IMPERIALISM AND COLONIALISATION (1870-1914) A colony is a territory occupied by a foreign country, usually located far from there (separated

by the sea, for example). The country that had power over the other country was known as the metropolis. So, before independence in !!", #ngland was the metropolis of the Thirteen $olonies. Since the fifteenth century Spain and %ortugal began to coloni&e territories on other continents. Spain occupied the $anary 'slands in the Atlantic and $euta and (elilla (among other sites) in )orth Africa. %ortugal established colonies along the coast of Africa and in 'ndia. The discovery of America in *+, fired the coloni&ation process, and throughout the early modern period the continent was inte-grated into one of these two great empires, or fell into the hands of .ritish, /rench and 0utch, who extended their domains also to other continents such as Asia. Causes of colo !al !"#e$!al!s" The time of maximum acceleration of colonialism was the period 1!2- + *, due to various causes. A$T'3'T4. 'n the next table, inserted on the left in places for the causes of colonial imperialism a) The increase in #uropean population b) Scientific 'nterest c) )ew places to invest #uropean money d) The Second 'ndustrial 5evolution e) The armies 5#AS7)S f) $hristian missions g) )ationalism h) )ew markets i.) %reparation of raw materials 6) 5acism

#8%9A)AT'7) 7/ $797)'A9 '(%#5'A9'S( The transportation revolution and the ama&ing technological development allowed #uropean nations to con:uer and dominate virtually the entire world and reach places that until now had been inaccessible. $olonised countries were often full of minerals and cheap labour to grow crops 3ery profitable business opportunities , rail, port facilities ... The population of the coloni&ed countries could buy the #uropean products. 't encouraged millions to move to the colonial territories of their countries. There is an eagerness to learn, discover, map, analy&e, describe new species of animals and plants, new territories ... They want to be active and to find opportunities for success in military campaigns of con:uest. 't is believed that the white man has the responsibility to ;civili&e; the ;primitive peoples;, by bringing them western lifestyle. The conviction of the greatness of the nation itself leads to extreme nationalism and competitiveness, and an attempt to prove the superiority against rival nations by expanding their own language and culture worldwide. #uropean churches wanted to bring $hristianity to the different peoples of the world.

T%e Colo !al E"#!$es 7f all the empires of the western powers .ritain exceled. 'n the early twentieth century expansion of the <nited =ingdom along with their colonies amounted to ,,> (nearly one :uarter) of the land surface, constituting the most vast empire of human history. The .ritish exploited the resources of their colonies, especially the extensive and rich resources of 'ndia (whose cotton was essential for the .ritish textile industry) and other raw materials. 'ts closest competitor was /rance, with extensive territories in Africa and Asia. Spain had lost most of its empire in the early nineteenth century. 'ts important colonies were $uba, the %hilippines and %uerto 5ico all of whom wanted independence. The <nited States supported the independence movements of these territories, thus entering into war with Spain. ?ith the Spanish defeat in 1+1 the colonies were definitively lost, and Spain experienced a ma6or crisis of identity that was described by the leading intellectuals of the country as the ;generation of @+1A. A$T'3'T4B 7n the map ;The #uropean metropolis and its colonies in the mid-nineteenth centuryA, shade with colors the following empires. &$!'!s% E"#!$e-$e( <nited =ingdom (metropolitan) $anada (.ritish) Conduras Damaica 'ndia Cong =ong Australia )ew Eealand Sierra 9eone Fold $oast (Fuinea) #gypt The Fambia )igeria Aden (a city on the south west coast of 4emen) $eylon (Syri 9anka) %apau )ew Fuinea )$e c% E"#!$e - &lue /rance (metropolitan) Caiti 'ndochina (Thailand, 9aos, $ambodia, 3ietnam) Algeria Senegal Fabon )ew $aledonia S#a !s% E"#!$e - *ello+ Spain (metropolitan) $uba Santo 0omingo (0ominican 5epublic) Spanish Fuinea (#:uatorial Fuinea) %uerto 5ico $anary 'slands %hilippines Po$'u,uese e"#!$e-,$a* %ortugal (metropolitan) A&ores (adeira %ortuguese Fuinea (Fuinea .issau) Sao Tome (%rincipe) Angola (o&ambi:ue (acao Du'c% E"#!$e-,$ee )etherlands (metropolitan) )etherlands Antilles $ape $olony(southern two thirds of South Africa) 'ndonesia Tu$-!s% E"#!$e . #u$#le Russ!a E"#!$e . &$o+ Alaska (the <.S. in 1"!)

