CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

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General Background. The Reformation and Decentralization process implemented by the Government of Indonesia Republic, urges a policy reform in the water resources sector along with the water demand by the community, concerning both quality and quantity aspects. Besides organizational aspects of the water resources sector, there are physical aspects that need attention. Water resources have deteriorated due to the following related problems: The decrease of the land as water infiltration area, caused by the development of industries and settlements. The decrease of water quality, caused by waste emission to water bodies. The decrease of environmental capability to conserve the function and utilization of water sources, due to land use developments in the river basin. The disturbance of water resources conservation, caused by uncontrolled land exploitation for structural materials, such as: sand, gravel and stone. The low of water usage efficiency, particularly in the irrigation sector. The unsettled water sources management fee at river basin level.

The above problems also occur in the Walanae-Cenranae river basin and include the environmental degradation of Tempe Lake. The large area in Tempe lake basin that almost covers all Walanae-Cenranae river basin, is open for development, and will therefore during the rainy season have a growing surface runoff from the watershed area. The infiltration into the soil will decrease and erosion at the land surface and even in the river bodies will increase. While in the dry season, the amount of water available and the river discharge will be minimized. With the various problems mentioned above appearing, the policy reform in the water resources sector should emphasize: Sustainable, comprehensive and integrated water resources development and management. The Operation and Maintenance of water resources infrastructures.

An implementation of this policy reform is the preparation of The Master Plan of

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Integrated Development and Management on the River Basin. In 1980, JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) conducted the Master Plan Study of Walanae-Cenranae River Basin Development. Based on to the Mater Plan, the Government constructed several irrigation projects as the proposed in the Master Plan, such as Sanrego Irrigation Project (1990), Langkeme Irrigation Project (1993), Bila Irrigation Project (1997). At present these projects are in operation and in most irrigation systems Water User Associations (P3A) were established, some of them having an independent status. Because of the social-political situation and condition in Indonesia during the 1980s, where the sectoral aspects were more dominant, the master plan of Walanae-Cenranae river basin development conducted by JICA did not use an inter-sector approach, had no community participation and did also not propose a spatial plan. The target year of JICA Master Plan Study was the year 2000. Therefore, updating of the master plan is required. The preparation should consider the updated paradigms in water resources development and management, particularly participation of the community, being the utility user and receiver. 1.1.2 The General Description of the Study Area The Master Plan Study on Integrated Development and Management of

Walanae-Cenranae River Basin is conducted for 15 months, starting in September, 2002 up to December, 2003. The Study Area covers 7,897 km2 including the water surface area of three lakes, namely Tempe (143 km2), Sidenreng (47 km2) and Buaya Lake (20 km2). Administratively the Study Area is located in six districts, these are (not including the water surface area of the three lakes): Maros (519 km2), Bone (2,509 km2), Soppeng (1,345 km2), Wajo (1,489 km2), Sidrap (1,191 km2) and Enrekang (634 km2). Of these six districts only the administrative area of Soppeng district is entirely located in the Study Area. The general situation of the Study Area is shown in Fig. 1.1 - 1. Topographically, Tempe Lake is situated in the center of the Study Area and is part of three administrative districts; these are Wajo, Soppeng and Sidrap. The main rivers in the Study Area are Bila, Walanae, Cenranae, Batubatu, Lawo and Gilirang River. The Bila River flows from the north southward and empties into Tempe Lake. The Walanae River flows from the south to the north and joins with Cenranae River at 4 km from Tempe Lake. The Cenranae River starts as outlet of Tempe Lake and runs 68 km into south-east direction before it empties into Bone Bay. Some small rivers, such as Batubatu and Lawo flows from the west and the south directly into Tempe Lake. Hydrologically, the Gilirang River is a river basin separated from the Walanae-Cenranae river basin. But, because of the Gilirang river basin has a large area and belongs to the sub River Basin Group (sub-SWS : sub-Satuan Wilayah Sungai) of Walanae-Cenranae

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according to the Decree of Public Works Minister No. 39/PRT/1989, the Gilirang river is covered by the Study Area. The watershed of Gilirang River is located in the northeast of the Study Area with the river flow from the north to the southeast and empties into Bone bay. In the Study Report of Tempe Lake Improvement Project, 1997, is mentioned that the low land surrounding Tempe Lake includes 51 villages administratively belonging to ten sub-districts in Wajo, Soppeng and Sidrap District. This area measures about 47,800 ha (hectares) at the contour + 10 m of a.m.s.l (above mean sea level), swampy area 10,000 ha (21 %), plantation 2,700 ha (6 %) and settlement 2,800 ha (6 %). Most of the water utilization in the Study Area is used for water irrigation of agriculture crops, mainly rice, with a total area about 113,000 ha including village irrigation systems, ground water irrigation and rain-fed area, which has potential to be developed in the future. Irrigation water is taking from the river with weir structures, and by pump systems from both ground water and directly from the river. Other utilization of water is for water supply and fisheries. Utilization for industry is not yet detected, except for electric power plant located at Pattila village, Pammana sub-district, Wajo. This industry takes water for engine cooling from the Cenranae River with intake structures. It has a discharge requirement of 8.316 m3/day (100 liter/sec). In November, 2002 the water could not flow into the intake, because the water surface in Cenranae River was lower than the intake crest. Three small water pumps were installed by the company to supply water to the existing canal. Water utilization for domestic water supply is still limited to the district capitals. The district-capitals located in the Study Area are Watansoppeng Sengkang and Pangkajene. Fishery activities are still concentrated at Tempe Lake and the other two lakes. Fisheries in the coastal ponds is located in the downstream area of Cenranae river. Fresh water fisheries with home yard ponds and the mina-padi system (fisheries in paddy field) are not much developed yet in the Study Area. Floods in the area surrounding Tempe Lake is the main problem of the water resources sector in the Study Area. Other problems are the sedimentation in Tempe Lake, which causes decreased storage capacity, forest damage in the watershed area, and limited water supply, because of the limited infrastructure.

