Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Governance
GPS
Theodolite
38 VECTORIZATION OF CONTOURS
FROM SCANNED TOPOGRAPHICAL Plane Table
MAPS
Dr. K. Ananthanarayanan,
Dr. Koshy Varghese
44 PERSPECTIVE: E-TOOLS IN
GOVERNANCE
Infrastructure
Yang Fengchun, Zhou Zhenlin
46 COMPARING E-GOVERNMENT
VS. E-GOVERNANCE
Thomas B. Riley
24 Land surveying in India:
www.gisdevelopment.net
Present status
Dr. Satyaprakash
Serving the Nation with
Cost Effective and Customer Focused
Geospatial Data
License fee per district (unverified) @ Rs. 1,650/- for single user and Rs. 4,950/- for multiple users
80o
90o
30o
Survey of India
DELHI
20o
80o MADRAS 10
o
70o o
90
80o
India, State, District, Sub-district, Town Reaching out for informed decision making...
• Sub-district map showing village boundary
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Topographic (65%)
Cadastral (43%)
Utility (57%)
Engineering (29%)
NRM (14%)
Urban (35%)
24 Land surveying in India: Present status
Dr. Satyaprakash
President M P Narayanan Editor in Chief Ravi Gupta Managing Editor Maneesh Prasad Publisher Sanjay Kumar Honorary Advisor Prof. Arup Dasgupta Sr. Associate
Editor (Honorary) Hrishikesh Samant Sr. Manager - HR and Administration Shivani Lal Marketing Co-ordinator Megha Datta Sr. Graphic Designer Deepak Kumar
Assistant Graphic Designer Manoj Kumar Singh ~ Asia Pacific Team Regional Manager Sunil Ahuja Regional Sales Manager Niraj Assistant Editor Saurabh Mishra ~ South
Asia Team Regional Manager Annu Negi Sales Manager Rahul Birthray Assistant Editor Rituparna Sengupta ~ Middle East Team Regional Manager Swati Grover
Regional Sales Manager Prashant Joshi ~ Portal Team Product Manager Samik Basu Sr. Manager (Web Development) Kumar Vikram Sub Editor Dhawal Kumar Research
Assocaite Neha Arora ~ Training and Research Team Programme Co-ordinator Satyaprakash Course Coordinator Neeraj Budhari ~ Events Vicky Kalra, Albert Ahmed, Rupal
Mehta Dy. Manager - Accounts Yatindar Mohan Srivastava Sales Coordinator Sumit Kumar Circulation Vijay Kumar Singh
G I S D E V E L O P M E N T : A S I A PA C I F I C | A U G U S T 2 0 0 6 Vo l . 1 0 I s s u e 0 8
From the Editor
Advisory Board
Amitabha Pande, IAS | Prof. Arup Das-
gupta, Distinguished Professor, BISAG,
India | Dr David Maguire, Director of Prod-
ucts, ESRI, USA | Kamal K Singh, Chairman
and Managing Director, Rolta India Ltd.
| Dato' Nik Nasruddin Mahmood, Direc-
tor, Malaysian Centre for Remote Sensing
(MACRES), Malaysia | Prof Michael F
S urveyors have been measuring distances, direc-
tions, and angles between points and elevations of
points, lines, and contours on, above, and below
the earth’s surface. Surveying and mapping technicians assist the
professionals like cartographers and photogrammetrists in their duties by collecting
data in the field and using it to calculate mapmaking information for use in performing
computations and computer-aided drafting. Today there is much more to surveying and
cartography than meets the eye. The surveying aids from old times - Chains, transits,
Goodchild, University of California, USA theodolites, and plumb lines have given way to new age technology such as the GPS,
| Dr Milan Konecny, President, Internation-
laptops, and robotic total stations. GIS has also become an invaluable tool to both
al Cartographic Association | Dr M P
surveyors and cartographers.
Narayanan, President, CSDMS | Preetha
Pulusani, President, Intergraph Mapping As more of these new technologies emerge and are developed, we see a new type
and Geospatial Solutions | Prof Shunji of mapping scientist emerging from the older specialists in photogrammetry and
Murai ,General Secretary, Asian Association
cartography. This new age mapping scientist combines the functions of mapping
on Remote Sensing | Dr Suvit Vibulsresth,
Member, Board GISTDA, Thailand | Dr science and surveying into a broader field concerned with the collection and analysis of
Xavier Lopez, Director, Spatial and Location geographic data.
Technologies, Oracle Inc.
Growing opportunities in this realm have these new technologies as catalysts. Thus
the growth of the surveying industry is being watched closely today! Studies are being
Country Editors done to understand the intricacies of development in this sphere and such studies
India Dr R Siva Kumar, Head (NRDMS & create great value in bringing forth the correct perspective. A study done through
NSDI), Ministry of Science & Technology,
Government of India | Japan Prof
questionnaire survey by the Asia Pacific group of GIS Development analysed the
Hiromichi Fukui, Faculty of Policy Man- present status of land surveying in India and the results are encouraging.
agement, Keio University at Shonan
Keeping in mind the need for more such studies, GIS Development will continue to
Fujisawa | Malaysia Dr Abd Rashid Mohd
Shariff, Institute of Advanced Technology, make efforts to conduct and contribute more such studies to the surveying community
Universiti Putra Malaysia | Singapore
in the future.
