One of the most complicated and most often misunderstood parts of economy is the concept of "value".

The worst mess is within Marxism, which has a seemingly endless list of different types of "values". I
will try to simplify this by not using the noun value except when absolutely necessary (I will still use the
verb "to value", though.)

Family values is a political and social concept or term that has been used in various nations across the
world to describe a set of varied and often ambiguous moral beliefs in society specifically in response to
the perception by social or religious conservatives of declining morality within that nation itself.[1] The
term is vague in its precise definition as many different groups have claimed that it means different
things. As such, "family values" has been described as a political buzzword, power word, or code word
predominantly used by right-wing or conservative political parties and media providers.

.The concept of family values has changed dramatically from colonial times, when the emphasis was on
the notion of a household, with very few values attributed directly to families but rather to the community
at large. By the twenty-first century, this evolved to values instigated and nurtured by the family in order
to integrate their children into society. While there has been an increase in tolerance of once frowned-
upon subjects such as divorce, single-parent families, and gender roles, idealistic reflections of family
values have led to its use as a political stratagem and a sometimes scapegoat for perceived societal
problems.

Media application

Typically, the term is used by the media to refer to Christian values, but in a New York Times survey,
"Five percent of the women and one percent of the men defined family values as being connected to
religion or the Bible. Nine out of ten women defined family values as loving, taking care of and
supporting each other, knowing right from wrong and having good values."

Family values in U.S. politics

Republican Party

Since 1980, the Republican party has used the issue of family values to attract socially conservative
voters. While family values remains a rather vague concept, social conservatives usually understand the
term to include some combination of the following principles (also referenced in the 2004 Republican
Party platform):[10]

Family values in Australian politics

The Family First Party originally contested the 2002 South Australian state election, where former
Assemblies of God pastor Dr Andrew Evans won one of the eleven seats in the 22-seat South Australian
Legislative Council on 4 percent of the state-wide vote. The party made their federal debut at the 2004
general election, electing Steve Fielding on 2 percent of the Victorian vote in the Australian Senate, out of
six Victorian senate seats up for election. Both MPs were able to be elected with Australia's Single
Transferable Vote and Group voting ticket system in the upper house. The party:

Family values in British politics

Family values was a recurrent theme in the Conservative government of John Major. Predictably, it
caused considerable embarrassment whenever a member of the Government was found to be having an
affair. John Major himself, the architect of the policy, was subsequently found to have had an affair with
Edwina Currie.

Value & Cultures

A personal and cultural value is a relative ethic value, an assumption upon which implementation can be
extrapolated. A value system is a set of consistent values and measures. A principle value is a foundation
upon which other values and measures of integrity are based. Values are considered subjective and vary
across people and cultures. Types of values include ethical/moral values, doctrinal/ideological (political,
religious) values, social values, and aesthetic values. It is debated whether some values are intrinsic.

Family values in Chinese culture and Confucianism

In Confucian thought, family values, familial relationships, ancestor worship, and filial piety (Chinese:
孝; Mandarin: Xiào; Cantonese: Haau) are the primary basis of the philosophical system, and these
concepts are seen as virtues to be cultivated.

The term "filial", meaning "of a child", denotes the respect and obedience that a child, originally a son,
should show to his parents, especially to his father. This relationship was extended by analogy to a series
of five relationships or five cardinal relationships (五倫 Wǔlún):

1. ruler and subject (君臣),

2. father and son (父子),
3. husband and wife (夫婦),
4. elder and younger brother (兄弟),
5. friend and friend (朋友)

This theme consistently manifests itself in many aspects of East Asian culture even to this day, with
extensive filial duties on the part of children toward parents and elders, and greater concern of parents
toward their children than found in modern American or European cultures.

Culture, Gender and Global Studies Department

Purposes and Outcomes

The mission of the Department of Culture, Gender and Global Studies is to improve the lives of students
and their communities through education. We offer courses that examine the dynamics of culture and
gender in a multicultural, global context. CGG courses provide the opportunity for students to develop
skills needed for productive living in a diverse world and the wide experience which contributes to the
pursuit of equity and tolerance.

