1

aky
a

Some gas is contained in a cylinder by means of a moveable piston, as illustrated in Fig. 5.1.

gas

Sh

moveable
piston

nd
ra

cylinder
Fig. 5.1

ha

State how, for this mass of gas, the following changes may be achieved.

aji
tC

(a) increase its gravitational potential energy

......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) decrease its internal energy

yS

..........................................................................................................................................

db

......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) increase its elastic potential energy

rra
ng
e

..........................................................................................................................................

mp

ile

da
nd

rea

......................................................................................................................................[1]

Co

9702/2 M/J02

For
Examiners
Use

(a) Explain what is meant by the internal energy of a substance.

aky
a

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

Sh

(b) State and explain, in molecular terms, whether the internal energy of the following
increases, decreases or does not change.
a lump of iron as it is cooled

nd
ra

(i)

...................................................................................................................................

ha

...................................................................................................................................

aji
tC

...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(ii)

some water as it evaporates at constant temperature

yS

...................................................................................................................................

db

...................................................................................................................................

rra
ng
e

...................................................................................................................................

Co

mp

ile

da
nd

rea

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

UCLES 2006

9702/02/M/J/06

For
Examiners
Use

aky
a

A shopping trolley and its contents have a total mass of 42 kg. The trolley is being pushed
along a horizontal surface at a speed of 1.2 m s1. When the trolley is released, it travels a
distance of 1.9 m before coming to rest.
(a) Assuming that the total force opposing the motion of the trolley is constant,
calculate the deceleration of the trolley,

ha

nd
ra

Sh

(i)

show that the total force opposing the motion of the trolley is 16 N.

rra
ng
e

db

yS

(ii)

aji
tC

deceleration = ........................................... m s2 [2]

[1]

mp

ile

da
nd

rea

(b) Using the answer in (a)(ii), calculate the power required to overcome the total force
opposing the motion of the trolley at a speed of 1.2 m s1.

power = ........................................... W [2]

Co

UCLES 2008

9702/02/M/J/08

For
Examiners
Use

aky
a

(c) The trolley now moves down a straight slope that is inclined at an angle of 2.8 to the
horizontal, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

Sh

2.8
Fig. 3.1

nd
ra

The constant force that opposes the motion of the trolley is 16 N.

Calculate, for the trolley moving down the slope,

the component down the slope of the trolleys weight,

db

yS

aji
tC

ha

(i)

component of weight = ........................................... N [2]

rra
ng
e

the time for the trolley to travel from rest a distance of 3.5 m along the length of the
slope.

da
nd

rea

(ii)

time = ............................................ s [4]

ile

(d) Use your answer to (c)(ii) to explain why, for safety reasons, the slope is not made any
steeper.

mp

..........................................................................................................................................

Co

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

UCLES 2008

9702/02/M/J/08

For
Examiners
Use

(a) Explain the concept of work.

aky
a

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

nd
ra

Sh

(b) A table tennis ball falls vertically through air. Fig. 8.1 shows the variation of the kinetic
energy EK of the ball with distance h fallen. The ball reaches the ground after falling
through a distance h0.

aji
tC

ha

energy

rra
ng
e

db

yS

EK

h0

Fig. 8.1

Describe the motion of the ball.

rea

(i)

...................................................................................................................................

da
nd

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

mp

ile

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

(ii) On Fig. 8.1, draw a line to show the variation with h of the gravitational potential
[3]
energy EP of the ball. At h = h0, the potential energy is zero.

Co

UCLES 2005

9702/02/O/N/05

For
Examiners
Use

(i)

aky
a

(a) Define what is meant by

work done,

...................................................................................................................................

Sh

...................................................................................................................................

(ii)

nd
ra

.............................................................................................................................. [2]
power.

ha

...................................................................................................................................

aji
tC

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A force F is acting on a body that is moving with velocity v in the direction of the force.

rea

rra
ng
e

db

yS

Derive an expression relating the power P dissipated by the force to F and v.

[2]

(c) A car of mass 1900 kg accelerates from rest to a speed of 27 m s1 in 8.1 s.

da
nd

Calculate the average rate at which kinetic energy is supplied to the car during the
acceleration.

mp

ile

(i)

Co

For
Examiners
Use

rate = . W [2]
UCLES 2006

9702/02/O/N/06

(ii)

The car engine provides power at a constant rate. Suggest and explain why the
acceleration of the car is not constant.

aky
a

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Co

mp

ile

da
nd

rea

rra
ng
e

db

yS

aji
tC

ha

nd
ra

Sh

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

UCLES 2006

9702/02/O/N/06

For
Examiners
Use

(a) (i)

Define potential energy.

aky
a

..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii)

Distinguish between gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy.