Dr Chan Weng Tat, Associate Professor,
Centre for Transport Research, National
“”
University of Singapore | Thailand
Dr Phisan Santitamnont, Assistant Pro-
fessor, Survey Engineering Department,
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok
| Vietnam Dr Tran Vinh Phuoc, Vice-Rec-
tor of the UIT, Vietnam
ravi.gupta@gisdevelopment.net
G I S D E V E L O P M E N T : A S I A PA C I F I C | A U G U S T 2 0 0 6 Vo l . 1 0 I s s u e 0 8 7
News
inshore ocean launched in jing Olympics, and to gener- on a digital map to take
2003. The first summer ate digital maps of China immediate action. The Chief
phase of the programme is using the high-resolution Executive viewed a demon-
expected to take 1.5 months panchromatic imager. The stration of a three-dimen-
and involve over 3,000 sur- satellite is capable of contin- sional environmental impact
veyors who will begin uously imaging Chinese ter- assessment public engage-
research from the northeast ritory even at the longest ment tool that is developed
coast down to the south landmass track (3000 km) to put into practice the con-
simultaneously, said Lei Bo, and transmit images to the tinuous public involvement
Vice Director of the National ground station in Beijing in concept. Hong Kong is taking
CHINA Bureau of Oceanography. real-time at high speed the lead in introducing this
www.chinadaily.com.cn (40Mbps) with on-board pro- concept in the environmen-
China launches grammable compression. tal impact assessment
oceanic environ- SSTL delivers www.earsc.org process. With the tool, differ-
ment survey Beijing-1 EO satellite ent options for development
China launched its oceanic British satellite manufactur- Hong Kong makes use projects and their environ-
environment survey on July er Surrey Satellite Technolo- of GIS for improving mental performances can be
15 to probe the conditions of gy Ltd (SSTL) has just com- air quality presented in 3D models
its maritime space. The pro- pleted a landmark commer- Improving air quality tops through coloured illustra-
gramme, sponsored by the cial satellite contract with our environmental agenda, tions, graphics or multime-
the Beijing Landview Map- Chief Executive of the Hong dia images. "The use of such
ping Information Technolo- Kong Special Administrative tools would foster better
gy Co., Ltd (BLMIT) in order to Region Donald Tsang says, communication of environ-
commercialise the data serv- mental impact assessment
ices from Earth observation issues and promote public
(EO) satellites. At a ceremony dialogue on major develop-
held in Beijing, BLMIT signed ment projects during project
the formal in-orbit accept- planning and implementa-
ance of the high resolution tion," Mr Tsang said.
National Bureau of Oceanog- EO microsatellite (Beijing-1) www.news.gov.hk
said. He made the statement GIS was designed with mul- how water flows in floods,
after listening to presenta- tiple menus and functions and how sand and earth Personal
tions by Energy and Mineral adapted to the various func- move in landslides. The cen- Earth-orbiter on
Resources Minister Poer- tions and skills of the opera- ter will use the agency's sale
nomo Yusgiantoro and tors. Presently, TMG's Bureau Daichi advanced land- A personal earth-orbiter,
Transportation Mnister of Urban Development observing satellite that was MySat-1 - a 44-pound box,
Hatta Radjasa on the coun- enables all 1,500 bureau staff launched in January. Daichi less than ten inches on its
try`s geographic and geologi- members to use GIS to view is one of the world's largest side - is now available for
cal conditions and the earth- and edit a wide variety of satellites and carries three purchase from Japan-based
quake information system of city planning information types of observational equip- Astro Research Corporation.
the Meteorolgy and Geo- from their PCs, which boosts ment, including one that It can make space more
physics Agency. The Presi- their productivity. In the uses a microwave sensor, accessible to commercial
dent would ask the Coordi- future, TMG anticipates that which enables it to take pic- businesses, public institu-
nating Minister for People`s the GIS will be available to tures of locations at night or tions and research communi-
Welfare and the Finance all TMG departments, allow- if they are covered by clouds. ties. Among its potential
Minister to discuss the allo- ing instant on-line access to In February, the satellite uses could be satellite com-
cation of funds for the proj- more than 30,000 staff took images of Leyte Island ponent testing, disaster
ect with the House of Repre- members. in the Philippines when a monitoring, Earth observa-
sentatives. He said he would www.esri.com landslide occurred there. The tion, Remote Sensing. Each
seek the fulfillment of aid images were then compared satellite can be customized
commitments by certain Kobe center's with images taken by anoth- to the owner's needs and
countries and international satellite to help er satellite. By comparing the equipped with additional
donors at Tsunami Summit 25 nations cope two images it was possible instruments depending on
in 2005. "We will also seek with disasters to identify which areas had the user's needs.
