of compression to a few large columns minimizes buckling Options Multiple towers to reduce lateral drift Multiple stacks control deflection Adjust hangers for DL and partial LL to reduce deflection Prestress hangers to reduce deflection

Suspended high-rise

Prof Schierle

BMW headquarters Munich

Architect: Karl Schwanzer

Suspended high-rise Prof Schierle

Standard Bank Center, Johannesburg

Architect: Hentrich and Petschnigg

Hypo Bank Munich

Architect: Bea and Walter Betz Four circular towers support a mid-level mechanical floor that supports the floors above while floors below are suspended from it.

Suspended high-rise Prof Schierle 4

Design objectives: Independent expansion of conference center and offices was required

UN Center Vienna competition entry - Architect: G G Schierle

Triangular grid allows horizontal expansion of conference center in three directions Suspended high-rise allows independent top-down expansion
UN Center Vienna built project Architect: J Staber

Suspended high-rise

Prof Schierle

Federal Reserve Bank, Minneapolis

Architect: Gunnar Birkerts Parabolic suspenders are supported by 2 towers Top trusses resist lateral suspender thrust Floors below parabola are suspended Floors above parabola are supported by columns Support type is expressed on the facade

Suspended high-rise

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Westcoast Transmission Tower, Vancouver Architect: Rhone & Iredale Engineer: Bogue Babicki Concrete core wall thickness t = 1 Suspender cables 2 2 7/8 Guy cables 227/8 + 221/2 Average wind pressure (80mph, Exposure B) P = 30 psf Live load reductions Beam: R = 50 % Suspender: R = 60 %

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Gravity loads Concrete slab = 40 psf Partitions = 20 psf Framing = 15 psf Floor/ceiling = 5 psf DL = 80 psf Beam live load 0.5 (50) LL = 25 psf Suspender live load 0.4(50) LL = 20 psf Total loads: Beam 105 psf Suspender 100 psf
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Suspended high-rise

Uniform beam load w = 105 psf x12/1000

737k

w =1.26 klf M = 204k S = 111 in3 S = 111 P = 737 k A = 9 in2 f = 82 ksi P = 1042 k A = 15.9 in2 f = 66 ksi

Beam bending
737k

M = wL2/8 = 1.26x362/8 S = M/Fb = 204 x12/22 Use W21x57 Suspender load P = 13x100 psf x[182+18x(18+9)/2]/1000 A = 2 0.7(2.875/2)2 Suspender stress f = P/A = 737/9
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Suspender cross section (twin 2 7/8, 70% metallic)

Guy force (from vector graph) A = 9 in2 + 20.7(2.5/2)2 Guy stress f = P/A = 1042/15.9

Guy cross section (2 suspenders + 2 - 2.5 strands)

Suspended high-rise

Prof Schierle

Outrigger beam Bending moment (from last side)

737k

M = 204 k P = 737 k A = 65.4 S = 510 in3 I = 5950 in4

Compression (from vector graph)

737k

Try W21x223

Axial stress fa = P/A = 737/65.4 Bending stress fb=M/S = 204kx12/510 beam radius of gyration r = (I/A)1/2 =(5950 / 65.4)1/2
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fa= 11.27 ksi fb= 4.8 ksi r = 9.54 kL/r = 45 Fa= 18.78 ksi 0.82 < 1

Slenderness ratio (y-direction braced by floor) KL/r = 36x12/9.54 Allowable buckling stress Check combined stress fb/Fb + fa/Fa <= 1 fb/Fb + fa/Fa= 4.8/22 + 11.27/18,78 = 0.82

Suspended high-rise

Prof Schierle

Fy = 36 ksi

AISC table, copyright American Institute of Steel Construction Inc. Reprinted with permission of AISC. All rights reserved

