GONIOMETRY FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE

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Subject prone
,Shoulder no
abduction, adduction center of aligned with
or rotation (note: to humeral midline of
measure gleno- head near humerus
SHOULDER humeral motion, Capsular or acromion parallel mid- (lateral
SHOULDER EXTENSION 620 +/- 9.50 ..\..\..\goniometry links\shoulder
stabilize scapula) extension.JPG
ligamentous process axillary line epicondyle)

Subject supine, Flatten

lumbar spine (flex
knees) Shoulder no
abduction, adduction center of aligned with
or rotation (note: to humeral midline of
measure gleno- head near humerus
SHOULDER humeral motion,
Subject supine, acromion parallel mid- (lateral
SHOULDER FLEXION 1670 +/- 4.50 ..\..\..\goniometry links\shoulder
stabilize scapula) flexion.JPG
Muscle Stretch process axillary line epicondyle)
Shoulder 0o flexion
and extension,
Shoulder laterally
(externally)
rotated,Shoulder
abducted, Stabilize center of
thorax (note: to humeral
measure gleno- head near aligned with
SHOULDER humeral motion, acromion parallel to midline of
SHOULDER ABDUCTION 1840 +/- 7.00 stabilize scapula) Muscle Stretch process sternum humerus

Subject
SHOULDER supine,Shoulder 90o
MEDIAL abduction,Forearm olecranon aligned with
(INTERNAL) neutral,Elbow flexed process of aligned ulna (styloid
SHOULDER ROTATION 0
69 +/- 4.6 0
..\..\..\goniometry
o
links\SHOULDER
90 ,Stabilize arm MEDIAL (INTERNAL) ROTATION.JPG
Capsular ulna vertically process)

Subject
SHOULDER supine,Shoulder 90o
LATERAL abduction,Forearm olecranon aligned with
(EXTERNAL) neutral,Elbow flexed process of aligned ulna (styloid
SHOULDER ROTATION 1040 +/- 8.50 ..\..\..\goniometry links\SHOULDER
90o,Stabilize arm LATERAL (EXTERNAL) ROTATION.JPG
Capsular ulna vertically process)

Subject supine, aligned with

Shoulder neutral (arm Soft tissue humerus
at side) , Forearm approximation lateral (center of aligned with
ELBOW supinated, Elbow (capsular for thin epicondyle acromion radius (styloid
ELBOW FLEXION 1410 +/- 4.90 ..\..\..\goniometry links\ELBOW
flexed, FLEXION.JPG
Stabilize arm subjects) of humerus process) process)

Subject supine, aligned with

Shoulder neutral (arm humerus
at side) , Forearm lateral (center of aligned with
ELBOW supinated, Elbow epicondyle acromion radius (styloid
ELBOW EXTENSION 0.30 +/- 2.00 flexed, Stabilize arm Bone on Bone of humerus process) process)
 Subject sitting,
Shoulder neutral (arm
at side) , Elbow flexed medial to aligned with
FOREARM to 900 ,Stabilize arm, ulnar parallel to ventral aspect
FOREARM SUPINATION 0
81 +/- 4.0 0
..\..\..\goniometry links\FOREARM
Pronate forearm SUPINATION.JPG
Capsular styloid humerus of radius

Subject sitting,
Shoulder neutral (arm
at side) , Elbow flexed Lateral to aligned with
FOREARM to 900 ,Stabilize arm, ulnar parallel to dorsum aspect
FOREARM PRONATION 0
75 +/- 5.3 0
..\..\..\goniometry links\FOREARM
Supinate forearm PRONATION.jpg
Capsular styloid humerus of radius

Subject seated,
Forearm stabilized on lateral wrist aligned with
table, Flex wrist (triquetrum aligned with fifth
WRIST 0
WRIST FLEXION 75 +/- 6.6 0
..\..\..\goniometry links\WRIST
(fingers relaxed) FLEXION.JPG
Capsular ) ulna metacarpal

Subject seated,
Forearm stabilized on lateral wrist aligned with
WRIST table, Extend wrist (triquetrum aligned with fifth
WRIST EXTENSION 740 +/- 6.60 ..\..\..\goniometry links\WRIST
(fingers relaxed) EXTENSION.JPG
Capsular ) ulna metacarpal

Subject sitting with

forearm resting on
table, Stabilize aligned with
forearm to prevent forearm aligned with
WRIST RADIAL pronation or Ligamentous (ulnar (lateral metacarpal of
WRIST DEVIATION 210 +/- 4.00 ..\..\..\goniometry links\WRIST RADIAL
supination DEVIATION.jpg
collateral ligament) capitate epicondyle) middle finger

