Topic 3 : Cells

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Topic 3 : Cell Animal and plant cell

Cell structure and function animal and plant cell cells, tissues and organs

Gather information about four types of animal tissues (epithelial, muscular, nervous and connective tissue), plant tissue (ground, vascular, meristem and dermal) and two types of organs (s in and intestine) found in man and give a general function for each type! ("efer to #ader)

$rac 3: %bservation of animal and plant cells! &dentify, draw and label animal and plant cells! a) animal cell: chee cell b) plant cell:leaf epidermis cell 'emonstrate techni(ues of using and handling microscope!

Gather information about the structure and functions of animal and plant cell components using interactive multimedia software!

typical plant cell 400 x 373 - 45k - jpg www.daviddarling.info

Plant cells contain $eneralised animal and Plant cells )(nlike animal Animal Cell special ... plant cell cells* ... 45 x 44! - 5&k - jpg 400 x 7! - 7k - jpg % 4 x 3 & - 'k - gif 47& x 40' - '!k - gif www.(v#.ed( www."eyond"ooks.co# www.""c.co.(k www.enchantedlearning.co# + #ore from www!uvm!edu ,

... animal cells and plant Animal Cells. Plant differences +plant vs. -rt:.ike animal cells/ plant cells in ... Cell animal cells, ... cells ... 4!0 x 4!5 - 55k - jpg 500 x 375 - %'k - gif 443 x 454 - '' k - gif 3 0 x ! - '3k www."ritannica.co# c#we".pvschools.net www.harle#-school.co# st(dent."ritannica.co#

Animal and plant cell co#parison 5'' x 75 - '&k - gif evol(tion."erkeley.ed(

Animal and Plant Cell 0ifferences ... '0 4 x 73& - 453k - jpg ed(cation.s#arttech.co# + #ore from education!smarttech!com ,

plant cell 435 x 35% - 4!k - jpg www.(v#.ed(

Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells %04 x 5 3 - '7k - gif www.etap.org

Animal Cell:. Plant cell: 3&% x 3&& - k - gif www.dr-sanderson.org

plant1animal1cells1pc.jpg !3 x !5 - ' k - jpg www.fairfield.k' .ct.(s + #ore from www!fairfield! )*!ct!us ,

plant cell diagra# )graphic* 500 x %% - & k - jpg www.rk#.co#.a(

... animal and plant Animal and Plant Cell ... $allery: Plant and Animal cells are ... 0ifferences ... Cells 7 0 x 540 - 'k - gif '0 4 x 73& - 4 %k - jpg 450 x 30! - 77k - jpg www.livingscience.co.(k ed(cation.s#arttech.co# www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca

Animal cell &! x 74 - '0k - jpg www.phschool.co#

Related searches:animal cells

plant cells

plant cell
.ike all e(karyotic cells/ incl(ding ani#al cells/ plant cells contain #e#"rane-"o(nded organelles. 2o#e of these organelles/ and other str(ct(res/ are co##on to all e(karyotes/ while others are fo(nd in plant cells "(t not in ani#al cells. -#ong the disting(ishing feat(res of plant cells are:

Plant cell organelles

plastids: a gro(p of organelles characteri3ed "y a do("le #e#"rane envelope and a co#plex of internal #e#"ranes. 4lastids contain 05- and replicate a(tono#o(sly o proplastids: speciali3ed for dividing to for# new plastid/ (s(ally fo(nd in #eriste#atic cells o chloroplast: contains chlorophyll/ internal #e#"ranes organi3ed as grana/ speciali3ed for photosynthesis o chromoplast: contains red/ orange/ or yellow carotenoid pig#ents/ i#part color to fr(its/ etc o leucoplast: speciali3ed for storing starch )a#yloplast*/ oil )elaioplast*/ or protein )ale(roplast* central vac(ole: #e#"rane "o(nd organelle that typically occ(pies a large vol(#e of the cell cytoplas#. 6ac(oles #ay contain: o anthocyanins: red/ "l(e or p(rple pig#ents that are water sol("le o tannins: phenolic co#po(nds that "ind with protein7 f(nction in plant defense o crystals: (s(ally co#posed of calci(# oxalate pri#ary cell wall: a cell wall layer deposited while a cell is growing7 typically extensi"le secondary cell wall: inner#ost layer of a cell wall deposited after cell enlarge#ent has ceased/ often lignified casparian strip: a "and of s("erin within the anticlinal walls of endoder#al and exoder#al cells c(ticle: a water repellent layer that coats the o(ter cell walls of the epider#is on aerial parts of plants/ co#posed of c(tin with a s(rface coating of wax 3

