CHAPTER 1 BASIC THERMODYNAMICS CONCEPTS

anita@ucsiuniversity.edu.my

Anita Bt. Abu Bakar School of Engineering

OUTLINE
Definitions of Thermodynamics Basic Applications of Thermodynamics System, Boundary and Surrounding Control Volume and Control Mass Properties, Intensive and Extensive Properties Equilibrium and Quasi-Equilibrium State, Path, Process and Cycle Simple Compressible Substance Pressure and Temperature
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Definitions of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the science that primarily deals with energy Energy => Ability to cause Change Science that deals with heat and work and properties of substance that bear a relation with heat and work

1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics is simply an expression of the conservation of energy principle, and it asserts that energy is a thermodynamic property. The second law of thermodynamics asserts that energy has quality as well as quantity, and actual processes occur in the direction of decreasing quality of energy.
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Applications of Thermodynamics

Dimensions and Units

Physical quantities can be characterized by Dimensions Magnitude assigned to dimension is called Units English System ~ Still in use in U.S.A. SI System ~ Universally accepted worldwide 7 Fundamental Dimensions in SI Systsm ~ Length (m), Mass (kg), Time (s), Temperature (K), Electric Current (A), Amount of Light (c), Amount of Matter (mol) Dimensional Homogeneity ~ Every term in an equation must have the same unit for the equation to be physically correct

Dimensions and Units

SI and English units

SI = International System of Units

Prefixes for SI Units

Unit Conversion
Example: Lets convert 1 g/cm3 (SI) to lbm/ft3 (English)

Thermodynamics Systems
Thermodynamics system is defined as a quantity of matter or region in space chosen for study The mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings System boundary is the real and imaginary surface that separates the system from the surrounding. Boundary can be fixed or movable May be closed or open
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Closed System/Control Mass

A system of fixed mass is called a closed system, or control mass The closed system boundary does not have to be fixed No mass can cross the closed system boundary Energy in the form of heat and work can cross the closed system boundary If even energy is not allowed to cross we have an isolated system
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Closed System/Control Mass

Figure 1 Close system: piston-and-cylinder

Energy, not mass, crosses closed-system boundaries Closed system with moving boundary
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Open System / Control Volume

A system that involves mass transfer across its boundaries is called an open system, or control volume The boundaries of a control volume is called control boundaries and is fixed in shape and position Energy in the form of heat and work as well as mass can cross the control boundaries
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Open System / Control Volume

Mass and Energy Cross Control Volume Boundaries

Figure 2 Open system: water heater

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Form of Energy

The sum of all forms of energy of a system is called Total Energy, which is considered to consist of internal, kinetic, and potential energies. E = U + mV2/2 + mgz Internal energy represents the molecular energy of a system and may exist in sensible, latent, chemical, and nuclear forms. Represented by symbol, U. Kinetic Energy is the energy that a system possesses as a results of its motion relative to some reference frame. KE = mV2/2 Potential Energy is the energy that a system possesses as a results of its elevation in a gravitational field. PE = mgz
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Systems Internal Energy

Systems Internal Energy = Sum of Microscopic Energies

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Energy Interaction
Form of Energy not stored in a system Occurred at System Boundary In the form of Heat Transfer or Work Transfer or Mass Transfer For control mass, if the driving force for the interaction is temperature then the interaction is heat transfer otherwise it is work transfer For control volume ~ can also involve mass transfer
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Properties of A System
Properties are any measurable characteristics of a system. eg. Pressure, temperature, volume, mass and density. Extensive properties are the mass-dependent properties of a system. i.e. the properties that will vary proportionally with mass of the system. E.g. volume Intensive properties are the properties that are not dependent on mass. Eg. Temperature, density. If any Extensive Property is divided by the mass we would also obtain an intensive property.
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Intensive and Extensive Properties

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State of a System
Definition - A set of properties that completely describe the conditions or characteristics of a system At a given state, all the properties of a system have fixed values State of a system will change when the properties of a system change

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Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Thermodynamics deals with Equilibrium States A system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium if it maintains thermal, mechanical, phase, and chemical equilibrium. Thermal Equilibrium => Temperature is the same throughout the system Mechanical Equilibrium => Pressure is the same throughout the system Phase Equilibrium => No phase change process in the system Chemical Equilibrium => No chemical reactions

