RCChallenger

RC workshop 1
Direction: Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow To their enemies, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank are indistinguishable: twin faces of the hydraheaded monster of the ''' Washington consensus dedicated to the defense of global ca!italism and o!!ression of the !oor" But anyone who has read about last week's e#traordinary diatribe by $enneth %ogoff, the IMF director of research, against &ose!h 'tiglit(, the bank's former chief economist and )**+ ,obel !ri(e-winner for economics, can only wonder: consensus- What consensusThe dis!ute has lifted the curtain on a relationshi! that is in reality more like that of fractious siblings" The two institutions are too different to get along in harmony. too closely related to get out of each other's way" The latest flare-u! came on World Bank turf a week ago, when Mr" %ogoff s!oke to an audience mostly u! of bank and fund staff at a lunchtime debate to launch /rof" 'tiglit('s new book, 0lobali(ation and its 1iscontents" In defiance of the confidence e#!ressed by ,icholas 'tern, /rof" 'tiglit('s successor as chief economist at the bank, that the debate would be about issues, not !ersonalities , Mr" %ogoff launched a 2itu!erati2e attack on /rof" 'tiglit('s character and record in office, !articularly during the 3sian financial crisis of +445-46" 7is attack, now a2ailable in full on the IMF's website, sounds intem!erate, e2en e#cessi2e" /rof 'tigli( !ronounced himself dumbfounded by the barrage of criticism, !articularly une#!ected from such a cerebral and mild-mannered man" But it reflected Mr" %ogoff's sense, shared by many of his colleagues, that the IMF had been !ro2oked beyond endurance" 82entually something had to sna!" Mr" 'tiglit( has been one of the IMF's harshest critics for years" 7e, too, has crossed the line di2iding intellectual disagreement from !ersonal contact: he has described the IMF's staff as third-rate " In his book, he writes that IMF economists make themsel2es comfortable in fi2e-star hotels in the ca!itals in de2elo!ing countries, and likes modern economic management of high-altitude bombing" From one's lu#ury hotel, one can callously im!ose !olicies about which one would think twice if one knew the !eo!le whose li2es were destroyed" Both the fund and the bank are 9uick to !oint /rof" 'tiglit( in a long way from re!resenting the World Bank's official !osition" 82en while he worked there, his boss &ames Wolfensohn, the bank's !resident, obser2ed: I am always interested to see what &oe is saying on behalf of the bank: But that is not to say that /rof 'tiglit( is a ma2erick" :ther bank officials still hold him in high regard, and he retains a formal link to the institution as a member of a !anel of inde!endent ad2isers to Mr" 'tern" 7e may make his !oints more strongly than his former colleagues, but there can be no doubt that he is reflecting widely shared and long-standing tensions, which at times ha2e had serious conse9uences" 1e2elo!ment cam!aigners belie2e that debt relief for the !oorest countries was held u! for years by wrangling between the fund and the bank" The roots of their differences go back to the origins of the fund and the bank in the +4;*s" <oncei2ed together at Bretton Woods, they were gi2en 9uite distinct ob=ecti2es: the bank to su!!ort economic de2elo!ment, the fund to maintain the stability of the global economy" These two different ob=ecti2es ha2e gi2en the two institutions 2ery different cultures: disci!lined crisis managers 2ersus reflecti2e idealists" <harles Wy!los(, of the <entre for 8conomic /olicy %esearch, 'who has worked as a 2isiting scholar at the IMF, says the fund is like the /russian army, the bank like the Me#ican army" IMF staff tend to think of themsel2es as smart and select, and to look down on World Bank !eo!le, he says" 3nd it is true that the IMF's recruitment is 2ery homogenous: the staff 1

