Chapter 9 (.1-.

3)
Section 9.1 (Naming Ions)
Atoms are electrically neutral because there is the same number of protons (+) and electrons (-) Ions are atoms, or groups of atoms, with a charge (either positive or negative) o Made by gaining or losing electrons o An Anion is a negative ion that gained electrons Anions are usually nonmetals Written like O2Cations are usually metals Written like Ca2+

o A Cation is a positive ion that lost electrons

There are two ways to name cations: 1. Using the Stock System, which uses roman numerals in parenthesis to indicate the numerical value a. Such as Iron (II) and Iron (III) 2. Using the Classical Method, which uses root words yet does not give the true value (-ous, -ic) a. You usually use this with cations that have more than one charge (all transition metals) b. There are a few exceptions: i. Silver is always Ag1+ ii. Candium and Zinc are always Cd2+ and Zn2+

Since none of the anions are a transition metal, the anions always have the same charge, and you always use the Classical Method to name these o Such as Fluorine with a negative charge of one will become a fluoride ion

Polyatomic ions are groups of atoms that stay together and have an overall charge, and overall name

o When naming these using the Classical Method, they usually end in ate or ite Acetate: C2H3O21Hydroxide (OH1-) Cyanide (CN1-) o There are two exceptions, which always end in ide

Try to learn the polyatomic table on page 257

Section 9.2 (Naming and Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds)

Steps for writing ionic compound formulas: 1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including charges 2. Check to see if charges are balanced or not 3. Balance charges, if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion 4. Use the criss-cross method to balance the subscripts Try these: o Ammonium sulfate o Iron (III) chloride o Aluminum phosphate 1. Ba2+ NO32. Not balanced (2 positives and one negative) 3. Ba2+(NO3-) 4. Ba(NO3)2

When naming ionic compounds: 1. Name the cation first, then the anion (metal then non-metal) 2. Monatomic cation = name of the element

a. Ca2+ = Calcium ion 3. Monatomic anion = root + -ide a. Cl- = Chloride o When dealing with transition metals (having more than one charge), use a Roman numeral, in example PbCl2 Use the anion to find the charge of the cation Since chloride is always 1-, Pb will be 2+ -Lead (II) Cation Therefore, PbCl2 = lead (II) chloride

o If cations have parentheses, the number in parenthesis in their charge o If anions end ide, they are probably off the periodic table (monoatomic) o If anions end in ate or ite, then it is polyatomic Try these o Iron (II) Phosphate o Stannous Fluoride o Potassium Sulfide o Ammonium Chromate o MgSO4 o FeCl3

Section 9.3 (Naming and Writing Formulas for Molecular Compounds)

Molecular compounds are: o Made of non-metals o Represented by a molecule o Can`t be held together by opposite charge attraction o Can`t use charges to figure out how many of each there (because you can`t see the charges) Ionic compounds use charges to determine: o the charges o using criss-cross method

Molecular compounds the name tells you the number of atoms o Uses prefixes to tell you the exact number of each element present 1 = mono- (dont use this at the first element) 2 = di3 = tri4 = tetra5 = penta6 = hexa7 = hepta8 = octa9 = nona10 = deca-

o Then add ide Try these: N2O, NO2, Cl2O7, CBr4, CO2, BaCl2 Try These: diphosophorus pentoxide, tetraiodine nonoxide, sulfur hexafluoride, nitrogen trioxide, carbon tetrahydride, phosphorus trifluoride, aluminum chloride