Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
K F Chung
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
ABSTRACT Instability is an important branch of structural mechanics which examines alternate equilibrium states associated with large deformation. Structural instability in one dimensional beam-column members and two dimensional plate members is examined in this paper. Various forms of buckling, namely, column buckling, beam buckling and local plate buckling, under different loading and boundary conditions are illustrated to establish the phenomena as well as various analysis and design methods for practical design.
KEYWORDS Structural instability, column buckling, beam buckling, local plate buckling.
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COLUMN BUCKLING Consider a column pinned at both ends [1] as shown in Figure 1.
Equilibrium
Alternative Equilibrium
P Mx y
Figure 1
Buckling of a column
Taking moment about the pinned support in the free body diagram, Py + Mx = 0 d2y As Mx = E I 2 , dx EI d2y + Py = 0 dx 2
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By writing k 2 =
d2y + k2 y = 0 2 dx The solution of the differential equation is given by: y = A sin(kx ) + B cos(kx ) + C x + D
d2y =0 dx 2 = C =
Hence, kL = n and
n = L P . EI
PE
2 E I L2
The deflected shape for the elastic critical buckling of the column is given by: y = A sin (
x ) L
Expanding the second moment of area, I , as the product of area and the radius of gyration, A ry2 , the elastic critical buckling load, PE , may be re-presented as follows: 2 2 E A ry L2
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PE =
2 L r y
2
This equation gives the elastic critical buckling strength of a column in terms of its material property, E, as well as its geometrical property, i.e. the column slenderness. It is important to evaluate the compressive buckling strength of real columns, pc, in the presence of initial mechanical and geometrical imperfections, a Perry Robertson interaction formula [2] is adopted as follows:
pc = where py
pE py + 2 pE py
where
p y + (1 + )p E 2
is the design strength of the column member; is the Perry factor; = 0.001 a (
o )
a
o
is the Robertson constant with typical values such as 2.0, 3.5, 5.5, 8.0; is the limiting slenderness; = 0.2 E py
The choice of the value of the Robertson constant a depends on the cross-sections of the columns, the axes of buckling, and the thicknesses of the sections.
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It is highly desirable to represent the elastic critical buckling strength of a column, pE , into a non-dimensional ratio. Consider the elastic critical buckling strength, pE , as follows: pE =
2 E 2
E py
so that
Y =
2 E py
Hence
pE = Y py 2
Similarly, a strength reduction factor may be established to allow for column buckling in real columns, and a number of non-dimensionalised column buckling curves are established to provide strength reduction factors to the design strengths of real columns for practical design as shown in Figure 2. The following parameters are adopted:
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1.2
Material Yielding Elastic Buckling a=2
1.0
0.8
a = 3.5 a = 5.5
0.6
a=8
0.4
0.2
Non-dimensional slenderness,
Figure 2
BEAM BUCKLING
For a beam member with a bi-symmetric cross-section under uniform moment, the elastic critical buckling moment, ME, is given by [2]:
EI y GJ L 2 EH 1 + L2 GJ
ME = where L E G Iy H J
=
is the beam length; is the Youngs modulus; is the shear modulus; is the second moment of area about the minor axis; is the warping constant; is the torsional constant; and
1 Iy Ix
Similar to a column member, it is possible to evaluate the buckling moment, Mb , of a beam with the Perry-Robertson interaction formula and the equivalent slenderness, LT , of the beam [2] as follows:
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Mb = where pb where
pb Sx
pE py LT + LT - p E p y
2
LT =
p y + ( 1 + LT ) p E 2
LT
LT
0.001 LT ( LT
L0 )
L0
pE
2E 2 LT
uv
L ry
LT
I y Sx 2 A2 H
1+ 10
1
4
0.25
AH J Iy
=
1+
1 20 x
Sx
is the plastic modulus about the major axis; is the Poissons ratio.
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By adopting the non-dimensionalised slenderness of a beam, a non-dimensionalised beam buckling curve may be established as shown in Figure 3 to provide strength reduction factors to the design strengths or the moment capacities of real beams for practical design. The following parameters are adopted:
LT
LT
LT Y
1.2
Material yielding
LT
Strength reduction ratio,
1.0
Elastic buckling
0.8
0.6
a = 7.0
0.4
0.2
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Consider a rectangular plate which is simply supported along both the longitudinal and the transverse edges [3]. The plate is under a compression force of No along the transverse edges.
y
No S/S
S/S
S/S
S/S
a w
Figure 4
Assume that the deflected shape of the plate is represented with sine curves in both longitudinal and traverse directions as follows:
A
m =1 n =1
mn
x y sin m sin n a b
dw 2 2 b 2 dx dy = N o m A mn 0 dx 8a m =1 n =1
b
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Ncr =
m
m =1 n =1
A mn
To obtain the smallest value of Ncr, consider only the first term as follows: 2 a 2 D m 2 n 2 m2 2 + b2 a
2
Ncr =
Ncr =
Alternatively, by re-writing the formula in term of the elastic critical buckling strength, pcr , pcr = N cr t or
2
2 D b2t
2 E t K 2 12 (1 ) b
where k is equal to 4 for the minimum value of the elastic critical buckling strength in simply supported plates.