tends to be 8conomics /h1s from leading uni2ersities" The World Bank recruits a much wider range of !eo!le" 3t the %ogoff> 'tiglit( debate, the IMF gang in their dark suits could be easily distinguished from the bank crew in their shirtslee2es and chinos" What turns these cultural differences into flash!oints is when the acti2ities of the fund and bank conflict" It can be infuriating" For e#am!le, for a World Bank manager who has s!ent years trying to hel! small businesses in a de2elo!ing country to be told that the IMF has recommended a shar! rise in interest rates or ta#es that will force those businesses to close" To make matters worse, since +45*s, the di2iding line between the two institutions' functions has become blurred" The IMF has taken on long-term lending to the !oorest countries, and had begun making !olicy recommendations on structural issues, such as social security systems" The World Bank, Meanwhile, was hea2ily in2ol2ed in the bail-outs for Me#ico in +44? and 'outh $orea in +445 and +446" +" 3n a!!ro!riate title for the !assage would be : @+A The two necessary e2ils of <a!italism @BA IMF and World Bank- Brothers at loggerheads" @)A IMF and World Bank-sweet 2s" sour" @;A IMF and World Bank- :ne sheath. two daggers" @;A 1ithering @;A 1ithering

)" The author of the book- globali(ation and its discontents is : @+A <harles 'y!los( @)A $enneth %ogoff @BA &ose!h 'tiglit( B" /rof" 'tiglit('s remark on IMF staff can be labeled as @+A Insinuating @)A /lagiari(ing ;" :ne can infer from &ames Wolfensohn's remark that: @+A &ose!h stiglit( was ine!t and ineffecti2e in his tenure" @BA 'tiglit( was des!ised by the Bank's staff" ?" Which of the following is an incorrect match @+A &ose!h 'tiglit(- ,oble laureate in 8conomics @BA $enneth %ogoff- IMF director of research" @BA 3c9uitting

@)A 'tiglit( was critical of the Bank's !olicies in his tenure" @;A ,one of these" @)A &ames Wolfensohn- World Bank /resident @;A IMF - bailout of Me#ico and 'outh $orea

C" The difference between the bank and the fund has not been likened to @+A Me#ican 3rmy and /russian 3rmy @)A 1isci!lined crisis managers and %eflecti2e idealists @BA 7ydra headed monster @;A ,one of these

5" What describes best the relationshi! between the World Bank and the IMF@+A Blowing hot, blowing cold @BA 'ibling ri2alry @)A 'worn enemies @;A Black shee! in the family

PASSAGE !
Dedanta !hiloso!hy was one of se2eral thought currents from abroad that reached ,ew 8ngland in the early decades of the +4+h century and contributed to thinking of 8merson and Thoreau" 8merson's interest in the sacred writing of the 8ast !robably began during his 7ar2ard days and continued throughout his life" 7e knew Eaws of Manu, Dishnu!urana, the Bhag2ad-0ita, and $atha F!anishad" There are numerous references to these scri!tures in his =ournals and 8ssays" Thoreau too, was introduced to :riental writing while still at 7ar2ard" 7is initial contact was with an essay in oriental !oetry by sir William &ones" In +6;+, at the age of );, he began an intensi2e study of 7indu religious books" In the &anuary +6;B issues of The 1ial , Thoreau !ublished selected !assages from Eaws of Manu" From a French 2ersion of the 'anskrit 7ari2ansa he translated a story, The Transmigration of se2en Brahmans, and in The 1ial of &anuary +6;;, he !ublished e#cer!ts fi'om Buddhist scri!tures under the title The !reaching of Buddha " 8merson, Thoreau, and other transcendentalists interested in the conce!t of self hood, found in 7indu scri!ture wellelaborated doctrine of self" 7indu scri!ture tells us that the central core of one's self @3ntaratmanA is identifiable with the cosmic whole @BrahmanA" The F!anishads state, The self within you, the res!lendent, immortal !erson is the internal self of air things and is the uni2ersal Brahman " <once!ts similar to this cardinal doctrine of Dedanta a!!ear in the writings of !