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Process, Path and Cycle

Process - Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another is called a process. Path - The series of state through which a system passes during a process is called a path Cycle - A process with identical end states is called a cycle.
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State, Path, Process and Cycle

Compressed Process P-V Diagram

Each Point Along the Path is in Quasi-Equilibrium State

If the Process returns to its initial State then we have a Cycle

If the Outgoing and Returning Paths are Different ~ Net work is Produced (+ve or -ve)
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Pressure
Pressure is defined as force per unit area The SI unit of pressure is Nm-2, also known as The absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures are

Pascal (Pa) related by

Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given position. It is measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure). Gage pressure: The difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure. Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere, and so they indicate gage pressure. Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric pressure.

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Pressure Measurements
1. Manometer,
It is commonly used to measure small and moderate pressure differences. A manometer contains one or more fluids such as mercury, water, alcohol, or oil.

Figure 2: In stacked-up fluid layers, the pressure change across a fluid layer of density and height h is gh.

Figure 1:The basic manometer.

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Pressure Measurements
1. Barometer
Atmospheric pressure is measured by a device called a barometer; thus, the atmospheric pressure is often referred to as the barometric pressure. A frequently used pressure unit is the standard atmosphere, which is defined as the pressure produced by a column of mercury 760 mm in height at 0C (Hg = 13,595 kg/m3) under standard gravitational acceleration (g = 9.807 m/s2).

The basic barometer.

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Example 1: Absolute Pressure of a Vacuum Chamber

A vacuum gauge connected to a chamber reads 40 kPa at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. Determine the absolute pressure in the chamber.

Solution
Pabs = Patm - Pvac = 100 - 40 = 60 kPa

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Example 2 : Measuring Pressure with a Manometer

A manometer is used to measure the pressure in a tank. The fluid used has a specific gravity of 0.85, and the manometer column height is 55 cm, as shown in figure. If the local atmospheric pressure is 96 kPa, determine the absolute pressure within the tank.

Solution:
SG( H 2O ) (0.85)(100 0kg/m 3 ) 850 kg/m 3

P Patm gh
= 96 + 850 9.81 kPa kg/m m/s2
3

0.5 5 m

1N

1 kPa

1 kg.m /s2

1000 N/m2

= 100.6 kPa
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Temperature and Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Temperature is a measure of hotness or coldness The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have the same temperature reading even if they are not in contact. Basis for validity of Temperature Measurement More fundamental than 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics
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Temperature Scale
Temperature scales used in the SI system are Celsius and Kelvin. The absolute Temperature Scale in SI is Kelvin and is related to Celsius by

And Temperature scale used in the English system are Fahrenheit and Rankine . The absolute temperature scale is Rankine and related to Fahrenheit by

And

T(R) = T(oF)

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Temperature Scale Comparison

Boiling point of pure water at standard atmospheric pressure Freezing point of water saturated with air at standard atmospheric pressure

Lower limit of temperature

Relations among temperature scales

1 K = 1oC = 1.8 R = 1.8oF

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Self Exercises
1. A manometer containing oil ( = 850 kg/m3) is attached to a

tank filled with air. If the oil-level difference between the two columns is 36 cm and the atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa, determine the absolute pressure of the air in the tank.

AIR

0.36 m

Patm = 98 kPa

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2.

The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multi-fluid manometer, as shown in the figure. Determine the gauge pressure of air in the tank at point 1, P1,gau if h1 = 0.2 m, h2 = 0.3 m and h3 = 0.46 m. Given that; Densities of water, oil and mercury to be 1000 kg/m3, 850 kg/m3 and 13,600 kg/m3, respectively. Patm = 101.325 kPa. Acceleration of gravity, g = 9.81 ms-2
Air 1 h1 2 h3 h2 Patm

Oil

Water

Mercury

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3. The absolute pressure of the below system is measured to be 80 kPa. Determine the differential height, h of the mercury column. SG for water is 1.

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4. A MULTIFLUID container is connected to a U-tube, as shown in figure. For the given specific gravities and fluid column heights, determine the gage pressure at A. also determine the height of a mercury column that would create the same pressure at A.

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END
THANK YOU..

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