Everything in BLUE needs to go in your notes!

Discovering the Elements

By the year 1869, sixty three elements had been discovered. A Russian scientist named Dmitri Mendeleev discovered that the elements followed certain patterns.

Mendeleevs Role

Mendeleev noticed that some elements shared physical and chemical properties.
Example: fluorine and chlorine are both

gases that irritate your lungs. Example: copper and silver are both metals that tarnish when exposed to air.

Patterns

Mendeleev tried to find patterns in the elements using

Melting point Density

Color
Atomic mass Chemical bonds

Patterns

He noticed that if he put the elements in

order of increasing atomic mass, patterns appeared. He also noticed that the properties of the elements repeated. He put these elements in order by atomic mass, but also grouped them according to properties.

Each color is a different group on the Periodic Table. The elements in these groups share common properties and will react in similar ways.

Groups on the Periodic Table

Elements

in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties!!

(Mendeleev did that on purpose.)

Why??

They have the same number of valence electrons. They will form the same kinds of ions.

How Did He Do It?

For example:
After fluorine, the next heaviest known

element was sodium. Sodium reacted with water the same way that lithium did. So he placed those elements into the same group.

Predicting New Elements

When Mendeleev began placing the elements in order based on common properties and atomic masses, he noticed that there were a few empty spaces. Mendeleev predicted that the blank spaces would be filled by elements that had not yet been discovered. He could even predict the properties of the unknown elements!

The First Periodic Table

Finding the Missing Elements

Within 16 years of Mendeleevs Periodic Table, the missing three elements were discovered. They were called scandium, gallium, and germanium. Their properties were very close to what he had predicted.

The Modern Periodic Table

The Periodic Table that we use today is very similar to Mendeleevs first version. New elements have been added as they have been discovered. There are a total of 114 known elements as of today.

Atomic Number
The only major change occurred in 1913, when a scientist named Henry Moseley discovered how to measure an atoms atomic number. The Periodic Table was rearranged in order of atomic number instead of atomic mass.

15.1 The Periodic Table

The periodic table organizes the elements according to how they combine with other elements (chemical properties). The periodic table is organized in order of increasing atomic number.

15.1 The Periodic Table

The periodic table is further divided into periods and groups. Each horizontal row is called a period. Each vertical column is called a group.

15.1 Groups of the periodic table

The first group is known as the alkali metals. The alkali metals are soft and silvery in their pure form and are highly reactive. This group includes the elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K).

15.1 The Periodic Table

All the elements in Group 1 of the periodic table form similar compounds. For example, the metals lithium, sodium, and potassium all bond with oxygen in a ratio of 2:1

15.1 Groups of the periodic table

The group two metals include beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca).

They also bond easily with oxygen, but group two metals combine in a 1:1 ratio with oxygen

15.1 Halogens
The halogens tend to be toxic gases or liquids in their pure form. Fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), and bromine (Br) form salts when the bond with alkali metals.

15.1 Noble Gases

The noble gases, including the elements helium (He), neon (Ne), and argon (Ar). These elements do not naturally form chemical bonds with other atoms and are almost always found in their pure state.

Review
1. What was the name of the scientist who first developed the Periodic Table? 2. How many known elements were there at that time? 3. How did he set up his Periodic Table? 4. What was he able to predict about unknown elements using his Periodic Table? 5. How has the Periodic Table changed since then?

Answers
1. Dmitri Mendeleev 2. 63 elements 3. He put the elements in order of increasing atomic mass. 4. He was able to predict the existence of unknown elements and the chemical properties of those unknown elements. 5. The elements are now in order by atomic number and there are now more than 100 known elements.