the Transcendentalists" But there are many ideological similarities among oriental literature, the neo!latonic doctrines, <hristian mysticism, and the !hiloso!hy of the 0erman idealists such as $ant and 'chelling" 3nd, since the Transcendentalists were ac9uainted with all of these writings, it is not always !ossible to identify s!ecific influences" ,e2ertheless, the striking !arallels between Transcendentalist writing and :riental thought make it clear that there was a s!iritual kinshi!" In /lato or the !hiloso!her, 8merson writes that the conce!tion of fundamental Fnity -the ecstasy of losing all being in one Being - find its highest e#!ression chiefly in the Indian" 'cri!tures, in the Dedas, the Bhaga2ad 0ita, and the Dishnu /urana" In this essay, 8merson 9uotes $rishna s!eaking to a sage: Gou are fit to a!!rehend that you are not distinct from me that which I am, you are, and that also is this world, with its gods and heroes and mankind" Men contem!late distinctions because they are stu!efied with ignorance, What is the great end of all, you shall now learn from me" It is soul, - one in all bodies, !er2ading uniform, !erfect, !reeminent o2er nature, e#em!t from birth, growth and decay, omni!resent , made u! of true knowledge, inde!endent, unconnected with unrealities, with name, s!ecies and the rest, in time !ast, !resent and to come" The knowledge that this s!irit, which is essentially one is in one's own and in all other bodies, is the wisdom of one who knows the unity of things" In formulating his own conce!t of the :2er-soul, 8merson might well be 9uoting $rishna once again: 'We li2e in succession, in di2ision, in !art, in !articles" Meantime within man is the soul of the whole. the wise silence. the uni2ersal beauty to which e2ery !art and !article is e9ually related. the eternal :,8" 3nd this dee! !ower in which we e#ist and whose beatitude is accessible to us, is not only self -sufficing and !erfect in e2ery hour, but in the act of seeing and the thing seen. the seer and the s!ectacle, the sub=ect and the ob=ect, are one" We see the world !iece by !iece, as the sun, the moon, the animal, the tree. but the whole, of which these are shining !arts, is the soul" :nly by the" 2ision of that wisdom can the horosco!e of the ages be read """" "' In some res!ects, 7enry 1a2id Thoreau was e2en more than 8merson attracted to :riental thought and !hiloso!hy" For while 8merson found the 7indu doctrines of soul congenial to his own ideas about man's relationshi! to the uni2erse" Thoreau found in 7indu scri!tures away of life with which he felt a !rofound affinity" When Thoreau began his intensi2e study of 7indu 'cri!tures, he wrote in his =ournal" I cannot read a sentence in the book of the 7indus without being ele2ated u!on the table - land of the 0hauts" The im!ression which those sublime sentences made on me last night has awakened me before any cock crowing " The sim!le life here in described confers on us a degree of freedom e2en in !erusal wants so easily and gracefully satisfied that they seem like a more refine !leasure and re!lete ness" Eater, in his first book he said: 3ny moral !hiloso!hy is e#ceeding rare" This of Manu address our !ri2acy more than most" It is a more !ri2ate and familiar and at the same time a more !ublic and uni2ersal work, than is s!oken in !arlour or !ul!it nowadays" 3s our domestic fowls are said to ha2e their original in the wild !easant of India, so our domestic thoughts ha2e their !rototy!es in the thoughts of her !hiloso!hers """" Most books belong to the house and street only, and in the fields their lea2es feel 2ery thin """" But this, as if !roceeds from, so I address, what is dee!est and most abiding in man" It belong to the noon tide of the day, the midsummer of the year, and after the snows ha2e melted, and the waters e2a!orated in the s!ring, still its truth s!eaks freshly to our e#!erience """"" " 6" It can be inferred from the !assage that the transcendentalist mo2ement referred to in the !assage re2ol2es around, @+A Dishnu!urana @)A The doctrine of self" @BA The law of Manu" @;A :riental writing 4" The difficulty in identifying !articular influences on transcendentalism arises from, @+A Its eclectic nature of ac9uainting with all !hiloso!hical doctrines" @)A Its being e9uidistant from both oriental and western schools of region" @BA The a!!arent !arado#es in <hristian mysticism and-'uddhist ideology" @;A Fs o2er-de!endence on Bhaga2ad 0ita and Dishnu!urana" +*" Which of the following best e#!lains Dedanta@+A The sacred writing of the 8ast" @BA The s!iritual side of human life" " @)A The self is identifiable with the uni2ersal whole" @;A The !rocess of being and becoming"

++"

The lines Gou are fit to a!!rehend that """ is the wisdom of one who knows the unity of things can be summari(ed as, @+A There is no birth to a soul and it is the ignorant man who comes to life again and "