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Objective and Approach of WalCen MP Study As described in the TOR (Term of Reference) of the Master Plan Study on Integrated Development and Management of Walanae-Cenranae River Basin, the study objectives are as follow:

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To clarify the problems and constraints on water resources development, conservation and management in the river basin area.

To renew and reconfirm the acceptable district Spatial Plan within the area. To formulate alternative plans for integrated management and development of water and land resources in the Area for different periods of time, such as Urgent Plan (2 years), Short-Term Plan (5 years), Middle-Term Plan (5 10 years) and Long-Term Plan (10 25 years).

To propose an Action Plan to realize an efficient and sustainable water resources management system in the Study Area through public consultation meetings (referred to as PCM).

To prepare the Operation and Maintenance Manual for infrastructure, lake and proposed Tempe barrage.

To propose an organization responsible for water resources development, utilization, construction and management based on cooperation among the six Districts in the Study Area, and the local government of the Study Area and the Province.

To establish the water resources database and GIS to support effective resources monitoring and management.

To prepare training material for Balai PSDA Wal-Cen and provincial staff on water resources planning and management.

The general approach method applied in the Walcen MP Study is as follows: (1). Discuss with the community (stakeholders) to attain consensus or commitment on the effort to specify plans for water resources development and management of Walanae-Cenranae river basin. The process is carried out through Public Consultation Meetings (PCMs) at the Walanae Cenranae river basin level, and through Focus Group Discussions (FGD) at sub-district level. The PCM activities will be conducted three times during the Study period with the following objectives: 1). The PCM I, to collect community commend, input, suggestions, information, expectations or needs and to make an inventory of the problems and constraints. 2). The PCM II, to obtain consensus/commitment from the stakeholders on the spatial plans and proposals, and the plans for the Walanae-Cenranae river basin development and management.

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3). The PCM III, to achieve the agreement of the stakeholders on the implementation work schedule and the responsible allotment of the respective local governments and communities. The FGD activities will be carried out one time in most of the sub-districts in the Study Area. The activities are meant to collect information, suggestions, expectations or needs from the communities and know the appearing problems in every sub-district, particularly from the stakeholders who were not invited for the PCM I. To involve stakeholder in the activity implementation in the Walanae Cenranae river basin. To involve the community in all activity aspects covered by the Study. To carry out an inter-sector approach by discussions between experts who are member of the Study Team in order to obtain same perceptions, data and the integration of problem solving. To involve the local community, both individuals and groups, implemented by interviews and field reconnaissance by the Study Team in order to collect information, suggestions, needs and problems which appear at that certain area. To considerate the Walanae-Cenranae river basin development and management plans for both short-term or long-term periods, that have been prepared by Central Government (Propenas) and the local government (Properda dan Renstra). The general work plan of the Walanae Cenranae MP Study based on the approach method described above is presented in Fig. 1.2 - 1.

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The Study Scope of Water Resources Sector The scope of the water resources sector discussion has the emphasis on water balance analysis, both for the present and future condition. As the water balance analysis in related to the water sources the various activities of water availability, the water resources sector will generally as well be presented in the action plans of the other sectors or sub-sectors, such as water supply, irrigation, fisheries and water resources conservation. The present condition and potential of the water resources in the Study Area, both of surface water and ground water, as well as the stipulation of the river system as the water district boundary area, is described in Chapter II of this report. The existing water resources infrastructure, including its utilization, and the analysis of water availability in the Study Area, is described in Chapter II and Chapter V. In Chapter III a general description is given of the problems and constraints in water resources development and management in the river basin area at National level and in

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South Sulawesi Province. For District and Study Area level this is described in more detail. The water resources potential analysis of Walanae Cenranae river basin, including the Tempe lake system and the probable floods of the main rivers, is discussed in Chapter V. Chapter IV describes the proposed water resources development and management plan in Walanae-Cenranae river basin area, including a basic cost estimation. In Chapter VI Future Management Options are discussed. These consist of the distribution of the proposed development plan according to the River System area and District Administrative area. The detailed calculation of water balance in the prioritized proposed development plan and the proposed action plan are described in Chapter V and Chapter VI. Furthermore, all information that was compiled in the Walanae Cenranae Master Plan Study from all sectors directly related with the water resources sector will be summarized to be one water resources information system and be saved as database. The summary of the database system of the water resources sector will be prepared in Chapter VII. The data book contains data processing results and the bigger part of the technical calculations, as well as information on the results of field reconnaissance and interviews. This data book will be prepared in a separated volume as an appendix of the main report.

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