foreign assistance to speed The Asian Disaster Reduc- been worst hit by the land- "MySat-1 itself can be
up the project," he said. tion Center in Kobe, Japan slide. When a powerful launched within a year-and-
www.antara.co.id will in autumn be able to earthquake struck the main a-half after an order is
access a system capable of island of Java, Indonesia, in placed," said Kio Murakawa,
providing 3-D images of dis- May, Daichi was used to a manager in the MySat Divi-
JAPAN aster-stricken areas any- determine which buildings sion at Astro Research. Once
where in Asia using a satel- on the island had suffered in low earth orbit, about 600
Tokyo Metropolitan lite made available by the damage. Daichi also can to 800 kilometers in space,
Government identify flood-affected areas, MySat-1 will circle the earth
implements GIS in check the extent of lava about 14 times per day. Own-
city planning flows and determine the size ers can also tune in to their
The Tokyo Metropolitan Gov- of landslides. When the sys- satellite's radio signal on a
ernment (TMG), a longtime tem is introduced, the center website to monitor its loca-
user of GIS, has implemented will act as a liaison site for its tion and listen to it as it pass-
a Web based system that 25 member countries in Asia. es overhead. A four-cubic
J U LY 2 0 0 6 G I S D E V E L O P M E N T : A S I A PA C I F I C 13
gives an idea of how produc- people as well as a 28,000- Earth. The images generated
tivity can be related to use of kilometer water network, a by the three Brazilian satel-
the resources or trapping of 20,000-kilometer waste- lites, he informed, are main-
the resources available. water network in a 1,600 ly used to control deforesta-
"Whether it's the actual square kilometer urban area. tion and burnings and to
vegetation, the soils or the Edinfor, a Logica CMG com- help orient agricultural pro-
nutrients in the soil." A total pany, implemented the proj- duction by providing data on
of 33 properties have been ect. Since the implementa- harvests. They are also used
involved under a research tion of the SIGNOS system, a in urban planning and ocean
partnership funded by Meat number of benefits have control. According to Gau-
AUSTRALIA and Livestock Australia and been realized. Calculation denzi, Brazil may have its
the respective state and terri- time and data analysis time geostationary satellite by
VegMachine gives tory governments. have been decreased. Auto- 2012. He explained that, in
farmers in Australia an www.au.news.yahoo.com mated thematic maps, which spite of the high cost, pos-
eye in the sky can identify features like sessing the technological is a
Landholders across the water pipelines, are also strategic matter for the
northern rangelands of Aus- BRAZIL being generated, defined and country.
tralia can now use satellite executed monthly by system www.internacional.radiobras.gov.br
individual disciplines, ensure ing tool that is used to create weather updates to Rwanda
data collected under the IPY a more realistic environ- television for its viewers, dis-
are made available in an ment. The final deliverable closed Florent Lasry, an SOUTH AFRICA
open and timely manner and will be available to the expert at NUR's CGIS. Lasry
intensify the recovery of rel- public via the Internet said that the Meteosat's sec- 2005 population
evant historical data and (www.cybercity.tv) in Octo- ond generation is a satellite estimates for South
ensure these also are made ber 2006. Applications system that captures images Africa now available
openly available. include tourism, safety, secu- from all over Africa and are SAtoZ, which aims to provide
www.esa.int rity, architecture and urban received at the CGIS center at the marketing and research
city planning and car Butare by powerful and ultra communities with regular
navigation. The deliverable capacity computers. He updates of relevant and
GERMANY also includes a Digital explained that images sent accurate information, has
Terrain Model (DTM) and a by the MSG satellite can then released its first dataset for
CyberCity digital Orthophoto. LGV and be used to monitor meteoro- 2006 - an update of the 2001
offers 3D city CyberCity will co-market the logical changes like tempera- Census population estimates
model of Hamburg 3D data. LGV will distribute ture, rainfall, wind, water for the country, generated at
commercially the data within the munici- resource management, soil various spatial levels, includ-
A collaborative agreement pal agencies and organiza- erosion management, lake ing enumeration areas,
has been signed between the tions and CyberCity will and river level monitoring, municipalities and
market exclusively to all agriculture and crop man- provinces. The data is also
other interested parties. agement, in addition to mon- available in tabular format.
Additional applications/cus- itoring fire in game parks The 2005 estimates at an
tomers for Hamburg's 3D and forests. enumeration area level con-
City Model include mission "Meteosat satellite records tain statistics on the type of
and safety planning for fire images automatically in area (e.g. farm, smallholding,
and police departments, every after 15 minutes, some- formal urban, tribal), admin-
J U LY 2 0 0 6 G I S D E V E L O P M E N T : A S I A PA C I F I C 17
a mile from Stonehenge. This Lord Sainsbury also signed a obtained from space. The demonstrate the direction
was where military balloon- Memorandum of Under- images show temperature and flow of potential and
ing and then fixed wing avi- standing with a member of increases and increased pol- actual sewer flooding. Lidar
ation developed, prior to the the Algerian space sciences lution for every region in the height data has a vertical
formation of the Royal Flying delegation, promising co- UK." The images show the accuracy of +/- 15cm, offering
Corps in 1912. Six years later, operation between the stark differences in land surveyors and planners valu-
the RAF was formed. British National Space Centre temperatures and nitrogen able information which is
The exhibition, entitled and its Algerian counterpart. dioxide between 15 and 18 likely to reduce the need for
"100 Years of Discovery" is Britain and Algeria are July when most of the UK initial ground surveys. Lidar
from August 1 to 7 and tells already co-operating in a experienced heatwave con- height data also shows the
the story of those first photo- satellite-based Remote Sens- ditions. Researchers at the topography of the land. This,
graphs. The 1906 photos ing project. University of Leicester, who together with detailed
demonstrated the clarity www.bsn.org.uk released the images, said the knowledge of underground
with which even slight data could offer some insight assets, allows Northumbrian
earthworks could be picked Satellite images show into the future. “These Water to create hydraulic
out from above and more sharp rise in UK’s extremes of temperature and models of its underground
easily understood. Dave temperatures and air of pollution are likely to networks to determine how
Batchelor, chief Stonehenge pollution levels occur periodically through- they react during rainstorm
archaeologist at English Her- Sensors in space have record- out this summer as the pre- events. Overland flow path
itage, said: "Aerial photogra- ed the dramatic increases in vailing heatwave conditions are also calculated to deter-
phy is most useful in helping land temperatures and air maintain themselves," Earth mine the route of any flood-
us understand the human pollution as the UK swelters Observation Science's Dr ing caused by overloaded
use and development of the Gary Corlett said. “Moreover, sewers.