1. Analyze, contrast, and synthesize diverse values and experiences, especially historically
marginalized positions.
 Activities:

• Use a wide variety of texts, sources of information, guest speakers, and disciplinary perspectives
to show multiple viewpoints.
• Develop assignments and activities that require students to analyze, compare/contrast and
synthesize.

2. Participate in public discourse about culture, gender, race, class, sexual orientation, ethnicity,
and other socially defined sources of identity with self-conviction and respect for others.
Activities:

Offer multiple opportunities for students to speak and write about socially defined sources of identity,
such as writing in journals, participating in roleplays in which they adopt different points of view,
writing letters to the editor, posting comments to discussion webs, and making presentations to
groups outside of class.

3. pply the above skills to their own experience.

Activities:

Provide opportunities for self reflection, including classroom discussion, writing exercises,
journaling, etc.

The Globe Framework for Assessing Cultures

Assertiveness:

Assertiveness is a trait taught by many personal development experts and psychotherapists and the subject
of many popular self-help books. It is linked to self-esteem and considered an important communication
skill.

As a communication style and strategy, assertiveness is distinguished from aggression and passivity. How
people deal with personal boundaries; their own and those of other people, helps to distinguish between
these three concepts. Passive communicators do not defend their own personal boundaries and thus allow
aggressive people to harm or otherwise unduly influence them.

Future Orientation:

Future orientation then occurs as a gradual process from the “today” orientation of early adolescence,
through the “tomorrow-this week” thinking of mid adolescence to the future thinking of late adolescence.
Besides vocational planning, future orientation has important implications for adolescents.

Gender Differentiation
One of the standard questions used to measure political engagement is “How interested are you in
politics?” Most research shows that women tend to score lower on this question than men. This gender
differentiation in political engagement has been found to persist in other democratic countries. One
unexplored explanation for the persistence of lower scores for women’s political engagement is related to
effects produced by the survey method itself.

Uncertainty avoidance

Uncertainty expresses the deficit that people tolerate ambiguous situations and need formal rules.
Uncertainty is "the extent to which the members of a culture fell threatened by uncertain or unknown
situations. One of the dimensions of national cultures (from weak to strong)."

To accomplish that they will create formal rules and believe in their correctness. They will avoid anything
that doesn't go along with the rules and regulations they were creating. Because of the fact that people
don't know what will happen on the next day, the future is expressed as uncertain and this uncertainty
causes anxiety. Anxiety is "a diffuse state of being uneasy or worried about what may happen."

Power distance

"Power distance is the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a
country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally." Power distance describes also the extent
to which employees accept that superiors have more power than they have. Furthermore that opinions and
decisions are right because of the higher position some has. In countries with high power distance
employees are too afraid to express their doubts and disagreements with their autocratic and paternalistic
bosses. The index for power distance describes the dependence of relationships in a country.

In-Group Collectivism

This study examined relationships at the individual level of analysis between work group collectivism and
work centrality and pride in work, and the moderating effects of nations on these relationships.
Participants from Ecuador, Germany, India, Mexico, and the United States completed questionnaire
measures of the constructs of interest.

Multiple-groups confirmatory factor analyses were performed to evaluate and control for psychometric
nonequivalence in the measurement of latent constructs, prior to multiple-groups structural equation
modeling analyses of the relationships between work group collectivism and work centrality and pride in
work. Results showed positive relationships between collectivism and work centrality and work pride in
each country, and non-significant differences between countries in these relationships. Tests of mean
differences at the nation level of analysis also showed somewhat higher work centrality and pride in work
among countries that scored higher in work group collectivism.

Performance Orientation

This refers to the degree to which a society encourages and rewards group members for performance
improvement and excellence.

Human Orientation

This is defined as the degree to which a society encourages and rewards individuals for being fair,
altruistic, generous, caring, and kind to others.

Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geert_Hofstede

Reference: Essential of Organization Behavior