Masonry

Masonry + shear
Masonry
n Walls subjected to
lateral loading
n Shear walls
n basement walls
n retaining walls
n walls subjected to wind load
reinforced masonry
usually not needed (not
decisive)
Masonry
Behaving of masonry under
shear:
Masonry
V
Ed
V
Ed

Ed
Masonry
n shear failure of the bond between mortar
and units
n shear failure in mortar only
Masonry Masonry
n adhesion between units and mortar
n tensile strength of mortar
n shear strength of masonry unit
n strength of masonry unit in the direction of
normal stress
Masonry Masonry
Masonry
Test results:
Masonry
Shear strength of masonry
n f
vk
= f
vk0
+ 0,4
d
n The characteristic shear strength of
masonry is a function of the
characteristic initial shear strength of the
masonry
n given in a table
and the design compressive stress orthogonal
to the shear plane being considered.
Masonry
n f
vk
characteristic shear strength of masonry,
using
general purpose mortar
thin layer mortar in beds (0,5 mm to 3,0 mm)
lightweight mortar
n with perpend joints
f
vk
= f
vk0
+ 0,4
d
f
vk
= 0,5 f
vk0
+ 0,4
d
but not greater than f
b
or f
vlt
filled
unfilled
0,065
0,045
Masonry
n f
vk0
characteristic initial shear strength, under
zero compressive stress
n f
b
is the normalised compressive strength of
the masonry units
n f
vlt
is a limit to the value of f
vk
n
d
is the design compressive stress
perpendicular to the shear in the member at the
level under consideration, using the appropriate
load combination based on the average vertical
stress over the compressed part of the wall that
is providing shear resistance;
Masonry
Masonry
Masonry
Resistance V
Ed
V
Rd
n V
Rd
= f
vd
t l
c
n V
Rd
= f
vd
b l
c
for f
vk
calculation
Masonry
n SHEAR WALLS
Masonry walls subjected to shear
n BASEMENT WALLS
Masonry
Basement and retaining walls
n Structural model,
n inner forces: M, N, V
n Check sliding along the insulation
Masonry
Shear walls
Masonry
Shear walls
n Resistance to horizontal actions is generally provided by
a system, formed by the floors and shear walls.
n Horizontal actions:
wind loads,
effects due to the imperfection (angle ) ,
others in special cases
n Openings in shear walls can considerably affect their
behaviour, their presence should be taken into account.
n Chases and recesses reduce the shear capacity of a
wall.
tot
h 100
1
=
Masonry
n For the distribution of horizontal actions only, the elastic
stiffness of the shear walls, including any flanges, should
be used.
n If the floors can be idealised as rigid diaphragms, (for
example, in the case of in-situ concrete slabs) a
conservative procedure is, to distribute the horizontal
forces to the shear walls, in proportion to their stiffness,
on the assumption that all deflect by the same amount.
n Where the plan arrangement of the shear walls is
asymmetric, or for any other reason the horizontal force
is eccentric to the overall stiffness centre of the structure,
account shall be taken of the effect of the consequent
rotation of the system on the individual walls (torsional
effects).
Masonry
Calculation of load carried by one wall
(statically determinate system)
Masonry
Masonry

12 12 6
l
x
= 30
B
C
A
4


x
A

=

2

l
y

=

1
2

6
W
x
W
y
y
x

Masonry
Stiffness of shear walls
n elastic
n h
tot
: l 2
shear effect could be neglected (assume stiffness in bending
only
n including flanges
Masonry
Flange of a shear wall
n A limited portion of an intersecting wall can
act as a flange to a shear wall, increasing
its stiffness and strength:
1) the lesser of: h
tot
/5 ,
l
s
/2 ,
h /2 ,
6 t ;
2) intersecting wall
3) shear wall
Masonry
Analysis of shear walls
n For the analysis of shear walls, the design
horizontal actions and
n the design vertical loads shall be applied to the
overall structure.
n This causes the following situation of the
individual shear wall:
Masonry
Masonry
Analysis of shear walls
n The most unfavourable combination of vertical load and shear
max N min N
max V
Masonry
n vertical loading
n bending moments
n V
Ed
V
Rd
n N
Ed
N
Rd
Masonry
Simplified calculation method for
shear walls