Lecture Presentations

PGE368 Fall 2003 Semester October 21, and 23, 2003

Principles of Density Logging and Interpretation

Carlos Torres-Verdn, Ph.D. Assistant Professor

Objectives:
To understand the physical principles behind the operation of density logging tools, To understand the principles behind the interpretation of density and PEF logs, and To understand the importance of environmental corrections applied to density and PEF borehole measurements.

Complementary Reading Assignment:

1. Bassiouni, Z., 1994, Theory, Measurement, and Interpretation of Well Logs, Chapter 8: Gamma Ray Absorption Logs. 2. Ellis, Darwin, 2003, Tutorial on Active Gamma-Ray Log Principles and Interpretation: Petrophysics.

Course Plan, II
Electrical Resistivity of Rocks

Saturation
Electrical Resistivity Tools: Induction and Laterolog Invasion Core Data

Active Nuclear Logging

Bulk Density Logging Neutron Logging Sonic Logging Gas

Porosity
Lithology

Invasion

Density

Density: Influence of Porosity and Saturation

Density: Typical Range of Values

Density: Typical Range of Values

Density: Typical Range of Values

Density: Influence of Porosity and Saturation

Density-Porosity Relationship

Density Log And Estimated Porosity

Radioactive Sources

Nuclear Logging Methods

Density Measurements: Active Gamma-Ray Interactions

Density Logging

Measurement Principle

MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE: Active Gamma-Ray Interaction with Porous Media

Measurements in the Borehole

Density and Gamma-Ray Count Rate

Typical Borehole Tool Configuration

Logging Tools
INDUCTION LOG
RESISTIVITY 80 cm

LATEROLOG
NEUTRON
RADIOACTIVITY

80 cm 40 cm 30 cm 20 cm 60 cm 5 cm 2 cm 0 cm 0 cm

GAMMA RAY DENSITY SONIC

MICRO RESISTIVITY
MICROLOG
DIPMETER

ACOUSTIC
RESISTIVITY

250 cm

200

150

100

50

DEPTH OF INVESTIGATION

RESOLUTION

Measurement Principle

Mechanisms of Gamma Ray Absorption

Photoelectric Effect

Compton Scattering

Pair Production

Gamma Ray Sensor

Gamma Ray Detection Process

Litho-Density Log (PEF + Density)

Gamma Ray Detector Count Rate

Gamma Ray Basics

Gamma Ray Absorption

Bulk Density and Electron Density

Bulk Density and Electron Density

Bulk Density and Electron Density

(Molecules and Minerals)

Typical Values

Statistics of Gamma Ray Count

Absorption Properties

Photoelectric Effect

Pe for Minerals

Typical Values

Th/K-Pe Cross-Plot

Compton Effect

Single Detector Tool

Tool Calibration: Single Detector

Mudcake Correction: Single Detector

Dual-Detector Tool Configuration

Dual Detector: Density Response

Dual Detector: Mudcake Thickness Effect

Dual Detector: Mudcake Density Response

Compensated Density: Spine and Ribs Plot

Porosity and Mineralogy

SUMMARY: Gamma-Ray Interactions

Acknowledgements
Baker Atlas Schlumberger