Overturn moment ( 30 psf wind pressure) M = 30[36(30+144+50)2/2+2x36x144(30+72] /1000 = 58,821 k Core moment of Inertia I (Ioutside Iinside two 6 doors) I = 24.719 ft4 I = (B4-b4)/12 - Ay2 = 364-344) /12 - 2x6x182 Bending stress fb = Mc/I = 58.821 k x18/24,719 ft4 = 42.83 ksf fb = 298 psi fb = 42.83 ksf x1000/144 Dead load (13 stories @ 80 psf) P = 13x80 psf x1082 P =12,130,560 # fc = 638 psi > 298 fc = P/A = 12,130,560/[2(36+30)144] fb < fc = no tensile stress

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12x12=144

50

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Suspended high-rise

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Suspended high-rise

Overbeek House Rotterdam

Architect: Verbruggen & Goldsmidt Engineer: Aronsohn

~ 90x90 - 11 stories

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Hong Kong Shanghai Bank

Architect: Norman Foster Engineer: Ove Arup

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 Scheme development

Computer analysis

Assume 35 stories Max. 8 floors per stack Typical story height h = 12.8 Ground floor story height h = 24 Wind load P = 3.8 kPa P = 80 psf HK statutory wind load varies from P = 1.2 kPa @ ground to P = 4.3 kPa @ 140 m) Gravity load DL = 90 psf LL = 63 psf (3kN/m2) = 153 psf Masts: 17x16 (5.1x4.8m) 4 pipes, max. 55x3.9 thick (1400x100mm) Hangers: max. 16x2.4 thick pipes (400x60mm) Finite Element analysis of mast

Suspended high-rise

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180

Base shear (per mast pipe, 8 pipes/bay) V = 80psf x53x590/(8x1000) Pipe bending moment M = V h/2 = 313x12x24/2 Section modulus (S=(D4-d4)/32D) S = (554 - 47.24)/(32x55) Bending stress fb = M/S = 45072/7474 Overturn moment (per bay) M = 80psf x53x5902/(2x1000) Lateral load (per pipe, 4 pipes/mast) P = M/(4B) = 73797/(4x126) Gravity load (35 stories, 4 pipes / mast) P = 35x153 psf x105x53/(4x1000) Combined axial load P = 7450 + 146 Pipe cross section area A = (D2-d2)/4 = (552 - 47.22)/4 Pipe axial stress fa = P/A = 7596/626 Tributary hanger area A = 55x27
Prof Schierle

V = 313 k M=45072 k S = 7474 in3 fb=6.0 ksi M=73,797 k P = 146 k P =7450 k P=7596 k A = 626 in2 fa = 12.1 ksi A =1485 ft2
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590 B=126

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Tributary tower area: 105x53

Tributary hanger area: 55x27

Suspended high-rise

Fy = 36 ksi

AISC table, copyright American Institute of Steel Construction Inc. Reprinted with permissionrved

From last page: Tributary hanger area Pipe bending stress Pipe axial stress
Suspended high-rise

A = 1485 ft2 fb = 6.0 ksi fa = 12.1 ksi

Pipe radius of gyration r = (D2+d2)1/2/4 = (552+47.22)1/2/4 Pipe slenderness ratio (KL=1.2x24 = 29) KL/r = 29x12/18 Allowable buckling stress (from AISC table) Check combined stress (fa/Fa+fb/Fb<=1) 12.1/20.7+6.0/22 = 0.86 Max. hanger load (8 floors) P = 8x153psf x1485 ft2/1000 Hanger cross section (A = (D2-d2)/4) A = (162 -11.22)/4 Hanger stress fa = P/A = 1818/103 Hanger length per stack (8 stories) L = 8x12.8x12 Hanger elongation (L=PL/EA = f L/E) Use average stress L = (17.7/2) ksi x 1229 / 30,000 Mast shortening L = (12.1/2) ksi x1229 / 30,000 Differential deflection L = 0.35+0.25 Note: adjust hanger for DL deflection
Prof Schierle

r = 18 KL/r = 19 Fa=20,7 ksi 0.86 < 1, ok P = 1818k A = 103 in2 fa = 17.7 ksi L = 1229

L = 0.35 L = 0.25 L = 0.6

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Clear city view

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Suspended high-rise Prof Schierle

Suspended high-rise provide flexible planning

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suspend
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