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Consider a rectangular plate which is simply supported along both the longitudinal and the transverse edges [3]. The plate is under an in-plane bending moment with a linearly varying compression force of No along the transverse edges.
y
y 1 2 No b
S/S
S/S
S/S
S/S
a
w
Figure 5
Assume that the deflected shape of a plate is represented with sine curves in both longitudinal and traverse directions as follows: w =
A
m =1 n =1
mn
sin
mx ny sin a b
A
m =1 n =1
2 mn
m2 n 2 2 + ) a 2 b2
The work done by the external force is given by: T = 1 a b y dw N 0 (1 )( ) 2 dxdy 2 0 0 b dx where = 2 for pure bending
By equating the work done and the strain energy, the elastic critical buckling load is given by:
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Ncr =
A mn
m =1 n =1
m22 a2
m2 n 2 2 D A mn ( 2 + 2 ) a b m =1 n =1 2 2 m 32 2 2 [ A mn 2 2 m =1 a n =1
4 2
(n
n =1 i
A mn A mi ni ] 2 i2 )2
[A mn
16 A mi ni 2 2 2 2 ]} i (n i )
Assume that the deflected shape is approximated by the first three terms: mx 3 ny A mn sin w = sin a n =1 b The minimum value of the elastic critical buckling strength, pcr , is given by: N cr t
2 D b2t
pcr =
or
2
2 E t K 2 12 (1 ) b
a as follows: b
a b k
0.4 29.1
0.5 25.6
0.6 24.1
0.667 23.9
0.75 24.1
0.8 24.4
0.9 25.6
1.0 25.6
1.5 24.1
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It is important to evaluate the effective section capacities of plates undergoing local plate buckling in the presence of initial mechanical and geometrical imperfections, and a codified section analysis using an effective thickness approach or an effective width approach may be adopted. Based on the effective width approach, the effective width, beff , of a plate undergoing local plate buckling may be established [4] as follows: beff b =
5
1 + 14 f /p 0.35 4 c cr
where b is the width of the plate and fc is the applied compressive stress of the plate. Figure 6 plots the function of
1.2
K = 0.425
beff b
b . t
1.0
K = 4.00
0.8
beff / b
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Figure 6
Figures 7, 8 and 9 illustrate local plate buckling in rectangular plates under different loading and boundary conditions. The following analyses are performed and summarised for direct comparison:
analytical analysis using energy method; section analysis using effective width approach; elastic critical buckling analysis using finite element technique [5]; and geometrical and material nonlinear analysis using finite element technique [5].
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Geometry
Geometrical data a b t b/t Pcr = 30.3 kN Material data = = = = = = 200 mm 100 mm 1.6 mm a/b 2 62.5
280 32 mm 32 mm
Pgross = 44.8 kN
40
pcr
Pcr = 30.3 kN PFEM = 29.3 kN
= = =
2E t K 12(1 2 ) b
30
K pcr
20
10
b eff = b
Figure 7
Local plate buckling in a plate under compression. Simply supported along four sides.
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Geometry
280 N/mm2
280 N/mm2 32 mm
2
94 N/mm2
pcr
25
= = =
2E t K 12(1 2 ) b
Pgross = 22.4 kN
K pcr
20
15
Pcr = 12.8 kN
10
b eff = b
PFEM = 9.23 kN
= Pgross =
Figure 8
Local plate buckling in a plate under compression. Simply supported along three sides and free along one side.
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M a
S/S
b
S/S
Geometry M
S/S S/S
Material data py E Elastic critical analysis v = = = 350 N/mm2 205 kN/mm2 0.3
280 0 280
Material
and
geometrical
nonlinear analysis po =
0 .5 b py 1.13 0.0019 p y t 280
0.5
0.4
=
Mgross = 0.351 kNm Mcr = 0.340 kNm MFEM = 0.263 kNm
0.3
0.2
0.1
= po Z = 0.263 kNm
Rotation,
Figure 9
Local plate buckling in a plate under in-plane bending. Simply supported along four sides.
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Comparison with gross section capacities and effective section capacities in the presence of local plate buckling are provided. It should be noted that the results from various analyses are very close among themselves.
CONCLUSIONS
It is important to appreciate structural instability in one dimensional beam-column members and two-dimensional plate members under different loading and boundary conditions. Some basic features of column buckling, beam buckling and local plate buckling are presented to facilitate buckling analysis and design in practice.
REFERENCES
1. Timoshenko SP and Gere JM. Mechanics of materials. Fourth edition, 1997. 2. The Steel Construction Institute. Steel Designers Manual. Sixth edition, 2003. 3. Timoshenko SP and Gere JM. Theory of elastic stability. Second edition, 1963. 4. The Buildings Department, the Government of Hong Kong SAR. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel 2005. Chapter 11 Design of Cold-formed Steel Sections and Sheet Profiles. 5. ABAQUS. (2004). Users Manual, Version 6.4, Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen, Inc.
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