landscape around Stone- current climate change pre- www.infoterra.co.uk
information crucial to gov- zones where human activi- and provides feedback from
ernment operations. ties such as shipping, fishing, early adopters of LBS. In Jack Dangermond
MDA's RADARSAT-2 mis- recreation and scientific addition, the study assesses honoured with honorary
sion, the follow-on mission research are restricted to consumer opinions regard- doctorate
to RADARSAT-1, will provide varying degrees. To achieve ing location-based advertis- ESRI founder and President
a broader suite of higher-res- worldwide views of the ing and the potential impact Jack Dangermond received
olution data products once small and widely scattered of location-based services on an honorary doctorate from
operational next year, which reefs, the Millennium Project privacy. The 2006 LBS, Loma Linda University (LLU)
are expected to provide addi- team analyzed nearly 1700 Telematics and Navigation Adventist Health Sciences
tional value in addressing images taken by the Landsat Systems Study assesses con- Center during the Universi-
the monitoring and surveil- 7 spacecraft over four years. sumer intent to purchase
lance needs of government Computer processing of installed, portable or cell
and commercial customers these data resulted in the phone based navigation sys-
around the world. coral reef inventory and tems and services, as well as
www.mdacorporation.com maps that revealed detailed awareness and preference by
information about the struc- brand. It also evaluates con-
Global coral reef ture of individual reefs. sumer interest and willing-
assessment built www.nasa.gov ness to pay for traffic infor-
on NASA images mation services and other
A survey of how well the Market research study telematic services. The study
world's coral reefs are being on LBS, telematics and covers interest of cellular ty's School of Public Health
protected was made possible navigation systems subscribers in a wide range (SPH) commencement cere-
by a unique collection of released of location-based services. mony in Loma Linda, Califor-
NASA views from space. A C.J. Driscoll & Associates has www.cjdriscoll.com nia. The highest academic
team of international released a nationally pro- honour awarded by the uni-
researchers using NASA jectable marketing research Tracking progress of versity, the honorary Doctor
satellite images compiled an study on consumer interest wildfires with help of of Humane Letters recog-
updated inventory of all in a wide range of GPS-based maps now possible nizes outstanding contribu-
"marine protected areas" applications and wireless The joint effort of NASA, the tions to the welfare and
containing coral reefs and services. This study was par- U.S. Forest Service, the Uni- enrichment of others. Since
compared it with the most tially funded by eleven com- versity of Maryland and the founding ESRI in 1969, Dan-
detailed and comprehensive panies, including leading National Interagency Fire germond has worked to cre-
satellite inventory of coral digital mapping companies, Center has made it possible ate GIS software that links
reefs. The global satellite cellular carriers, automotive to track the progress of wild- geographic information with
mapping effort is called the manufacturers, GPS naviga- fires in the USS with maps descriptive data as a means
Millennium Coral Reef Map- tion system suppliers, and updated several times a day toward achieving cutting-
ping Project and was funded suppliers of LBS applications and posted online for public. edge analysis and insight in
by NASA. The study was and technology. MODIS (Moderate Resolution a wide range of disciplines,
reported on recently in the The study assesses interest Imaging Spectroradiometer) including health fields.
journal Science. The assess- and willingness to pay imaging devices mounted on www.esri.com
announced the latest version image stores, and custom connecting major business
of its geospatial iSMART data sources, for display, streets with residential Spatial Network
product suite, iSMART 5.1. analysis and editing, and roads. NAVTEQ has also Solutions releas-
iSMART 5.1 provides new fea- provides iSMART's "out of made a commitment to pro- es NuMap 2.0
tures including advanced the box" powerful end user vide expanded coverage to NuMap 2.0 is now available
metadata management, fur- tools for data management, support navigation needs and features a MultiSpeak
ther Oracle integration, and visualisation (GeoPortal), during FIFA World Cup to be v3.0 interface to Milsoft's
increased use of Web 2.0 and Editing to Oracle held in South Africa in 2010, WindMil engineering analy-
technologies such as AJAX Mapviewer. It also increases enabling navigation sis product, plus a config-
and the enhancement of the the range of data types that between venues and provid- urable numbering module
iSMART GeoPortal and devel- may be viewed using ing detailed destination used to generate custom
opment environment to iSMART tools and custom information. facility ID/location numbers
match emerging web map- applications (including 10g www.navteq.com Spatial Network Solutions'
ping interface standards GeoRaster GRID, and Net- NuMap brings AutoCAD's
from companies such as work Data). Avenza announces drafting tools and engineer-
Google and Microsoft. www.espatial.com MAPublisher 7.0 for ing accuracy to the small and
A key updated feature in Adobe Illustrator mid sized utility mapping
iSMART 5.1 is the treatment NAVTEQ releases Avenza Systems Inc., produc- space. NuMap is an automat-
of Metadata: iSMART 5.1 can full coverage map ers of MAPublisher carto- ed mapping and facilities
easily Configure, Enter, View of South Africa graphic software for Adobe management system built
and Search metadata; this NAVTEQ has announced a Illustrator and Geographic on the 2007 releases of Auto-
capability enables iSMART full coverage map for South Imager spatial tools for CAD and Autodesk Map 3D.