Subject sitting with

forearm resting on
table, Stabilize aligned with
forearm to prevent Ligamentous forearm aligned with
WRIST ULNAR pronation or (Radial collateral (lateral metacarpal of
WRIST DEVIATION 0
35 +/- 3.8 0
..\..\..\goniometry links\WRIST ULNAR
supination DEVIATION.jpg
ligament) capitate epicondyle) middle finger
Subject sitting with
forearm resting on
table, Wrist and
interphalangeal joints
relaxed, Forearm
neutral, Stabilize aligned with
MCP JOINT 86o (index), 91o (long), metacarpal to prevent dorsal MCP aligned with proximal
MCP JOINT FLEXION 99o (ring), 105o (little) ..\..\..\goniometry links\METACARPOPHALANGEAL
motion Capsular JOINT FLEXION.JPG
joint metacarpal phalange

Subject sitting with

forearm resting on
table, Wrist and
interphalangeal joints
relaxed, Forearm
neutral, Stabilize aligned with
MCP JOINT 22o (index), 18o (long), metacarpal to prevent dorsal MCP aligned with proximal
MCP JOINT EXTENSION 23o (ring), 19o (little) ..\..\..\goniometry links\METACARPOPHALANGEAL
motion Capsular JOINT EXTENSION.JPG
joint metacarpal phalange

Subject sitting with

forearm resting on
table, Wrist neutral,
Forearm neutral, aligned with
MCP JOINT Stabilize metacarpal dorsal MCP aligned with proximal
MCP JOINT ABDUCTION ???????? ..\..\..\goniometry links\METACARPOPHALANGEAL
to prevent motion Capsular JOINT ABDUCTION.JPG
joint metacarpal phalange
 Subject sitting with
forearm resting on
table, Wrist neutral,
Forearm neutral, aligned with
MCP JOINT Stabilize metacarpal dorsal MCP aligned with proximal
MCP JOINT ADDUCTION ???????? ..\..\..\goniometry links\METACARPOPHALANGEAL
to prevent motion Capsular JOINT ADDUCTION.JPG
joint metacarpal phalange
Proximal IP Finger
Joints bone on bone
(if tissues overlying
Subject sitting with palmar aspect of
forearm resting on bones is thin) soft
o
PIP fingers - 102 table, Wrist, tissue
o
(index), 105 (long), metacarpal, and non- approximation (if
o o
108 (ring), 106 (little) tested interphalangeal tissues overlying
( active motion), DIP joints relaxed, palmar aspect of
fingers - 72o (index), 71o Forearm neutral, bones is thick), dorsal
(long), 63o (ring), 65o Stabilize proximal Distal IP Finger proximal aligned with aligned with
IP JOINT (little) ( active motion), bone to prevent Joints and Thumb IP interphalan proximal middle
IP JOINT FLEXION IP thumb - 73 o
..\..\..\goniometry links\INTERPHALANGEAL
motion
Subject sitting with JOINT FLEXION.JPG
Joint capsular geal joint phalange phalange
forearm resting on
table, Wrist,
metacarpal, and non-
PIP fingers - 7o (index tested interphalangeal
and long), 6o (ring), 9o joints relaxed,
(little) ( active motion), Forearm neutral, dorsal
o
DIP fingers - 8 (all Stabilize proximal proximal aligned with aligned with
IP JOINT finger DIPs). IP thumb - bone to prevent interphalan proximal middle
IP JOINT EXTENSION 5 o
..\..\..\goniometry links\INTERPHALANGEAL
motion capsular JOINT EXTENSION.JPG
geal joint phalange phalange

Subject sitting with

forearm supinated and
resting on table, Wrist
neutral, Stabilize aligned with
THUMB THUMB CMC carpals to prevent carpometac aligned with metacarpal of
CMC JOINT JOINT FLEXION ?????????? ..\..\..\goniometry
wristlinks\THUMB
motion CARPOMETACARPAL
capsular JOINT FLEXION.JPG
arpal joint radius thumb

Subject sitting with

forearm supinated and
resting on table, Wrist
THUMB CMC neutral, Stabilize aligned with
THUMB JOINT carpals to prevent carpometac aligned with metacarpal of
CMC JOINT EXTENSION ?????????? ..\..\..\goniometry
wristlinks\THUMB
motion CARPOMETACARPAL
capsular JOINT EXTENSION.JPG
arpal joint radius thumb

