Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Introduction
Yongki Go
Course contents:
Aerodynamics (70%)
Forces and moments Fundamental principles and equations Inviscid incompressible flow Flow over airfoils (2D) Flow over finite wings (3D) Effect of compressibility and viscosity Modeling concept in flight performance analysis Steady flight performance Accelerated flight performance
Textbooks
Primary:
John Anderson, Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, 5th edition, 2011
Lecture Style
Ppt lecture notes will be posted in ANGEL before the lecture time
Lecture notes are in summary form and contain parts that you will need to complete during lecture
Not a replacement for textbook It is best to have the relevant lecture notes while attending lecture It is strongly suggested that you add your own notes to enhance your understanding on certain topics Some of the exams may be open notes (open lecture notes and your own notes but not open book)
Aerodynamics Overview
Aerodynamics: study of interaction of air and object due to their relative motion Purpose of learning aerodynamics:
Calculate and predict: lift, drag, moments, heat transfer Understand how these forces and moments are generated Understand how interaction depends on flow conditions
Flight Mechanics: the science of predicting and controlling the motion that results from the forces and moments acting on a flying object
Flying object of interest in this course: fixed-wing aircraft Flight performance Flight stability (statics and dynamics) and control Flight simulation Flight control systems
Flight Performance
Flight Performance concerns about how an aircraft responds to the forces experienced during its motion through the atmosphere
Mainly looks at translational motion Often sufficient to consider aircraft as point mass at its CG with all forces acting through it Four forces of flight
Lift Drag Lift Drag CG Thrust Thrust 2 Weight Weight
Thrust 1
CG
How fast, how slow and how high can it fly? How rapidly can it climb? How far and how long can it fly? How maneuverable is it? How long a runway is needed for its takeoff and landing?
Aircraft flight performance estimation/analysis is based on these four forces Aerodynamic and propulsive characteristics of the aircraft depend on airflow conditions
Earths Atmosphere
Need a standard for aircraft performance comparison and flight testing purposes Standard Atmosphere (SA) is defined
Commonly used:
Identical up to 32 km
p = RT
Assumed to behave as perfect gas R = 287 J/(kg.K) p = RT = 1716 ft.lb/(slug.R) Standard sea-level values for pressure, density, and temperature:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Calculation of SA Properties
T = T1 + a ( h h1 )
p T = p1 T1
g0 aR
T = 1 T1
g 0 +1 aR
a is the lapse rate (-6.5 x 10-3 K/m in the troposphere) g0 = 9.81 m/s2
g 0 ( h h1 ) RT g (h h ) RT =e 1
0 1
T = constant
p =e p1
Software for SA properties calculation can easily be found in the internet (beware of which SA model is used!) Properties of SA are usually tabulated
Sample of SA Table
Fluid dynamics encompass all fluids, aerodynamics focus on air Aerodynamics focus on the forces generated on bodies in air flow (i.e. lift and drag) Aerodynamics typically concern more to external flows (i.e. flows around bodies like aircraft, car, etc.) Aerodynamics provide the necessary parameters for flight mechanics and control studies
Specifically:
Much of the governing concepts between aerodynamics and fluid dynamics are similar
Variable
Pressure Density Temperature Viscosity (dynamic)
Symbol Dimension
p
T
SI Unit
Pa (N/m2) kg/m3 K
English Unit
psf (lb/ft2) lb/ft3
oR
Airfoil: cross-section geometry of aerodynamic force generator elements (wings, tails, control surfaces)
In analysis:
Airfoil Wing
Aspect Ratio
b2 Definition: AR S
S
Tip
Reynolds number: ratio of inertia forces to viscous forces V: flow speed Vl Re = l: reference length
Reynolds number indicates when viscous forces are important and when viscosity may be neglected
High Re: viscosity can be neglected Low Re: viscosity cannot be neglected Outside B.L. flow (high Re)
Another important quantity that is usually extracted from the flow property is the speed of sound
a = RT
cp cv
V M= a
Subsonic
Incom- Compressible pressible
Transonic
Supersonic
Hypersonic
0.3
Mcrit
1.0
3.0
4.0
5.0