users to easily find useful Africa. Included in the data Adobe Photoshop announced This product provides a utili-
spatial data sets and add set is over 450,000 km of the release of MAPublisher ty context and excellent
them into maps for viewing, roads, enabling customers 7.0 for Adobe Illustrator. mapping tools on this plat-
editing, and analysing across using the NAVTEQ digital MAPublisher 7.0 is the latest form. Functionality includes:
an organisation or the inter- map for South Africa to cre- version of the mapmaking electric network connectivity
net. This is also an essential ate navigation solutions for software used to produce management, data integrity
capability for Spatial Data the entire country. The map maps from GIS data. Devel- verification, context sensi-
Infrastructures (SDI) and includes over 25,000 points oped as a suite of plug-ins for tive data entry and domain
complies with industry of interest including high Adobe Illustrator, MAPub- specific queries. NuMap is
metadata standards such as value listings such as lisher leverages the superior the replacement for GenMap
ISO 19115 and ISO 15836 approximately 3,900 restau- graphics capabilities of this and was created for mapping
("Dublin Core") rants and 2,100 hotels. Cus- graphics design software. professionals, utility design-
driver's seat," said Valeno of a dual carriageway the mobile handset users.
Valentino, CEO of Adeso cameras are monitoring….” Searching for local business- MWH Soft ships
Technologies. "They can see Reinelt added that road sta- es returns integrated results urban hydrologic
where they want to go tistics show speed cameras featuring location and con- modeling textbook
and buy their tickets in one encourage European drivers tact information to the MWH Soft, a provider of
click." to moderate their speed. “In phone. Google Maps can environmental and water
The average time to buy the opinion of the regulatory deliver draggable, zoomable resources applications soft-
tickets with VisualBoxOffice authorities, providing this maps to those phones, and ware, has announced the
is approximately 45-60 sec- information is a positive con- provide satellite imagery of a release of ‘Comprehensive
onds. VBO also allows con- tribution to making the location. Users who need Urban Hydrologic Modeling
sumers to easily compare roads safer.” The new service walking or driving directions Handbook for Engineers and
prices and seats; and to see is available today to applica- can retrieve those with step- Planners’ – a resource for
the view from certain sec- tion developers, with the by-step instructions from anyone involved in the
tions on selected maps. first consumer products Google Maps for Mobile as design, operation, protection,
www.adesotech.com expected this summer. Addi- well. The company disclosed and management of urban
Surveying has been traditionally defined as the science and art of determining the
relative positions of points
Dr. Satyaprakash
infrastructure, in terms of railroads, canals and roads. This led to
the development of more sophisticated instruments and this
B AC K S I G HT was the time when science of Geodetic and Plane surveying was
Humans have pondered over the ‘shape of the earth’ for developed.
more than a millenia. This led to some systematic processes Today, surveying has become a part of our lives and irrespec-
and measurements which were later baptized as ‘Geodetic tive of whether we realize it or not, it is affecting our daily lives.
Surveying’. Whether it is the development or realignment of our neighbour-
Surveying has been traditionally defined as the science and art hood road, development of a new shopping mall in the vicinity,
of determining the relative positions of points above, on, or the development of a new amusement park, the laying down of
beneath the surface of the earth, or establishing such points. the optical fibre cables for more telecommunication lines or the
The purpose of which is to research the form and size of the development of a new line for metro rail in our neighbourhood,
earth and the geometrical shape and spatial position of the without surveying, all these would not have been possible.
objects on the surface of the ground. Some of the common surveying applications have been,
In other words, it is the science to collect, analyze, integrate, • to map the earth above and below the sea,
manage and apply the geographical data about above and • prepare navigational maps (land, air, sea),
under the ground surface or in the water with features of spatial • establish boundaries of public and private lands,
contribution with all kinds of appropriate approaches and • develop data bases for natural resource management,
instruments, which aims to make the natural appearances • development of engineering data for
known to the people. - bridge construction,
Historically, it was as early as 1400BC that the Egyptians first
- roads,
used surveying to accurately divide land into plots for the pur-
- buildings and
pose of taxation and sometime in 120BC the Greeks developed
- land development etc.
the science of geometry and used it for precise land division and
also standardized the procedures for conducting surveys. They The methods of surveying can be classified under major two
were also the first to develop an instrument (Diopter) for con- headings, viz., Geodetic and Plane. Geodetic is one where the
ducting surveys. spherical shape of the earth is taken into account and it covers
However, in 1800AD, during the industrial revolution, survey- large areas and has high accuracy. Plane surveying is concen-
ing became an important aspect for development of public trated into smaller areas where accuracy requirement is not
• Construction, Urban Planning or The questionnaires were analysed on the lore, Hyderabad or Chennai. There were
Engineering surveys basis of the location of the surveying only 14% response from the western part
• Mine surveys company vis-à-vis the geographic area and almost similar response of approxi-
they carter to, their annual turnover as a mately 22% from East and North. There
Surveying can also be classified depend- percentage to their total business. The was only one response from the NE
ing upon the instruments used, the type kind of instruments being used by these region, catering to almost all the eight NE
of measurement and depending upon the companies were also studied and also states.
platform, from where surveying is done. from where they are purchased. One The different activities, companies are
important motive of this survey was to engaged in, could be listed as,
S TAKE O UT assess whether GPS was being used in • Topographic survey
With development taking place in the land surveying or not, and if yes, its pene- • Cadastral survey
field of surveying world over and also in tration. The Return on Investment for the • Utility survey
India, we thought of conducting a study surveying projects was also studied. All • Engineering survey
through questionnaire survey, to study these were in addition to the different • Natural Resource Management (NRM)
the present status of land surveying in kinds of surveying, the companies are • Urban Mapping
India. A questionnaire was designed engaged in.