Subject sitting with

forearm resting on
table, Wrist neutral, aligned with
THUMB CMC Forearm neutral, Muscle stretch metacarpal aligned with
THUMB JOINT Stabilize carpals to (adductor pollicus, radial of index metacarpal of
CMC JOINT ABDUCTION 70o ..\..\..\goniometry links\THUMB
prevent CARPOMETACARPAL
wrist motion skin, fascia) JOINT ABDUCTION.JPG
styloid finger thumb

Subject sitting with

forearm resting on
table, Wrist neutral, aligned with
THUMB CMC Forearm neutral, metacarpal aligned with
THUMB JOINT Stabilize carpals to Soft tissue radial of index metacarpal of
CMC JOINT ADDUCTION 00 ?????? ..\..\..\goniometry links\THUMB
prevent CARPOMETACARPAL
wrist motion approximation JOINT ADDUCTION.JPG
styloid finger thumb
 Subject sitting with
forearm supinated and Use a ruler to measure
THUMB CMC resting on table, Wrist Capsular or soft Goniometer distance between tip of
THUMB JOINT neutral, Stabilize fifth tissue cannot be thumb and base of fifth
CMC JOINT OPPOSITION ..\..\..\goniometry
Able to touch tip of thumb fifth links\THUMB
to base of metacarpal
finger CARPOMETACARPAL
approximation JOINT OPPOSITION.JPG
used finger

Subject supine, Allow

knee to flex (to avoid
limitation by tight
hamstrings), Stabilize aligned with aligned with
pelvis to prevent greater midline of femur (lateral
HIP HIP FLEXION o
121.0 +/- 6.4 o
..\..\..\goniometry links\HIP
rotation, FLEXION.JPG
Flex hip Capsular trochanter plevis epicondyle)

Subject prone,
Stabilize pelvis to aligned with aligned with
prevent rotation, Capsular or greater midline of femur (lateral
HIP o
HIP EXTENSION 12.0 +/- 5.4 o
..\..\..\goniometry links\HIP
Extend hip EXTENSION.JPG
ligamentous trochanter plevis epicondyle)

Subject supine, anterior

Stabilize pelvis to superior aligned with aligned with
prevent pelvic list, Capsular or iliac spine opposite femur (center
HIP o
HIP ABDUCTION 41.0 +/- 6.0 0
..\..\..\goniometry links\HIP
Abduct hip ABDUCTION.JPG
ligamentous (ASIS) ASIS of patella)
Subject supine,
Stabilize pelvis to
prevent pelvic list,
Abduct opposite hip anterior
(to allow room for superior aligned with aligned with
tested limb to adduct), Capsular or iliac spine opposite femur (center
HIP HIP ADDUCTION 27.0o +/- 3.60 ..\..\..\goniometry links\HIP
Adduct hip ADDUCTION.JPG
ligamentous (ASIS) ASIS of patella)

Subject sitting on
table, knee flexed,
HIP MEDIAL Stabilize distal thigh, aligned with
(INTERNAL) medially (internally) center of aligned leg (crest of
HIP ROTATION o
44.0 +/- 4.3 o
..\..\..\goniometry links\HIP
rotate hip MEDIAL (INTERNAL)
Capsular ROTATION.JPG
patella vertically tibia)

Subject sitting on
table, knee flexed,
HIP LATERAL Stabilize distal thigh, aligned with
(EXTERNAL) hip laterally center of aligned leg (crest of
HIP ROTATION o
44.0 +/- 4.8 o
..\..\..\goniometry links\HIP
(externally) LATERAL Capsular
rotat (EXTERNAL) ROTATION.JPG
patella vertically tibia)

Knee flexion should be measured with the subject

supine. This position allows assessment of the
joint range of motion without interference from
tightness in the rectus femoris muscle. If the
lateral aligned with aligned with examiner wishes to assess length of the rectus
Subject supine, Allow Soft tissue epicondyle greater lateral femoris, have the patient lie prone (see 2nd
KNEE KNEE FLEXION 141o +/- 5.3o ..\..\..\goniometry links\KNEE
hip to FLEXION.JPG
flex Flex knee approximation of femur trochanter malleolus illustration). ..\..\..\goniometry links\KNEE FLEXION 2.JPG