+)"

again" @)A True knowledge is inde!endent, uniform and that which dominates o2er nature" @BA /ast, !resent and future are non-e#istent and are merely constructs of the mind" @;A 3 wise man knows that the soul is immortal and is !resent in e2eryone and e2erything and that it merges with the cosmic whole" ':2ersoul' referred to in the !assage is, @+A $rishna's !erce!tion of the 'self'" @)A 8merson's conce!t of the eternal soul" @BA <oined by transcendentalists to mean the 'cosmos'" @;A 'ynonymous with the wise man

PASSAGE "
In !oetry in its higher reaches is more !hiloso!hical than history, because it !resents the memorable ty!es of men and things a!art from non-meaning circumstances, so, in its !rimary substance and te#ture !oetry is more !hiloso!hical than !rose because it is nearer to our immediate e#!erience" /oetry breaks u! the trite conce!tions designated by current wards into the sensuous 9ualities out of which those conce!tions were originally !ut together" We name what we concei2e and belie2e in, not what we see. things, not images. souls, not 2oices and silhouettes" This naming, with the whole education of the senses which it accom!anies, sub ser2es the uses of life. in order to tread, our way through the labyrinth of ob=ects which assaults us, we must make a great selection in our sensuous e#!erience. half of what we see and hear we must !ass o2er as insignificant, while we !iece out the other half with such an ideal com!lement as is necessary to turn it into a fi#ed and well ordered conce!tion of the world" This labour of a!!erce!tion and understanding, this selling of the material meaning of e#!erience, is enshrined in our workday language arid ideas. ideas which are literally !oetic in the sense that 'they are 'made' for e2ery conce!tion in an adult mind is a fictionA, but which are at the same time !rosaic because they are made economically, by abstraction, and for use" When the child of !oetic genius, who has learned this intellectual and utilitarian language in the cradle, goes afield and gathers for himself the as!ects of nature, he begins to" encumber his mind with the many li2ing im!ressions which the intellect re=ected, and which the language of the intellect can hardly con2ey. he labors with his nameless burden of !erce!tion, and wastes himself in aimless im!ulses of emotion and re2ere, until finally the method of some art offers a 2ent to his ins!iration, or to such !art of it as can sur2i2e the test of time and the disci!line of e#!ression" The !oet retains by nature the innocence of then eye, or reco2ers it easily. he disintegrates the fictions of common !erce!tion into their sensuous elements, gathers thee again into chance grou!s as the accidents of his en2ironment or the affinities of his tem!erament may con=oin them . and this wealth of sensation and this freedom of fancy, which make an e#traordinary ferment in his ignorant heart, !resently bubble o2er into some kind of utterance" The fullness and sensuousness of such effusions bring them nearer to our actual !erce!tions, than common discourse could come. yet they may easily seem remote, o2erloaded, and obscure to those accustomed to think entirely in symbols, and ne2er to be interru!ted in the algebraic ra!idity of their thinking by a moment's !ause and e#amination of heart, nor e2er to !lunge for a moment into that torrent of sensation and imagery o2er which the bridge of !rosaic associations habitually carries us safe and dry to some con2entional act" 7ow slight that bridge commonly is, how much an affair of trestle and wire, we can hardly concei2e until we ha2e trained oursel2es to an e#treme shar!ness of intros!ection" But !sychologists ha2e disco2ered, what laymen generally will confess, that we hurry by the !rocession of o2er mental images as we do by the traffic of the street, intent on business, gladly forgetting the noise and mo2ement of the scene, and looking only for the corner we would turn or the door we would enter in our alertest moment the de!ths of the soul are still dreaming. the real world stands drawn in bare outline against a background of chaos and unrest" :ur logical thoughts dominate e#!erience only as the !arallels and meridians make a checkerboard of the sea" 'they guide our 2oyage without controlling the wa2es, which toss fore2er in site of our ability to ride o2er them to our chosen ends" 'anity is a madness !ut to good uses. waking life is a dream controlled" :ut of the neglected riches of this dream the !oet fetches his wares" 7e di!s into the chaos that underlies the rational shell of the world and brings u! some su!erfluous image, some emotion dro!!ed by the way, and reattaches it to the !resent ob=ect. he reinstates things unnecessary, he em!hasi(es things ignored, he !aints it again into the landsca!e the tints which the intellect has allowed to fade from it" If he seems sometimes to obscure a fact, it is only because he is #