where it was decided to study the differ-
ent activities of companies engaged in
the surveying field, their geographical
reach, core land surveying companies vis-
70
à-vis GIS companies where surveying is
60
an associated task. The study was also
50
intended to look into the different instru-
40
ments being used and their feedback in- 30
terms of usability, user-friendliness, 20
availability in their region, after-sales 10
service and overall satisfaction level. The 0
Topographic (65%)
Cadastral (43%)
Utility (57%)
Engineering (29%)
NRM (14%)
Urban (35%)
Topcon Leica
Theodolite ( 21%)
Nikon
Trimble
Fig. 2 Usage of instruments for surveying tasks Fig. 3 Distribution of make of surveying instruments (except GPS)
The percentages of these activities is very specialized one, it has been profit and the rest between a profit mar-
could be shown by Figure 1. ordered/ imported directly from the man- gin of 30-50%.
The instruments being used by differ- ufacturer. Also all the companies prefer to
ent companies for conducting the above obtain the instruments locally through P OLE -B
survey are, their local vendors because of their sup- This section of the survey was the tricki-
• Plane Table port and service, but how much do they est one where it was intended to get an
• Auto Level get, is a concern. More on this is in the idea about the satisfaction level in the
• Theodolite next section. usage of instrument being used by differ-
• Total Station The use of GPS has really penetrated the ent companies and also the satisfaction
• GPS and DGPS land surveying arena, although 37% of level with the local vendors. Since almost
the respondents still use hand-held GPS all of the companies preferred to pur-
The distribution of these instruments in and mapping type, Geodetic type and chase the instrument from the local ven-
percentage is shown in Figure 2. DGPS are almost equally distributed. dors, due to their availability for support
It could be seen from Figure 2, that most Another important aspect is that 80% of and service, it was to be seen, how much
of the companies (more than 90%) have these companies, own the GPS they use they satisfy their customers.
started using GPS and/ or DGPS for their and even some of them rent it out. There The main make of instruments being
survey work. For conventional surveying, are only 20% such surveying companies, used were Leica and Trimble, with some
still Total Station is a preferred choice who rent the GPS instruments. Although of them preferring Topcon, Sokkia
with 65% users opting for this and 35% most of them own the GPS instrument, and Nikon instruments. As per the
uses Auto Level. Other instruments are but for specialized jobs, they hire. Anoth- respondents, 33% are using Leica survey-
used almost uniformly. However, there er important conclusion arrived at was ing products, 22% are using Trimble
have been few companies who have the use of post-processing software for instruments and 17% each are using
started using Laser Range Finders and better accuracy. Almost 85% of the com- Nikon and Topcon. In this section, the sur-
also laser based levels, but the most panies using GPS survey, use some or the prise to me was the Sokkia surveying
important fact emerged was, a couple of other GPS post-processing software. products which only 11% of respondents
companies have started LIDAR surveying However, all are system specific, the most use. Surveying market share could be
as one of their important activities, viz., common being Leica Ski-Pro. shown in Figure 3.
Genesys International of Bangalore and Although, no company gives an esti- In the GPS section, Leica was the leader
Geofiny Technologies of Chennai. mate of their earnings, still we tried to with 45% of the respondents using their
In almost all the cases, the instruments look at their Return on Investment (ROI). products, followed by Garmin with
have been obtained through the local It was found that the ROI for most of 35% and Trimble with the rest of 20%.
vendors and in exceptional cases, when it them (about 85%), in the range of 10-30% Trimble might have lagged Garmin in
Garmin 5
Leica 4
1
Satisfaction
Trimble 0 Service
Leica
Trimble
Sokkia
Topcon
Nikon
Support
Fig. 4 Market share of GPS instruments Fig. 5 Make of the instruments vis-à-vis satisfaction level
the GPS section, because most of the com- The instrument satisfaction level for staff and good training institutes. From
panies are using hand-held instruments. almost all make is the same but it is the the use of GPS point of view, the com-
But if we compare Leica and Trimble, service and support of the local vendors patability with Galileo and the prohibi-
there is a wide gap of 25% in the market which decide companies to purchase tive import duty was few of the concerns
share. GPS market share could be shown which brand of the instrument. of the respondents.
in Figure 4. The satisfaction level for the GPS of both There have been few responses, which I
In the instrument satisfaction level Trimble and Leica are the same at 7.5 would like to quote verbatim:
(ease of use and navigation) a scale of 10 points but in service and support again, “Surveying is the foundation of any infrastruc-
was used with 1 being the least satisfied Leica has scored 8 and 7.75 over Trimble's ture project so accuracy & integrity is the most
important factor in surveying. There should be
and 10, the most. In this part, Topcon score of 5 in both service and support. The
some registration on national level to this
scored the highest with 7.3 points while satisfaction level of Garmin in this sec- industry.”
Trimble and Leica were neck to neck with tion of the product is much below. - Sunil Kokare, Director of Monarch Surveys
and Contractors Ltd., Pune.