Cell wall

#(cigel: a sli#e sheath secreted "y roots polysaccharide: a poly#er co#posed of s(gars o cellulose: the str(ct(ral )#icrofi"rillar* portion of the plant cell wall o hemicellulose: the alkali-sol("le portion of the cell wall #atrix o pectin: the hot-water-sol("le portion of the cell wall #atrix lignin: an aro#atic poly#er that rigidifies #ay secondary cell walls. .igin is stained red "y phlorogl(cinol sol(tions

Intercellular connections

plas#odes#ata: cytoplas#ic channels lined with plas#a #e#"rane that connect the protoplasts of adjacent cells across the cell wall pit: a region where the secondary cell wall is a"sent/ "(t the pri#ary cell wall is present o si#ple pit: a pit that is not "ordered/ #ay "e ro(nd or slit-shaped o circ(lar-"ordered pit: a ro(nd pit with a thickened #argin

Animal Cell

Cells Tissues Organs Systems - Organism

Basic Anatomy - Tissues & Organs

There are many different types of cells in the human body! ,one of these cells function well on there own, they are part of the larger organism that is called - you! Tissues 8ells gro(p together in the "ody to for# tiss(es - a collection of si#ilar cells that gro(p together to perfor# a speciali3ed f(nction. 9here are 4 pri#ary tiss(e types in the h(#an "ody: epithelial tiss(e/ connective tiss(e/ #(scle tiss(e and nerve tiss(e. )! .pithelial Tissue - The cells of epithelial tissue pac tightly together and form continuous sheets that serve as linings in different parts of the body! .pithelial tissue serve as membranes lining organs and helping to eep the body/s organs separate, in place and protected! 0ome e1amples of epithelial tissue are the outer layer of the s in, the inside of the mouth and stomach, and the tissue surrounding the body/s organs! *! Connective Tissue - There are many types of connective tissue in the body! Generally spea ing, connective tissue adds support and structure to the body! #ost types of connective tissue contain fibrous strands of the protein collagen that add strength to connective tissue! 0ome e1amples of connective tissue include the inner layers of s in, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone and fat tissue! &n addition to these more recogni2able forms of connective tissue, blood is also considered a form of connective tissue! 3! #uscle Tissue - #uscle tissue is a speciali2ed tissue that can contract! #uscle tissue contains the speciali2ed proteins actin and myosin that slide past one another and allow movement! .1amples of muscle tissue are contained in the muscles throughout your body! +! ,erve Tissue - ,erve tissue contains two types of cells: neurons and glial cells! ,erve tissue has the ability to generate and conduct electrical signals in the body! These electrical messages are managed by nerve tissue in the brain and transmitted down the spinal cord to the body! Organs %rgans are the ne1t level of organi2ation in the body! An organ is a structure that contains at least two 3

different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose! There are many different organs in the body: the liver, idneys, heart, even your s in is an organ! &n fact, the s in is the largest organ in the human body and provides us with an e1cellent e1ample for e1planation purposes! The s in is composed of three layers: the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer! The epidermis is the outermost layer of s in! &t consists of epithelial tissue in which the cells are tightly pac ed together providing a barrier between the inside of the body and the outside world! 4elow the epidermis lies a layer of connective tissue called the dermis! &n addition to providing support for the s in, the dermis has many other purposes! The dermis contains blood vessels that nourish s in cells! &t contains nerve tissue that provides feeling in the s in! And it contains muscle tissue that is responsible for giving you /goosebumps/ when you get cold or frightened! The subcutaneous layer is beneath the dermis and consists mainly of a type of connective tissue called adipose tissue! Adipose tissue is more commonly nown as fat and it helps cushion the s in and provide protection from cold temperatures! - cross-section of skin .pidermis 'ermis

0ubcutaneous layer

Organ Systems :rgan syste#s are co#posed of two or #ore different organs that work together to provide a co##on f(nction. 9here are '0 #ajor organ syste#s in the h(#an "ody/ they are the: 0 eletal 0ystem: Major Role: The main role of the s eletal system is to provide support for the body, to &mage courtesy of protect delicate internal organs and to provide attachment sites for the organs! A! #cGann Major Organs: 4ones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments! #uscular 0ystem: Major Role: The main role of the muscular system is to provide movement! #uscles wor in pairs to move limbs and provide the organism with mobility! #uscles also control &mage the movement of materials through some organs, such as the stomach and intestine, courtesy of G! and the heart and circulatory system! 5uang Major Organs: 0 eletal muscles and smooth muscles throughout the body!