restoring an e#!erience" The first element which the intellect re=ects in forming its ideas of things is the emotion which accom!anies the !erce!tion. and this emotion is the first thing the !oet restores" 7e sto!s at the image, because he sto!s to en=oy" 7e wandersH into the by!aths of association because the by!aths are delightful The lo2e of beauty which made him gi2e measure and cadence to his words, the lo2e of harmony which made him rhyme them, rea!!ear in his imagination and make him select there also the material that is itself beautiful, or ca!able of assuming beautiful forms" The link that binds together the ideas, sometimes so wide a!art, which his wit assimilates, is most often the link of emotion. they ha2e in common some element of beauty or of horror" +B" In the first !aragra!h the writer establishes that !oetry is more !hiloso!hical than @+A 7istory because the function of !oetry is to sift through the circumstances and choose only the significant for its theme" @)A /rose, because !rose deals with our immediate e#!eriences whereas !oetry deals with the sublime e#!eriences" @BA Both @+A and @)A" @;A ,one of the abo2e

+;" 3ccording to the writer, the !rocess of 'naming' in relation to our conce!tion and belief, a!!lies to
be i" 3ll that we see including images and silhouettes" ii" :b=ects and the material meaning of e#!eriences" iii" Doices, souls and silhouettes" @+A 3ll the abo2e three @)A i only +?"

@BA ii only

@;A iii only

The second and third !aragra!hs can best be summarised as : @+A The !oetic genius attem!ts to generate e#!ressions for the truths that the utilitarian mind and language ha2e in the first !lace re=ected' "" @)A The !oetic genius entirely wastes himself in directionless instincts and dreaming in order to gi2e e#!ression to the !artly e#!erienced truths" , @BA The !oetic genius continuously endea2ors to attribute meaning to the a!!arently meaningless ob=ects and 2isions, through a language familiar to all @;A The !oetic genius makes use of the intellectual and utilitarian language that e#ists in order to create another form of language suitable ,to e#!ress the common !erce!tions and sensuous elements" +C" 'anity is a madness !ut to good uses. waking life is a dream controlled" Which of the following, according to the !assage reinforces the 9uotation@+A We are able to successfully conduct oursel2es in the business of the material world by ignoring the mysteries and com!le#ities of the world around us" @)A 82ery human, as he mo2es through the material world, does carry dee! within himself, a !erce!tion of the com!le#ities and the mysteries of the world around him e2en though, unmindful of them at the moment" @BA /oetry is generally not fully understood by a !erson unless he is slightly 'insane' in a way and is a 'dreamer' to an e#tent" @;A 'anity is only when one com!letely ignores the mysteries and com!le#ities of life, and when one consistently re=ects the 'dreamer' in oneself to reach the !ractical goal that one has set for oneself in the real world" +5" Which of the following inferences can be drawn from the last !aragra!h of the !assagei" /oetry essentially deals with the grandeur of life in all its as!ect" ii" /oetry may deal with the insignificant and the non-ob2ious in e2eryday life" iii" /oetry attem!ts to relate the contrary and e2en the o!!osite ideas through emotion" i2" /oetry may turn e2en horror into beauty" @+A 3ll of the abo2e @)A i I ii only @BA i I i2 only @;A ii I iii only

+6"

<hoose from the o!tions that is most suitable title for the !assage: @+A /oetry and /rose @BA 3 /ortrait of the /oet as a 0enius