6.75 and 6.5, followed by Nikon with 5
points. However, in the service and sup- F O R E S I G HT “Its time we had a national grid of GPS
port category, Leica scored 6.7 and 6.5 This is one of its kinds of study for the differential stations available for common use
at no cost.”
respectively whereas others scored in the Indian market and users. An attempt was
- Col J Jacob VSM (Retd.) of Genesys
range of 2-3 points, in both the categories, made through the present study to get an International, Bangalore.
where a lot to be desired form the local idea about the different applications, the
vendors of these companies. Dr Sharma companies are engaged into and the dif- “Import duty continues to be high. Some of the
vendors do not have trained staff for aftersales
from EnGeo consultancy says, that the ferent instruments being used by them. support. Lack of awareness does not allow us
Leica has a very modern service centre Attempt was also made towards study- to go for it. None of the vendors has taken
initiative to provide free training with the
and their service is prompt (considering ing the market share of the different ven-
instruments to non-users.”
the fact that his company is in the NE) dors, the satisfaction level of the instru- - Dinesh Sharma, Topcon Surveying, Faridabad.
and the support is good. Sunil Kokare of ments and service and support of the
Monarch Surveyors, Pune has very bad local vendors. Although the response of I thank all those who took part in the
experience with the local Trimble vendor the companies was overwhelming, detail survey and provided their valuable
and has rated them as poor in both serv- survey is needed to come to a definite inputs for the article.
ice and support and has even rated Nikon conclusion.
local vendor to be very poor in terms of Most of the respondents have voiced Dr. Satyaprakash
GIS Development
service and support. Comparison of the their opinion of better service and sup-
satya@gisdevelopment.net
instrument satisfaction and service sup- port from the local vendors. Another
port are shown Figure 5. aspect highlighted was the lack of trained
This study proposes a cost effective GPS Leveling (GPSL) methods based on
multi-reference kinematic GPS and precise geoid model for typical surveying
application.
S
methods and technique. To achieve cm height accuracy,
surveyors have been examined alternative methods
instead of static GPS surveying methods with long session
duration and professionally processing and analyzing of the
collected data for long years. As the result of the develop-
ince 1980s GPS have been used for ment in fast static, stop and go, kinematic and other survey-
the purposes of studying and mon- ing methods, GPS receivers, IGS and other regional and local
itoring the earth, locally, regional- permanent GPS networks, it can be seen that it is possible to
ly or as a whole; exploring its unknown aspects, engi- obtain desired accuracy in very short time interval by using
neering studies, and many areas of our daily lives. single GPS receiver [5,10,14,17,18,19,24].
To the extent that, many countries throughout the world
Studies aiming to make this system a multipurpose global mon- can make use of active RTK networks that have been devel-
itoring system that can be used easily are made for collection oped in recent years for this purpose and resolve the vertical
and processing of GPS data in conformance to certain standards, positioning problem very economically, cheaply and practi-
and for delivering such data groups to users in several commu- cally by means of multi-reference RTK approach [6,9,19,27].
nication technologies with different methods. GPS derived ellipsoidal heights have geometric meanings in
In determination of orthometric heights with GPS, the accura- practical engineering survey, geophysics and in other appli-
cy of vertical positioning changes depending on the application cations, and they bear no physical meanings. However, in
type and quality of the project. The efforts and the attempts for many surveying and engineering applications, orthometric
using the system practically and rentable especially engineer- heights are required. To have ellipsoidal heights converted
ing aimed geodetic application have been increased for the last into orthometric heights, precise geoid heights are required.
decades [1,2,12,13]. It is known that the surveyor especially to The most effective technique used in practice particularly
Standard deviation of first Standard deviation of second Differences between first and
campaign campaign second campaign
Reference Max. Min. Mean. Max. Min. Mean. Max. Min. RMS.
TUBI 50.8 15.6 30.1 44.5 21.1 30.0 45.2 -61.7 37.4
ISTA 38.3 15.7 26.4 31.8 12.6 23.1 59.1 -54.2 22.7
ISTA+TUBI 38.8 10.0 24.8 19.5 7.6 13.5 46.2 -41.8 21.4
34082+TUBI 31.0 8.0 19.8 17.5 6.5 11.8 51.1 -47.8 15.0
34082 24.7 9.5 16.0 26.9 13.8 19.7 26.5 -29.2 11.3
34082+ISTA 17.5 3.8 10.6 22.2 9.8 15.8 24.9 -38.1 12.6
ISTA+TUBI+34082 12.8 4.6 7.9 13.1 6.0 9.9 24.9 -20.9 10.1
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VECTORIZATION OF
CONTOURS
From Scanned
Topographical Maps
The paper proposes to develop an automated scheme for the extraction and
vectorization of contour lines from a scanned topographic map.
are in the form of raster image and only when compared to vector data since it is RASTE R I MAG E
in the final step DXF file (vector format) is the direct output of satellite imagery, aer- PR E-PROCESSI NG PHASE
generated. ial photographs, scanned topographical Pre processing phase steps are
maps, etc. • Getting user input to identify the data
layer required to be extracted (in our case
ALGOR ITH M FOR However for most applications such as
it is Contour Elevation). The data identifi-
VECTOR I ZATION PROCESS terrain modeling, network analysis, etc., cation is to be resolved by colour (since all
The following are the main features pro- vector representation of data is essential. contours on a given map have a unique
posed algorithm Raster data can be converted in to vector colour). It is proposed to employ some
kind of THRESHOLDING technique to
• Data identification and extraction based format. Acquisition of geospatial data finally extract the required data.
on colour (through user input).
and its conversion in the vector format is • GRAYSCALING of image to convert it to
• Raster pre-processing using proven and quite expensive. a BINARY Image or to one with 255 col-
relevant Imaging techniques.
Maps being economical, readily avail- ors on gray scale.
