Lesson Assignments #14

Bartering: Trade connections where the exchange of goods reinforces a social relationship between both individuals and groups as a whole Urban Revolution: the development of metallurgy and the appearance of a new social class of full-time artisans and specialists living in cities, 3 elements of all world civilizations: irrigation agriculture, large food surpluses, diversified farming economies State: an area that is a political unit governed by a central authority, based on allegiance to a ruling elite, whose power crosscuts bonds of kinship The following sources of control is/are within the domain of how early states functioned: political power, social and ideological power, economic power

City: population of 5000 or less Ancient Cities: Mesopotamia, Mesoamerica, Harrappa Redistribution: basic mechanism of exchange in chiefdoms Not a characteristic of state: kin based elite Pre-industrial states: used manual labor instead of fossil fuels like coal a. b. c. d. e. Systems models-Robert Adams Environmental opportunity-William Sanders Civilization collapse-Paul Kennedy Chiefly cycling-Henry Wright Coercive theory-Robert Carneiro

a. Redistribution-The dispersing of trade goods from a central place throughout a society

 b. Exchange system-A system for exchanging goods and services between individuals and communities c. Reciprocity-The exchange of commodities or objects between two parties, where each side is obliged to respond, ultimately, in kind e. Bartering-The exchange from hand to hand of goods or services for equivalent value a. b. c. d. e. Hydraulic civilization-Karl Wittfogel Urban Revolution-V. Gordon Childe Minoan trade-Colin Renfrew Maya long-distance trade-William Rathje Fertile Crescent-James Breasted

Gift-giving that reinforces a social relationship between individuals or groups is an exchange system The word civilization implies that civility is practiced by the people. Archaeologists use the term civilization as shorthand for urbanized, state-level societies. FALSE: Paul Emile Botta was appointed the French consul in Mosul in northern Iraq in 1840 and excavated the biblical city of Nineveh FALSE: Redistribution of goods through society lay in the hands of kings or their appointed ministers #15

a. b. c. d. e.

Ziggurat-Uruk Cylinder seals-Lagash Hassunan pottery-Tell Magzaliyah Brilliantly painted pottery-Tell Halaf Samarran pottery-Choga Mami Babylon-Nebuchadnezzer

a.

b. c. d. e.

Sumerian-Lugalzagesi Assyrian-Assuruballit Persia-Cyrus Akkadian-Sargon

a. En-Ruler of Uruk and keeper of the temple b. The Royal Cemetery of Ur-Sir Leonard Woolley excavated a series of wealthy individuals in Mesopotamia, who had been buried in huge graves with their entire retinue of followers, presumably poisoned. c. Ziggurat- mud-brick temple complex in Uruk used as a storehouse and place of worship d. Cuneiform-Sumerian wedge-shaped writing e. Cylinder seals-Sumerian inscribed clay cylinders used as seals with scenes of warfare Elite members of society at Tell Halaf may be a sign that the level of complexity may be Chiefdom By 4500 B.C., Eridu had reached a population as high as 5000 Hassunan pottery-At Tell Magzaliyah a handmade pottery of coarse clay painted or incised with dots, circles, and other designs By the beginning of the Uruk period, in about 4600 B.C., settlements were linked by temples, wheel made pottery, canals Susa, a significant trade center in Khuzistan, developed a distinctive cultural tradition known as the Proto-Elamite A brilliantly painted pottery was found in Southwest Asia at the site of Tell Halaf New irrigation techniques and heat-tolerant strains of wheat and barley enabled the Samarrans, who settled in the low-lying

territory of Mesopotamia, to live in areas that previously had been inaccessible. FALSE: Susa in Khuzistan was the capital city of the Sumerians. FALSE: The alloying of copper with iron produces bronze which produced a tougher-edged weapon and plows. ( ACTUALLY ALLOYING COPPER WITH TIN) The Sumerian civilization developed in Mesopotamia beginning about 3000 B.C. FALSE: By 4500 B.C., Eridu people were building mud-brick houses but only a small temple had so far evolved Hassuna Pottery was very simple Mesopotamia is considered the cradle of the worlds earliest urban civilizations. #16