Circulatory 0ystem:

Major Role: The main role of the circulatory system is to transport nutrients, gases (such as o1ygen and C%*), hormones and wastes through the body! Major Organs: 5eart, blood vessels and blood!

&mage courtesy of G! 5uang ,ervous 0ystem: Major Role: The main role of the nervous system is to relay electrical signals through the body! The nervous system directs behaviour and movement and, along with the endocrine &mage courtesy of G! system, controls physiological processes such as digestion, circulation, etc! 5uang Major Organs: 4rain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves! "espiratory 0ystem: Major Role: The main role of the respiratory system is to provide gas e1change between the blood and the environment! $rimarily, o1ygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into the body and carbon dio1ide is e1pelled from the body!

Major Organs: ,ose, trachea and lungs!

&mag e courtesy of A! #cGann 'igestive 0ystem: Major Role: The main role of the digestive system is to brea down and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance! Major Organs: #outh, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines!

&mage courtesy of A! #cGann .1cretory 0ystem: Major Role: The main role of the e1cretory system is to filter out cellular wastes, to1ins and e1cess water or nutrients from the circulatory system! 8

.ndocrine 0ystem: Major Role: The main role of the endocrine system is to relay chemical messages through the body! &n con9unction with the nervous system, these chemical messages help control physiological processes such as nutrient absorption, growth, etc! Major Organs: #any glands e1ist in the body that secrete endocrine hormones! Among these are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands!

&mage courtesy of G! 5uang "eproductive 0ystem: Major Role: The main role of the reproductive system is to manufacture cells that allow reproduction! &n the male, sperm are created to inseminate egg cells produced in the female!

Major Organs: ;emale (top): ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina and mammary glands! #ale (bottom): testes, seminal vesicles and penis!

;emale:

#ale:

&mages courtesy of G! 5uang <ymphatic=&mmune 0ystem:

Major Role: The main role of the immune system is to destroy and remove invading microbes and viruses from the body! The lymphatic system also removes fat and e1cess fluids &mage not from the blood! available Major Organs: <ymph, lymph nodes and vessels, white blood cells, T- and 4- cells! ;or more information on human anatomy, try these other sites: The ,ational <ibrary of #edicine has an e1cellent page that includes lin s to #edline, a searchable medical research database, and the >isible 5uman $ro9ect/s animations, which include anatomical illustrations from human cadavers and an animated trip through the >isible 5uman male cryosections (77? movie lin ed here)! The &nformative Graphics Corp! has put together a wonderful 5uman Anatomy %n-line program! The @niversity of Aashington/s 'igital Anatomist &nteractive Atlas has some interesting computer generated illustrations of the brain, the heart and a nee cross-section! Andrew #cGann/s <oo &nside the 5uman 4ody has more information on some organ systems! The @pper ;reehold "egional 0chool 'istrict/s A$ 4iology class has put together a nice summary of the 5uman %rgan 0ystems! The &ndianapolis-#arion County $ublic <ibrary/s &nside the 5uman 4ody site has organ system info!

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PLA TS A ! T"#I$ ST$%CT%$# Table of Contents &eneral Plant Organi'ation ( Parenc)yma ( Collenc)yma ( Sclerenc)yma ( *ylem P)loem ( #pi+ermal Cells ( Lin,s General $lant %rgani2ation B 4ac to Top - plant has two organ syste#s: '* the shoot syste#/ and * the root syste#. 9he shoot syste# is a"ove gro(nd and incl(des the organs s(ch as leaves/ "(ds/ ste#s/ flowers )if the plant has any*/ and fr(its )if the plant has any*. 9he root syste# incl(des those parts of the plant "elow gro(nd/ s(ch as the roots/ t("ers/ and rhi3o#es.

;ajor organ syste#s of the plant "ody. 9he a"ove i#age )left* is fro# 4(rves et al./ .ife: 9he 2cience of <iology/ 4th =dition/ "y 2ina(er -ssociates )www.sina(er.co#* and >? @ree#an )www.whfree#an.co#*/ (sed with per#ission. 9he a"ove ill(stration )right* is fro# gopher:AAwiscinfo.wisc.ed(: 070AB!A.i#ageA."otA.'30ABntr.14lant1<ody12pring1A4ri#ary1'301.a"1B#age sA<ean1whole1#orphology 4lant cells are for#ed at #eriste#s/ and then develop into cell types which are gro(ped into tiss(es. 4lants have only three tiss(e types: '* 0er#al7 * $ro(nd7 and 3* 6asc(lar. 0er#al tiss(e covers the o(ter s(rface of her"aceo(s plants. 0er#al tiss(e is co#posed of epider#al cells/ closely packed cells that secrete a waxy c(ticle that aids in the prevention of water loss. 9he gro(nd tiss(e co#prises the "(lk of the pri#ary plant "ody. 4arenchy#a/ collenchy#a/ and sclerenchy#a cells are co##on in the gro(nd tiss(e. 6asc(lar tiss(e transports food/ water/ hor#ones and #inerals within the plant. 6asc(lar tiss(e incl(des xyle#/ phloe#/ parenchy#a/ and ca#"i(# cells.