• Resolving the character recognition
able and easy to interpret and vectoriza- • FILTERING of spurious data and noise
problem by prompting user to select the
tion can be done. The following points are pixels by segmentation or Hough Trans-
colour of the characters and subsequent-
formation techniques.
ly erasing those pixels. very important while digitizing a topo-
• SKELETONIZATION (Thinning) and
• Interpolation between loose ends of the graphical map. EDGE DETECTION of the object bound-
contour trace. • Clearly defined data that is required to aries by various std. imaging algorithms
• Saving the elevation data at all contour be extracted from the map.
lines. • Scale of the topographical map. RASTE R TO VECTOR
• Prompt for user input wherever the logic • Scanner resolution and settings. CONVE RSION FROM
is unable to resolve the trace.
• Error detection during digitization. CONTOU R MAPS
• Error detection and correction.
• Minimization and elimination of any data The contour Raster to Vector conversion
The methodology used in the proposed discrepancies during digitization. process consists of two phases' 2D con-
algorithm for the Vectorization process is
shown in fig 4.
Contour lines are the most problem is treated from a unified point of
view, leading to the creation of software
complex amongst all features that is generic and is capable of extract-
ing contours from arrange of cartograph-
found on a topographical sheet ic raster maps..
up on the slope of the terrain Data validation has been done for two
scanned colour images as shown in fig 5
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Perspective
government officials begin to take action in urban construc-
tions. Currently, GPS/GIS/RS technology is widely used in these
areas. Therefore, the effective use of technology is directly
related to urban management and specific figures of urban
construction. In the governance field, with the rapid develop-
ment of computer technology and the deepening of GIS appli-
cations, urban management is utilizing GIS technology to deal
Governance system, which means every 10,000 square meters is a unit. The
city officials integrate mobile communications networks and
urban GIS. Currently, the system has been completed and put
into use, which offers new solutions for urban management. At
the same time, the GIS is playing an important role in humani-
ties, economics and even in emergency management.
O TH E R TE C H N O LO GY I N G OVE R NAN C E O F C H I NA
In addition to these technologies, Chinese government also
Yang Fengchun, Zhou Zhenlin
uses other technological governance, such as Internet, Mobile
Networks, City Wireless Networks, and Broadcast Network.
G
In Beijing, Vehicles Positioning System is making use of GPS,
while city management and tourism, and other large urban
areas are using GIS. Remote sensing is applied in the digital
city's model buildings. At the same time, Data transmission is
overnance refers to the act, process, using the Internet, mobile nets, city wireless networks, and
or power of governing. Effective gov- even broadcast networks.
ernance helps to strengthen the public security and Particularly, with rapid economic development, urban trans-
social cohesion, promotes economic prosperity, and portation problems are becoming more and more serious. In
even assists to shorten the gap between the poor and order to solve this problem, the government had continued to
the rich. broaden the road, and increased urban public transportation
facilities, which have no obvious effects. Now, Beijing govern-
Effective governance is the most important task for the Chi- ment has started to develop ITS (Intelligent Transportation Sys-
nese government to do, because our state is a developing coun- tems). Now the growing urban traffic conditions has been
try with a huge population and confront some problems such improved. In China, most cities have started to use mobile net-
as income disparities and the gap between urban and rural works and RFID technology to take care of street lamps and
areas. In this situation, it is necessary to lay greater emphasis covers (such as covers of urban sewage pipelines and commu-
on e-governance in China. nications cable channels). In Beijing, the mobile Government
Lab has been built, in
E -G OVE R NAN C E BAS E D O N G IS which experts in
Yang Fengchun
Urban informationization is a long-term, comprehensive mobile technology Dean, Associate Professor;
process. China's Ministry of Construction has announced "The have done a lot of Academy of e-Government;
Peking University
Digital Project of Urban Planning, Construction, Management research in e-gover- fchyang@263.net
and Services" (short for Digital City Project) as a major scientific nance and some
and technological project. Among the 668 large and medium related fields. These
cities, and 30,000 small towns in China, nearly 40 cities have research studies Zhou Zhenlin
Researcher,
started Digital City Project. "Digital Beijing", "Digital Haidian", offer valuable Academy of e-Government;
"Digital Shenzhen", "Digital Guangzhou" and other terms with advices for the gov- Peking University
Comparing
e-Government Vs.
e-Governance
e-Governance is a broader topic that deals with the whole spectrum of the relationship
and networks within government regarding the usage and application of ICTs.
e
William Sheridan, Thomas B. Riley
this coordination has proven to be prob- are all shared jurisdictions - but the pub-
lematic. Information sharing, knowledge lic wants workable answers rather than Thomas B. Riley
sharing, and jurisdictional cooperation excuses for persisting problems. Howev- Executive Director,
Commonwealth Centre for e-Governance
(horizontality), are the means to achieve er, this desire by the public for efficacious Canada
e-governance. The previous arrangement solutions does not alter the fact that RTriley6@cs.com
WWW.BENTLEY.COM
Base Map Management Program Moscow State Urban Cadastre The National Registry of Territorial
City of Calgary, Canada Moscow Urban Cadastre Service (ITC MKA, Ordering Norms/Laws (RENOT)
Spatial information management initiative to GlavAPU), Russia Programa de Administración de Tierras de Honduras,
establish and leverage base mapping information Implementation of a shareable cadastre to help Honduras
systems by city government decision-making processes for growth planning Comprehensive system designed to facilitate
the administration and publication rights related to
real estate
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