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IDC
Data Communications
Information is transmitted between two points in the form of data. G Analog
G
Digital
In copper systems represented as a high and low voltage levels. In fibre systems represented as the presence or not of a light pulse.
IDC
IDC
Communications Process
#eneric Comms $rocess
"o urce ransmitter Communications Channel !eceiver Destination
&ptical detector
%lectrical receiver
Destination
IDC
Contd((.
Digital "ource
Digital &utput
Decoder
Amp * %qualiser
IDC
Electrical In
+ IDC
Light Out
Light In
IDC
Light Out
'or successful communications between both ends of a communication lin, there must be mutual agreement on he form and magnitude of the signals used he type of communications lin, he coding of the signals Data flow control %rror detection and correction
IDC
Important Concepts
G
IDC
Important Concepts
G
4ide variety of codes eg. 3orse code he more common code symbols used for transmission today are5 %6ample - A"CII Code and %7CIDIC .see A"CII table 1 5 letter D + 2888288
IDC
G $rotocols contd(
)ine control 5 9sed with half duple6 lin,s to switch tramsitter and receiver %rror control 5 techniques used to chec, the accuracy of the data and identify errors ime out control 5 :retry or abort; procedures %6amplesG
<3&D%3, =%!3I , 7"C, "D)C, >D)C, C$?I$, 3A$, &$, 3&D79", D>@, >A! ,
IDC
Communication Channe s
G
Analog
Varying amplitude, phase and frequency
Digital
>igh A low voltages levelsB on A off signals.
IDC
Ana o$ Si$na s
@ 4avelength Varying Amplitude 8 ime
IDC
Di$ita Si$na s
+ $ulse $eriod
AMPLITUDE
&C 3A!=
&'' "$AC%
IDC
Channe Pro!erties
$hysical properties of the communications medium limit the effective transmission of data G 3easurement of gain and loss in circuits is carried out using decibels
G 5 Decibels are a relative measure
GAIN
IDC
= 10 LOG (Pb/Pa)
dB
IDC
"I#CA) A
G G G
%C9A I&C
G G
IDC
Catural resistive cable properties absorb the electrical energy and turn it into heat )imits the length of the communications channel Digital signals have fast rising edges which represent high frequency components. "ignal attenuation increases with increasing frequency. 9se repeater, amplifiers and equalisers Catural resistive properties of glass absorb electromagnetic energy
Si$na Attenuation
8 2 2 8 2 8 8 2
ime ransmitted "ignal
ime
"ignal at Distance d
ime
IDC
"ignal at Distance /d
Signal Repeaters
ransmitter Amplifier !eceiver
IDC
C>ACC%) 7ACD4ID > .the way the channel affects data throughput1
he difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies that can pass though a channel. 4here the highest and lowest frequencies have dropped to half power i.e. 0 d7 drop in power. Digital signals are constructed of many frequencies but their transmission is limited by the channel analog bandwidth. he higher the bandwidth the higher the frequency that can be transmitted.
IDC
Channe %and&idth
AMPLITUDE
8d7
A0d7
0d7 7andwidth
7ACD4ID >
3a6imum 'requency
IDC
IDC
Coise
5 Vibration of molecules emit random electromagnetic radiation A noise 5 Catural low level %3! limits the transmit signal level. 5 3easure of useful signal power is the "I#CA) to C&I"% !atio-
Di$ita Re$enerator
)ine Driver Digital !epeater )ine !eceiver
Channel
Channel
!egenerated "ignal
IDC
TRANSMISSION MODES
"imple6 G >alf duple6 G 'ull duple6
G
IDC
Sim! e(
"tation 7
ransmitter
!eceiver
IDC
ransmitter
Data 'low
!eceiver
!eceiver
Alternate 'low
ransmitter
IDC
!eceiver
ransmitter
IDC
"ynchronous transmission
5 !6 and < synchronised to a system cloc, signal 5 >igher overhead than Asynch
IDC
IDC
S$%CHRO%O&S 'R#%S(ISSIO%
IDC
LI)*T
G
Is represented by
%lectromagnetic waves $hotons .particles1
ravels at a speed of 0 6 28 m?s G !eflect, refract and diffract off optical surfaces.
G
H
IDC
%lectromagnetic spectrum
!epresented by frequency and wavelength frequency + velocity wavelength !epresented by photon energy energy .eV1 + 2./F8I wavelength.Jm1
IDC
E ectroma$netic S!ectrum
IDC
&ptical region of the spectrum used for fibre optics is 0,$ mi-.+me/e.& /+ $0 mi-.+me/.e& +. $00 )m /+ $0000 )m
Includes
Visible light .plastic1 .IK8nm1 Infrared .silica1 .HK8nm1 9ltraviolet .special silica1
Visible )ight "pectrum
IDC &V