@)A 8lements of /oetry @;A Functions of /oetry

RC workshop !
:ne of the criteria by which we =udge the 2itality of style of !ainting is its ability to renew itself-its res!onsi2eness to the changing nature and 9uality of e#!erience, the degree of conce!tual and formal inno2ation that it e#hibits" By this criterion, it would a!!ear that the !ractice of abstraction ism has failed to engage creati2ely with the radical change in human e#!erience in recent decades" It has, seemingly, been unwilling to re-in2ent itself in relation to the systems of artistic e#!ression and" 2iewers' e#!ectations that ha2e de2elo!ed under the im!act of the mass media" The =udgment that abstractionism has sli!!ed into 'inertia gear' is gaining endorsement, not only among discerning 2iewers and !ractitioners of other art forms, but also among !ainters themsel2es" Eike their com!anions elsewhere in the world, abstractionists in India are asking themsel2es an o2erwhelming 9uestion today: 1oes abstraction ism ha2e a future- The ma=or crisis that abstractionists face is that of re2itali(ing their !icture surface". few ha2e im!ro2ised any solutions beyond the ones that were e#hausted by the +45*s" Eike all re2olutions, whether in !olitics or in art, abstractionism must now confront its moment of truth: ha2ing begun life as a new and radical !ictorial a!!roach to e#!erience, it 'has become an entrenched orthodo#y itself" Indeed, when 2iewed against a historical situation in which a 2ariety of sub2ersi2e, interacti2e and richly hybrid forms are a2ailable to the art !ractitioner, abstractionism assumes the remote and defiant air of an aristocracy that has outli2ed its age. trammeled by formulaic con2entions yet buttressed by a rhetoric of sacred mystery, it seems condemned to being the last citadel of the self-regarding 'fine art' tradition, the last hurrah of !ainting for !ainting's sake" The situation is further com!licated in India by the circumstances in which an indigenous abstractionism came into !rominence here during the +4C*s'" From the beginning, it was !ro!elled by the dialectic between two moti2es, one re2olutionary and the other conser2ati2e - it was inaugurated as an act of emanci!ation from the dogmas of the nascent Indian nation state, when art was officially 2iewed as an indulgence at worst, and at best, as an instrument for the celebration of the re!ublic's ho!es and as!irations" 7a2ing re=ected these dogmas, the !ioneering abstractionists also went on to re=ect the 2arious figurati2e styles associated with the 'antiniketan circle and others" In such a situation, abstractionism was a re2olutionary mo2e" It led art towards the e#!loration of the subconscious mind, the s!iritual 9uest and the !ossible e#!ansion of consciousness" Indian !ainting entered into a !hase of self-in9uiry, a meditati2e inner s!ace where cosmic symbols and non-re!resentational images ruled" :ften, the transition from figurati2e idioms to abstractionist ones took !lace within the same artist" 3t the same time, Indian abstractionists ha2e rarely committed themsel2es wholeheartedly to a non-re!resentational idiom" They ha2e been !reoccu!ied with the fundamentally meta!hysical !ro=ect of as!iring to the mystical-holy without altogether renouncing the symbolic" This has been sustained by a hereditary reluctance to gi2e u! the murti, the in2iolable iconic form, which e#!lains why abstraction ism is marked by the conser2ati2e tendency to o!erate with images from the sacred re!ertoire of the !ast" 3bstractionism thus entered India as a double-edged de2ice in a com!le# cultural transaction" Ideologically, it ser2ed as an internationalist legitimi(ation of the emerging re2olutionary local trends" 7owe2er, on entry, it was conscri!ted to ser2e local artistic !reoccu!ations - a sur2ey of indigenous abstractionism will show that its most ob2ious !oints of affinity with 8uro!ean and 3merican abstract art were with the more mystically oriented of the ma=or sources of abstractionist !hiloso!hy and !ractice, for instance the $andinsky-$lee school" There ha2e been no takers for Male2ich's 'u!rematism, which militantly re=ected both the artistic forms of the !ast and the world of a!!earances, !ri2ileging the new-minted geometric symbol as an autonomous sign of the desire for infinity" 3gainst this backdro!, we can identify three ma=or abstractionist idioms in Indian art" The first de2elo!s from a lo2e of the earth, and assumes the form of a celebration of the self's dissolution in the cosmic !anorama. the landsca!e is no longer a realistic transcri!tion of the scene, but is transformed into a 2isionary occasion for contem!lating the cycles of decay and regeneration" The second idiom !hrases its de!artures from symbolic and archety!al de2ice as in2itations to heightened !lanes of awareness" 3bstractionism begins with the establishment or dissolution of the motif, which can be drawn from di2erse sources, including the hierogly!hic tablet, the 'ufi meditation dance or the Tantric diagram" The third idiom is based on the lyric !lay of forms guided by gesture or allied with formal im!ro2isations like the assemblage" 7ere, sometimes, the line di2iding abstract image from !atterned design or 9uasi-random e#!ressi2e marking may blur" The flu# of forms can also be regimented through the !oetics of !ure colour arrangements, Dector-diagrammatic s!aces and gestural design" In this genealogy, some !ure lines of descent follow their logic to the ine2itable !oint of e#tinction, others engage in %