Sh

gravitational potential energy ...................................................................................

nd
ra

..................................................................................................................................
elastic potential energy ............................................................................................

ha

............................................................................................................................. [2]

aji
tC

(b) A small sphere of mass 51 g is suspended by a light inextensible string from a fixed
point P.
The centre of the sphere is 61 cm vertically below point P, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

db

18

rra
ng
e

61 cm

yS

sphere,
mass 51g

Fig. 3.1

the gain in gravitational potential energy of the sphere,

Co

mp

ile

da
nd

(i)

rea

The sphere is moved to one side, keeping the string taut, so that the string makes
an angle of 18 with the vertical. Calculate

UCLES 2007

gain = .. J [2]

9702/02/O/N/07

For
Examiners
Use

the moment of the weight of the sphere about point P.

nd
ra

Sh

aky
a

(ii)

Co

mp

ile

da
nd

rea

rra
ng
e

db

yS

aji
tC

ha

moment = .................................... N m [2]

UCLES 2007

9702/02/O/N/07

For
Examiners
Use

8
3

A cyclist is moving up a slope that has a constant gradient. The cyclist takes 8.0 s to climb
the slope.
The variation with time t of the speed v of the cyclist is shown in Fig. 3.1.
8
v / m s1

Sh
a

ky

nd

ra

0
4

Sa

8
t/s

by

jit
C

ha

rra
ng
ed

Fig. 3.1

distance = ............................................. m [3]

Co

mp
il

ed

an
dr

ea

(a) Use Fig. 3.1 to determine the total distance moved up the slope.

UCLES 2010

9702/23/M/J/10

For
Examiners
Use

9
(b) The bicycle and cyclist have a combined mass of 92 kg.
The vertical height through which the cyclist moves is 1.3 m.
(i)

For
Examiners
Use

For the movement of the bicycle and cyclist between t = 0 and t = 8.0 s,
use Fig. 3.1 to calculate the change in kinetic energy,

nd

ra

Sh
a

ky

1.

calculate the change in gravitational potential energy.

rra
ng
ed

by

Sa

jit
C

2.

ha

change = .............................................. J [2]

change = .............................................. J [2]

The cyclist pedals continuously so that the useful power delivered to the bicycle
is 75 W.
Calculate the useful work done by the cyclist climbing up the slope.

Co

mp
il

ed

an
dr

ea

(ii)

UCLES 2010

work done = .............................................. J [2]

9702/23/M/J/10

[Turn over

10
(c) Some energy is used in overcoming frictional forces.
Use your answers in (b) to show that the total energy converted in overcoming
frictional forces is approximately 670 J.

Determine the average magnitude of the frictional forces.

rra
ng
ed

by

Sa

jit
C

ha

(ii)

[1]

nd

ra

Sh
a

ky

(i)

average force = ..............................................N [1]

(d) Suggest why the magnitude of the total resistive force would not be constant.

ea

..........................................................................................................................................

an
dr

..........................................................................................................................................

Co

mp
il

ed

......................................................................................................................................[2]

UCLES 2010

9702/23/M/J/10

For
Examiners
Use

8
3

(a) (i)

Explain what is meant by work done.

..................................................................................................................................

For
Examiners
Use

............................................................................................................................. [1]
Define power.

ky
a

(ii)

aS
ha

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [1]

Ch

an

dr

(b) Fig. 3.1 shows part of a fairground ride with a carriage on rails.

4.1 m

by

Fig. 3.1

Sa

30

jit

9.5 m s1

Calculate the kinetic energy, in kJ, of the carriage and passengers as they travel
towards the slope.

kinetic energy = ............................................ kJ [3]

le

da
nd

re
a

rra

(i)

ng

ed

The carriage and passengers have a total mass of 600 kg. The carriage is travelling at a
speed of 9.5 m s1 towards a slope inclined at 30 to the horizontal. The carriage comes
to rest after travelling up the slope to a vertical height of 4.1 m.

Show that the gain in potential energy of the carriage and passengers is 24 kJ.

Co
m
pi

(ii)

[2]

UCLES 2011

9702/22/M/J/11

9
Calculate the work done against the resistive force as the carriage moves up the
slope.

For
Examiners
Use

ky
a

(iii)

Use your answer in (iii) to calculate the resistive force acting against the carriage
as it moves up the slope.

jit

Ch

an

dr

(iv)

aS
ha

work done = ............................................ kJ [1]

Co
m
pi

le

da
nd

re
a

rra

ng

ed

by

Sa

resistive force = ............................................. N [2]

UCLES 2011

9702/22/M/J/11

[Turn over

6
2

(a) Explain what is meant by work done.

..........................................................................................................................................

For
Examiners
Use

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

ky
a

(b) A car is travelling along a road that has a uniform downhill gradient, as shown in
Fig. 2.1.

aS
ha

25 m s1

dr

7.5

an

Fig. 2.1

Ch

The car has a total mass of 850 kg. The angle of the road to the horizontal is 7.5.

by

Sa

jit

Calculate the component of the weight of the car down the slope.

ed

component of weight = ............................................. N [2]

rra

Show that the deceleration of the car with the brakes applied is 4.1 m s2.

le

da
nd

re
a

(i)

ng

(c) The car in (b) is travelling at a constant speed of 25 m s1. The driver then applies the
brakes to stop the car. The constant force resisting the motion of the car is 4600 N.

Co
m
pi

[2]

(ii)

Calculate the distance the car travels from when the brakes are applied until the
car comes to rest.

distance = ............................................. m [2]

UCLES 2011

9702/21/M/J/11

7
Calculate
1.

For
Examiners
Use

the loss of kinetic energy of the car,

ky
a

(iii)

loss of kinetic energy = .............................................. J [2]

aS
ha

the work done by the resisting force of 4600 N.

dr

2.

Ch

The quantities in (iii) part 1 and in (iii) part 2 are not equal. Explain why these two
quantities are not equal.

jit

(iv)

an

work done = .............................................. J [1]

Sa

..................................................................................................................................

Co
m
pi

le

da
nd

re
a

rra

ng

ed

by

............................................................................................................................. [1]

UCLES 2011

9702/21/M/J/11

[Turn over