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9wo views of the str(ct(re of the root and root #eriste#. B#ages fro# 4(rves et al./ .ife: 9he 2cience of <iology/ 4th =dition/ "y 2ina(er -ssociates )www.sina(er.co#* and >? @ree#an )www.whfree#an.co#*/ (sed with per#ission. 4lant cell types rise "y #itosis fro# a #eriste#. - #eriste# #ay "e defined as a region of locali3ed #itosis. ;eriste#s #ay "e at the tip of the shoot or root )a type known as the apical #eriste#* or lateral/ occ(rring in cylinders extending nearly the length of the plant. - ca#"i(# is a lateral #eriste# that prod(ces )(s(ally* secondary growth. 2econdary growth prod(ces "oth wood and cork )altho(gh fro# separate secondary #eriste#s*. $arenchyma B 4ac to Top - generali3ed plant cell type/ parenchy#a cells are alive at #at(rity. 9hey f(nction in storage/ photosynthesis/ and as the "(lk of gro(nd and vasc(lar tiss(es. 4alisade parenchy#a cells are elogated cells located in #any leaves j(st "elow the epider#al tiss(e. 2pongy #esophyll cells occ(r "elow the one or two layers of palisade cells. Ray parenchy#a cells occ(r in wood rays/ the str(ct(res that

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transport #aterials laterally within a woody ste#. 4arenchy#a cells also occ(r within the xyle# and phloe# of vasc(lar "(ndles. 9he largest parenchy#a cells occ(r in the pith region/ often/ as in corn )Zea * ste#s/ "eing larger than the vasc(lar "(ndles. Bn #any prepared slides they stain green.

0iagra# of leaf str(ct(re. 5ote the arrange#ent of tiss(e layers within the leaf. B#age fro# 4(rves et al./ .ife: 9he 2cience of <iology/ 4th =dition/ "y 2ina(er -ssociates )www.sina(er.co#* and >? @ree#an )www.whfree#an.co#*/ (sed with per#ission.

8ross-section of a stained leaf of Syringia. 9he a"ove i#ages is #odified fro#

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.ily 4arenchy#a 8ell )cross-section* )9=; x7/ '0*. 5ote the large n(cle(s and n(cleol(s in the center of the cell/ #itochondria and plastids in the cytoplas#. 9his i#age is copyright 0ennis C(nkel at www.0ennisC(nkel.co#/ (sed with per#ission. Collenchyma B 4ac to Top 8ollenchy#a cells s(pport the plant. 9hese cells are charcteri3ed "y thickenings of the wall/ the are alive at #at(rity. 9hey tend to occ(r as part of vasc(lar "(ndles or on the corners of ang(lar ste#s. Bn #any prepared slides they stain red.

8ollenchy#a cells. 5ote the thick walls on the collenchy#a cells occ(rring at the edges of the Medicago ste# cross section. 9he a"ove i#age is cropped fro# gopher:AAwiscinfo.wisc.ed(: 070AB!A.i#ageA."otA.'30A8ells1and19iss(esA;edicago12te#A8ollenchy#a. 0clerenchyma B 4ac to Top 2clerenchy#a cells s(pport the plant. 9hey often occ(r as "(ndle cap fi"ers. 2clerenchy#a cells are characteri3ed "y thickenings in their secondary walls. 9hey are dead at #at(rity. 9hey/ like collenchy#a/ stain red in #any co##only (sed prepared slides. - co##on type of schlerenchy#a cell is the fi"er.