Subject prone, lateral aligned with aligned with

KNEE Stabilize femur, epicondyle greater lateral
KNEE EXTENSION o
minus 2.0 +/- 3.0 o
..\..\..\goniometry links\KNEE
Extend Knee EXTENSION.JPG
Capsular of femur trochanter malleolus
 Pronation of the sub-talar joint can compensate
for a loss of ankle joint dorsiflexion range of
motion. To avoid measurement error (by
Subject prone, Flex accidentally including sub-talar pronation), the
knee, Stabilize sub- sub-talar joint must be stabilized in its neutral Assessing
talar in neutral, position. To assess the range of JOINT motion, Gastrocnemius
Dorsiflex ankle by aligned with flex the knee (first illustration). To assess Tightness
ANKLE pushing through 5th lateral aligned with fifth tightness of the gastrocnemius muscle, extend (muscle stretch
ANKLE DORSIFLEXION 13o +/- 4.4o ..\..\..\goniometry links\ANKLE
metatarsal head DORSIFLEXION.JPG
Capsular malleolus fibular head metatarsal the knee (second illustration). ..\..\..\goniometry links\Assessing
end-feel) Gastrocnemi

ANKLE Subject supine, Extend aligned with

PLANTARFLEXIO knee, Stabilize leg, lateral aligned with fifth
ANKLE N 56o + or - 6.1o ..\..\..\goniometry links\ANKLE
Plantarflex ankle PLANTARFLEXION.JPG
Capsular malleolus fibular head metatarsal
automatical
ly
positioned
Subject prone, by
Stabilize tibia in alignment
sagittal plane (rotate of aligned with aligned with
CALCANEA CALCANEAL hip or pelvis to align goniometer midline of midline of
L JOINT INVERSION o
37.0 + or - 4.5 o
..\..\..\goniometry links\CALCANEAL
tibia), Invert calcaneusINVERSION.JPG
Capsular arms leg calcaneus
automatical
ly
positioned
Subject prone, by
Stabilize tibia in alignment
sagittal plane (rotate of aligned with aligned with
CALCANEA CALCANEAL hip or pelvis to align goniometer midline of midline of
L JOINT EVERSION o
21.0 +/- 5.0 o
..\..\..\goniometry links\CALCANEAL
tibia), Evert calcaneusEVERSION.JPG
Capsular arms leg calcaneus
automatical
ly
positioned
by
Subject supine, alignment aligned with
Stabilize calcaneus of aligned with plantar aspect
MID MIDTARSAL and talus, Invert goniometer midline of of metatarsal
TARSAL INVERSION ?????????? ..\..\..\goniometry links\MIDTARSAL INVERSION.JPG
forefoot Capsular arms leg heads
automatical
ly
positioned
by
Subject supine, alignment aligned with
Stabilize calcaneus of aligned with plantar aspect
MID MIDTARSAL and talus, evert goniometer midline of of metatarsal
TARSAL EVERSION ?????????? ..\..\..\goniometry links\MIDTARSAL EVERSION.JPG
forefoot Capsular arms leg heads Range of first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint
dorsiflexion is functionally important for gait. The
available range of 1st MTP joint dorsiflexion
depends on the position of the 1st ray. A
plantarflexed 1st ray allows greater range of 1st
MTP dorsiflexion. I recommend stabilizing the 1st
ray in plantarflexion to measure maximum range Assessing MTP
of 1st MTP dorsiflexion. The first photo Dorsiflexion by
demonstrates a good method for measuring 1st Placing
Subject supine, or 5th MTP joint dorsiflexion by placing the Goniometer on
METATARS Stabilize 1st medial to goniometer alongside the bones. This technique Dorsum of
o o
O- MTP JOINT 1st - 50 , 2nd - 40 , metatarsal in center of aligned with cannot be used for the 2nd, 3rd, or 4th MTP Bones (requires
PHALANGE DORSIFLEXION 3rd - 30o , 4th - 20o , 5th plantarflexion, metararsal aligned proximal joints. The second photo shows a technique for modified
AL JOINT (Extension) - 10o ..\..\..\goniometry links\METATARSOPHALANGEAL
Dorsiflex MTP Capsular JOINT head
DORSIFLEXION.JPG
metatarsal phalange measuring these joints. ..\..\..\goniometry links\Assessing
goniometer) MTP Dorsifl
Assessing MTP
Plantarflexion
The first photo demonstrates a good method for by Placing
measuring 1st or 5th MTP joint plantarflexion by Goniometer on
METATARS Subject supine, medial to placing the goniometer alongside the bones. This Dorsum of
O- MTP JOINT 1st - 30o , 2nd - 30o , Stabilize 1st center of aligned with technique cannot be used for the 2nd, 3rd, or 4th Bones (requires
PHALANGE PLANTARFLEXIO 3rd - 20o , 4th - 10o , 5th metatarsal, Planterflex metararsal aligned proximal MTP joints. The second photo shows a technique modified
AL JOINT N (Flexion) - 10o
..\..\..\goniometry
MTP links\METATARSOPHALANGEAL
Capsular JOINT head
PLANTARFLEXION.JPG
metatarsal phalange for measuring these joints. ..\..\..\goniometry links\Assessing
goniometer) MTP Plantar
METATARS dorsum of
O- Foot flat on table, center of aligned with
PHALANGE MTP JOINT Stabilize metatarsal, metararsal aligned with proximal
AL JOINT ABDUCTION ?????????? ..\..\..\goniometry links\METACARPOPHALANGEAL
Abduct MTP Capsular JOINT ABDUCTION.JPG
head metatarsa phalange