T%e &e$l! Co fe$e ce a ( '%e Sc$a"/le fo$ Af$!ca (1880-1914) Africa was in 112 an almost unknown continent, in which the #uropeans only held a series of coastal positions. 'n 11*- 11G there took place in .erlin a conference in which the #uropean powers divided the African continent between themselves. .y + *, the eve of the /irst ?orld ?ar, colonial occupation was complete.
Feneral Act of the $onference of .erlin ( 11G) 'n the name of Fod Almighty. C( H the Ferman #mperor I =ing of %russia, C( the #mperor of Austria I =ing of Cungary, C( =ing of the .elgians, C( =ing of 0enmark, C( =ing of Spain, The %resident of the <nited States, The %resident of the /rench 5epublic, C( Jueen of the <nited =ingdom of Freat .ritain I 'reland I #mpress of 'ndia, C( =ing of 'taly, C( =ing of the )etherlands, C( =ing of %ortugal, C( #mperor of All the 5ussias I the =ing of Sweden and )orway, C( #mperor of the 7ttomans HHB 0esiring to establish in a spirit of mutual understanding more favorable conditions for trade development and civili&ation of certain regions of Africa, and ensure to all peoples the benefits of free navigation on the two ma6or African rivers that flow into the Atlantic 7cean K willing, moreover, to prevent misunderstandings that would give rise to disputes in the future on the coast of Africa, and worried at the same time about the morale and welfare of indigenous peoples, we have decided on the invitation of the 'mperial Fovernment of Fermany in accordance with the Fovernment of the /rench 5epublic, bringing together such a conference in .erlin ob6ect L...M. All the powers exercising sovereign rights or influence in the territories of Africa undertake to ensure the conservation of indigenous people and the improvement of their moral and material conditions of existence, and to contribute the suppresion of slavery. ?e will protect and encourage, without distinction of nationality or religion, all institutions and enterprises religious, scientific or charitable, created and organi&ed for this purpose to instruct the natives and make them understand and appreciate the advantages of civili&ation. $hristian missionaries, scholars and explorers and their escorts and goods will also be sub6ect to special protection. /reedom of conscience and religious toleration are expressly guaranteed to natives and foreigners.

H C(B CisNCer (a6esty. HH 7ttomans, Turks. A$T'3'T'#SB 5ead the previous text and answer the following :uestionsB . ?hich of these empires@ capital was .erlinO ,. ?hen was this country formed as a nationO P.?hat other states represented are monarchiesO *. ?hich are republicsO !. /or what aims did these countries meet in .erlinO 1. ?hich of their aims do you think were not trueO +. ?hat was agreed about slaveryO 2. ?hat was and remains the ma6ority religion of ... Q ... part of Fermany, 0enmark, /rance, .ritain, )etherlands, SwedenO Q ... part of Fermany, Austria, .elgium, Spain, /rance, 'reland, 'taly, %ortugalO Q ... 5ussiaO Q ... the 7ttoman #mpireO . Cow important do you think it was to respect the Rreligious freedomA of the nativesO

A$T'3'T4B 'n the map ;The Scramble for Africa ( + *); colour the following countries in to represent the empire they belonged to. &$!'!s% E"#!$e (12) - Re( The Fambia #gypt Sudan <ganda =enya Ean&ibar (Tan&ania) 5hodesia (Eimbabwe, Eambia and (alawi) .echuanaland (.otswana) $ape $olony (part of modern South Africa) South ?est Africa ()amibia) )igeria Fold $oast (Fuinea) )orthern Somalia Sierra 9eone &el,!u" - /$o+ .elgian $ongo ($ongo)

)$a ce - /lue )orth-?est Africa (Algeria, (ali, )iger, (auritania, Senegal, (ali )iger, $had, $entral, African 5epublic) (adagascar $ameroon Togo Fabon S#a! - *ello+ Tangier ($ity in )orthen (orocco) Fold 5iver (located on African coast near the $anary 'slands) #:uatorial Fuinea Po$'u,al - 3$a* %ortuguese Fuinea (Fuinea .issau) Angola (o&ambi:ue I'al* - ,$ee 9ibya #ritrea Somalia (south)

Co se4ue ces of colo !al !"#e$!al!s" S 't global provides a model of relationships based on dependence and capitalist exploitation of the colonies listed by metropolitan areasB those providing raw materials and cheap labor, and these are enriched processed and sold in the colonies expensive products.

S The colonies are e:uipped with a network of transport and other infrastructure, but oriented to external communication, not its development as a country and its relationship with other countries colony-les. S ?ars of $on:uestB The colonial occupation was usually by military con:uest or abusive treatment by the metropolis. T #limination of native culturesB The settlers considered their ideas and way of life 'nstitu-tion to the sub6ect peoples and forced them to adopt them. 't introduced a #uro-pean education system, based on the language of the metropolis, and $hristianity were imposed. This imposition destroyed many traditions, but also helped to eliminate traditional practices contrary to human dignity. S )ationalism 'ndianB $on:uest aroused among the people under the feeling of wanting independence. This feeling would materiali&e in the decoloni&ation after +*G. T The introduction of hygienic measures and the establishment of hospitals allowed some epidemics control and led to increases in the population. Cowever, with increased population ".,.G. The ;armed peace; ( 1!2- + *) 0uring this period of 1!2- + *, the #uropean powers, without going into open warfare, were vying for colonial and commercial interests and develop an arms race would end in open conflict of the /irst ?orld ?ar. 9ook at the picture below. ?hat message to you think the person who made this cartoon is trying to giveO