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2clerenchy#a cells. 9he a"ove )left* i#age is cropped fro# gopher:AAwiscinfo.wisc.ed(: 070AB!A.i#ageA."otA.'30A8ells1and19iss(esA2cherenchy#aA@i"ers119ilia14hloe#A2te#1cross1section1'000x. 2o#e sclerenchy#a cells occ(r in the fr(its of 4ear. 9hese cells )sclereids or stone cells* give pears their gritty text(re. 6iew stone cells "y clicking here. Cylem B 4ac to Top Dyle# is a ter# applied to woody )lignin-i#pregnated* walls of certain cells of plants. Dyle# cells tend to cond(ct water and #inerals fro# roots to leaves. >hile parenchy#a cells do occ(r within what is co##only ter#ed the Exyle#E the #ore identifia"le cells/ tracheids and vessel ele#ents/ tend to stain red with 2afranin-:. 9racheids are the #ore pri#itive of the two cell types/ occ(rring in the earliest vasc(lar plants. 9racheids are long and tapered/ with angled end-plates that connect cell to cell. 6essel ele#ents are shorter/ #(ch wider/ and lack end plates. 9hey occ(r only in angiosper#s/ the #ost recently evolved large gro(p of plants.

Dyle# cells. 9he a"ove i#age )left* is fro# gopher:AAwiscinfo.wisc.ed(: 070AB!A.i#ageA."otA.'30A2te#AFea1cross1sectionA6asc(lar1<(ndle1la"elled. 9racheids/ longer/ and narrower than #ost vessels/ appear first in the fossil record. 6essels occ(r later. 9racheids have o"liG(ely-angled endwalls c(t across "y "ars. 9he evol(tionary trend in vessels is for shorter cells/ with no "ars on the endwalls.

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8ond(cting cells of the xyle#7 tracheids )left* are #ore pri#itive/ while the vario(s types of vessels )the other three* are #ore advanced. B#age fro# 4(rves et al./ .ife: 9he 2cience of <iology/ 4th =dition/ "y 2ina(er -ssociates )www.sina(er.co#* and >? @ree#an )www.whfree#an.co#*/ (sed with per#ission.

8ond(ctive 6essel =le#ent in ;o(ntain ;ahogany >ood )2=; x750*. 9his i#age is copyright 0ennis C(nkel at www.0ennisC(nkel.co#/ (sed with per#ission. 4hloe# H <ack to 9op 4hloe# cells cond(ct food fro# leaves to rest of the plant. 9hey are alive at #at(rity and tend to stain green )with the stain fast green*. 4hloe# cells are (s(ally located o(tside the xyle#. 9he two #ost co##on cells in the phloe# are the co#panion cells and sieve cells. 8o#panion cells retain their n(cle(s and control the adjacent sieve cells. 0issolved food/ as s(crose/ flows thro(gh the sieve cells.

4hloe# cells. 9he a"ove )left* i#age is cropped fro# gopher:AAwiscinfo.wisc.ed(: 070AB!A.i#ageA."otA.'30A8ells1and19iss(esA8(c(r"ita12te#A8ross12ectionA 4hloe#A2ieve-plate.

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4hloe# cells as seen in longit(dinal section. 5ote the longit(dinal view of the sieve plate inside the large sieve t("e cell. Right i#age is a diagra# of the longit(dinal view of phloe# cells. 9he a"ove i#age)left* is cropped fro# gopher:AAwiscinfo.wisc.ed(: 070AB!A.i#ageA."otA.'30A8ells1and19iss(esA8(c(r"ita12te#A.ongit(dinal12 ectionA2ieve-plate1l.s. Right i#age is fro# 4(rves et al./ .ife: 9he 2cience of <iology/ 4th =dition/ "y 2ina(er -ssociates )www.sina(er.co#* and >? @ree#an )www.whfree#an.co#*/ (sed with per#ission. .pidermal Cells B 4ac to Top #pi+ermis 9he epider#al tiss(e f(nctions in prevention of water loss and acts as a "arrier to f(ngi and other invaders. 9h(s/ epider#al cells are closely packed/ with little intercell(lar space. 9o f(rther c(t down on water loss/ #any plants have a waxy c(ticle layer deposited on top of the epider#al cells. &uar+ Cells 9o facilitate gas exchange "etween the inner parts of leaves/ ste#s/ and fr(its/ plants have a series of openings known as sto#ata )sing(lar sto#a*. :"vio(sly these openings wo(ld allow gas exchange/ "(t at a cost of water loss. $(ard cells are "ean-shaped cells covering the sto#ata opening. 9hey reg(late exchange of water vapor/ oxygen and car"on dioxide thro(gh the sto#a.

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2canning electron #icrograph of Equisetum )horsetail or sco(ring r(sh* epider#is. 5ote the oval sto#atal apparat(ses in the center of the ste#. 9he a"ove i#age is fro# http:AAwww.#cs.cs(hayward.ed(Ase#Ai#agesAhorsel4.gif.

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