METATARS dorsum of
O- Foot flat on table, center of aligned with
PHALANGE MPT JOINT Stabilize metatarsal, metararsal aligned with proximal
AL JOINT ADDUCTION ?????????? ..\..\..\goniometry links\METATARSOPHALANGEAL
Adduct MTP Capsular JOINT head
ADDUCTION.JPG
metatarsa phalange

Subject sitting with

75.5o + or - 8.5o (20 - lumbar and thoracic
CERVICAL SPINE 29 yrs.), 70.5o + or - spines supported,
FORWARD 17.5o (30 - 49 yrs.), Stabilize lumbar and external
BENDING 64.5o + or - 7o (>50 thoracic spines, Flex Capsular or auditory aligned with
SPINE (flexion) yrs.) ..\..\..\goniometry links\CERVICAL
cervical spine SPINE FORWARD BENDING
ligamentous (flexion).JPG
meatus vertical nostrils

The position of the mouth influences the available

Subject sitting with range of cervical backward bending. With the
75.5o + or - 8.5o (20 - lumbar and thoracic mouth closed, thghtness of the infrahyoid and
CERVICAL SPINE 29 yrs.), 70.5o + or - spines supported, suprahyoid muscles can limit range of cervical
BACKWARD 17.5o (30 - 49 yrs.), Stabilize lumbar and external backward bending. If you wish to assess the
BENDING 64.5o + or - 7o (>50 thoracic spines, auditory aligned with range of the cervical spine, the mouth should be
SPINE (extension) yrs.) ..\..\..\goniometry links\CERVICAL
Extend SPINE
cervical spine BACKWARD
Bony BENDING
or Capsular (extension).jpg
meatus vertical nostrils relaxed and slightly open.

Subject sitting with

lumbar and thoracic
spines supported, posterior
50.5o + or - 5.5o (20 - Stabilize lumbar and spinous midline of
29 yrs.), 46.5o + or - thoracic spines, spinous processes of head at
CERVICAL SPINE 6.5o (30 - 49 yrs.), 40o Sidebend cervical Capsular or process of thoracic occipital
SPINE SIDEBENDING + or - 8.5o (>50 yrs.) ..\..\..\goniometry
spinelinks\CERVICAL SPINE SIDEBENDING.JPG
ligamentous C7 spine protuberance

Subject sitting with

lumbar and thoracic
91.5o + or - 5.5o (20 - spines supported, center of
29 yrs.), 81o + or - 6.5o Stabilize lumbar and superior aligned with
CERVICAL SPINE (30 - 49 yrs.), 77.5o + thoracic spines, Rotate Capsular or aspect of acromion aligned with
SPINE ROTATION or - 7.5o (>50 yrs.) ..\..\..\goniometry links\CERVICAL
cervical spine SPINE ROTATION.JPG
ligamentous head processes tip of nose There are several methods for measuring the
range of motion of the lumbar and thoracic
spines. Each method has its own advantages and
disadvantages (no method is completely valid or
reliable, and normal values are not well
established for any method). The method
THORACO- illustrated here is a good compromise. Take a
LUMBAR SPINE Tape Measure Alignment baseline measurement with the patient standing
FORWARD Subject standing, Flex upright, then take a second measurement with
BENDING thoracic and lumbar Capsular or the subject in the forward bending position. Note
SPINE (flexion) 10 cm ..\..\..\goniometry links\THORACO-LUMBAR
spines SPINE FORWARD BENDING
ligamentous (flexion).JPG
Spinous processes of C7 and S1 the difference.

