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Sensing
1
Principles of Microwave Remote Sensing
Radar Image
ERS-1
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Principles of Microwave Remote Sensing
Introduction
Analyzing the information collected by the sensors that
operate in the microwave portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum is called as Microwave Remote Sensing.
1mm to 1m
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Principles of Microwave Remote Sensing
EM Spectrum
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Principles of Microwave Remote Sensing
Imaging Radar system
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Principles of Microwave Remote Sensing
Definitions
Depression Angle (β) (γ)
angle between vertical antenna
to the ground and transmitted
ray to the point of incidence.
Look Angle (φ)(elevation
angle)
angle between vertical of the
antenna to the ground
transmitted ray at the point of
incidence.
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Principles of Microwave Remote Sensing
Incidence Angle (θ)
angle between radar line of sight and local vertical
with respect to the geoid. It is a major factor
influencing the radar backscatter.
Azimuth Angle
angle between the azimuth direction, which is
parallel to the flight line, and the range direction,
which is perpendicular to the flight line or across
track
o
direction. In most cases azimuth angle is
90 .
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Principles of Microwave Remote Sensing
Slant range resolution
(2)
SRr = PL / 2 = c x τ / 2
SRr = slant range resolution
(1) PL = c x τ
c = speed of light
τ = pulse duration
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Slant range resolution
Azimuth resolution
Principles of Microwave Remote Sensing
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Azimuth Resolution (Ra)
Ra = 0.7 Sλ/D
where
S = slant range
λ = wavelength
D = antenna length
S=8 km
λ=0.86 cm
D= 490 cm
Ra=9.8 m
20 m
S=20 km
Ra=24.6 m
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Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
WALL
Layover-foreshortening-shadow
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Speckle noise & interference
Speckle is the random noise in Radar images due
to interference phenomenon.
distance
Before After
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RADAR RETURN AND IMAGE SIGNATURES
b) Terrain properties
i) Dielectric constant
ii) Surface roughness
iii) Feature orientation
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Radar Wavelength / Frequency
Standard bandwidths used and their letter codes are -
Band code Wavelength (λ) in cm Frequency(ν) GHz
Ka 0.8 – 1.1 40 – 26.5
K 1.1 – 1.7 26.5 – 18.0
X 2.4 – 3.8 12.5 – 8.0
C 3.8 – 7.5 8.0 – 4.0
S 7.5 – 15.0 4.0 – 2.0
L 15.0 – 30.0 2.0 – 1.0
P 30.0 – 100.0 1.0 – 0.3
VV
HH
VH
HV
HH polarization
HV polarization
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Polarised images
SLAR system
California
Scale 1:75,000
K band (3.2cm)
HH polarization
HV polarization
Principles of Microwave Remote Sensing
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Incidence angle
Incidence angle is defined as the angle between
the radar beam and a perpendicular to the
surface. For flat terrain incidence angle is same
as the look angle.
Rough surfaces produce relatively uniform
radar return irrespective of the incidence angle.
Smooth surfaces give a stronger return at very
high depression angles (near vertical) but little
or no return occurs at lower depression angles.
Date 1
Date 2
Date 3
z Radarsat capable
of viewing same
location from
different positions
z Gives classic
stereo capability
Flood damage