picture 2 ..\..\..\goniometry links\THORACO-LUMBAR SPINE FORWARD BENDING (flexion) 2.JPG

 There are several methods for measuring the
range of motion of the lumbar and thoracic
spines. Each method has its own advantages and
disadvantages (no method is completely valid or
reliable, and normal values are not well
established for any method). The method
THORACO- illustrated here is a good compromise. Take a
LUMBAR SPINE baseline measurement with the patient standing
BACKWARD Subject standing, Capsular or upright, then take a second measurement with
BENDING Extend thoracic and ligamentous Tape Measure Alignment the subject in the backward bending position.
SPINE (extenion) ???????????? ..\..\..\goniometry links\THORACO-LUMBAR
lumbar spines SPINEbony)
(sometimes BACKWARD BENDING (extenion).JPG
Spinous processes of C7 and S1 Note the difference

SPINE picture 2 ..\..\..\goniometry links\THORACO-LUMBAR SPINE BACKWARD BENDING (extenion) 2.JPG

Normal Range
(unilateral) RIGHT: 20 -
29 yrs 37.6o + or -
5.8o,,, 30 - 39 yrs 35.3o
+ or - 6.5o,,, 40 - 49 yrs
27.1o + or - 6.5o,,, 50 -
59 yrs 25.3o + or -
6.2o,,, 60 - 69 yrs 20.2o
+ or - 4.8o,,, 70 - 79
yrs 18.0o + or - 4.7o,,,
LEFT: 20 - 29 yrs 38.7o
+ or - 5.7o,,, 30 - 39
yrs 36.5o + or - 6.0o,,, There are several methods for measuring the
40 - 49 yrs 28.5o + or - range of motion of the lumbar and thoracic
5.2o,,, 50 - 59 yrs spines. Each method has its own advantages and
26.8o + or - 6.4o,,, 60 Subject standing, disadvantages (no method is completely valid or
THORACO- - 69 yrs 20.3o + or - Stabilize pelvis, reliable, and normal values are not well
LUMBAR SPINE 5.3o,,, 70 - 79 yrs Sidebend thoracic and Capsular or S1 spinous C7 spinous established for any method). The method
SPINE SIDEBENDING 18.9o + or - 6.0o ..\..\..\goniometry links\THORACO-LUMBAR
lumbar spines SPINE SIDEBENDING.JPG
ligamentous process vertical process illustrated here is a good compromise.

Subject sitting, There are several methods for measuring the

Stabilize pelvis, Do not range of motion of the lumbar and thoracic
allow sidebending, spines. Each method has its own advantages and
forward bending or center of aligned with aligned with disadvantages (no method is completely valid or
THORACO- backward bending, superior anterior anterior reliable, and normal values are not well
LUMBAR SPINE Rotate thoracic and Capsular or aspect of superior superior iliac established for any method). The method
SPINE ROTATION 45o ..\..\..\goniometry links\THORACO-LUMBAR
lumbar spines SPINE ROTATION.JPG
ligamentous head iliac spines spines illustrated here is a good compromise.

Use a ruler to measure the distance

between the upper and lower
incisors,,,,, Alternate method - have the
subject flex the proximal
Subject sitting, interphalangeal joints (PIPs) of the
TM JOINT 35 to 50 mm, or two Stabilize cervical Capsular or fingers and assess how many PIPs can
TM JOINT OPENING and 1/2 flexed PIPs ..\..\..\goniometry links\TEMPEROMANDIBULAR
spine, Open Mouth JOINT OPENING.JPG
ligamentous fit between the teeth ..\..\..\goniometry links\TEMPEROMANDIBULA

Subject sitting,
Stabilize cervical
TM JOINT spine, Protrude Capsular or Use a ruler to measure the distance
TM JOINT PROTRUSION 3 to 5 mm ..\..\..\goniometry links\TEMPEROMANDIBULAR
mandible forward JOINT PROTRUSION.JPG
ligamentous between the upper and lower incisors

1 - Identify points on the upper and

lower teeth that are aligned when the
mouth is in resting position (upper and
lower incisors in this illustration) 2 -
Subject sitting, Deviate the mandible laterally and use
TM JOINT Stabilize cervical a ruler to measure the distance
LATERAL spine, Deviate Capsular or between the two points (upper and
TM JOINT DEVIATION 10 to 15mm ..\..\..\goniometry links\TEMPEROMANDIBULAR
mandible laterally JOINT LATERAL
ligamentous lowerDEVIATION.JPG
incisors in this illustration)