cross-fertili(ation, and yet others undergo mutation to maintain their energy" 7owe2er, this genealogical sur2ey demonstrates the wa2e at its crests, those !oints where the meta!hysical and the !ainterly ha2e been fused in images of abiding !otency, ideas sensuously ordained rather than fabricated !rogrammatically to a conce!t" It is e9ually !ossible to enumerate the troughs where the two !rinci!les do not come together, thus arri2ing at a 2ery different account" Fncharitable as it may sound, the history of Indian abstractionism records a series of attem!ts to a2oid the risks of abstraction by resorting to an o2ert and near-generic symbolism, which many Indian abstractionists embrace when they find themsel2es bereft of the amalgamati2e energy to negotiate the union of meta!hysics and !ainterliness" 'uch symbolism falls into a dual tra!: it succumbs to the !om!ous 2acuity of !ure meta!hysics when the burden of intention is !assed off as =ustification. or then it is desiccated by the arid formalism of !ure !ainterliness, with delight in the measure of chance or !attern guiding the e#ecution of a !ainting" The ensuing conflict of !ur!ose stalls the !rogress of abstractionism in an im!asse" The remarkable Indian abstractionists are !recisely those who ha2e o2ercome this and addressed themsel2es to the basic elements of their art with a, decisi2e sense of inde!endence from !rior models" In their recent work, we see the logic of Indian abstractionism !ushed almost to the furthest it can be taken" Beyond such artists stands a lost generation of abstractionists whose work in2okes a wistful, delicate beauty but sto!s there" 3bstractionism is not a uni2ersal language. it is an art that !oints u! the loss of a shared language of signs in society" 3nd yet, it affirms the !ossibility of its reco2ery through the effort of awareness" While its rhetoric has always em!hasi(ed a call for new forms of attention, abstractionist !ractice has tended to fall into a com!lacent !ride in its own incom!rehensibility. a com!lacency fatal in an ethos where 2ibrant new idioms com!ete for the 2iewers' attention" Indian abstractionists ought to really return to basics, to reformulate and re!lenish their understanding of the nature of the relationshi! between the !ainted image and the world around it" But will they abandon their fa2ourite conce!tual habits and formal con2entions, if this becomes necessary+" Which of the following is not stated by the author as a reason for abstractionism loosing its 2itality@+A 3bstractionism has failed to reorient itself in the conte#t of changing human e#!erience" @)A 3bstractionism has not considered the de2elo!ments inartistic e#!ression that has taken !lace in recent times" @BA 3bstractionism has not followed the !ath taken by all re2olutions, whether in !olitics or art" @;A The im!act of mass media on 2iewers' e#!ectations has not been assessed, and res!onded to, by abstractionism" Which of the following, according to the author, is the role that abstractionism !lays in a society@+A It !ro2ides an idiom that can be understood by most members in a society" @)A It highlights the absence of a shared language of meaningful symbols which can be recreated through greater awareness" @BA It highlights the contradictory artistic trends of re2olution and conser2atism that any society needs to mo2e forward, @;A It hel!s abstractionists in2oke the wistful, delicate beauty that may e#ist in society" B" 3ccording to the author, which of the following characteri(es the crisis faced by abstractionism@+A 3bstractionists a!!ear to be unable to transcend the solutions tried out earlier" @)A 3bstractionism has allowed itself to be confined by set forms and !ractices" @BA 3bstractionists ha2e been unable to use the multi!licity of forms now becoming a2ailable to an artist" @;A 3ll of the abo2e ;" 3ccording to the author, the introduction of abstractionism was re2olutionary because it: @+A <elebrated the ho!es and as!irations of a newly inde!endent nation" @)A /ro2ided a new direction to Indian art, towards self-in9uiry and nonre!resentational images" @BA Managed to obtain internationalist su!!ort for the abstractionist agenda" @;A Was an emanci!ation from the dogmas of the nascent nation state" ?" Which of the following is not a !art of the author's characteri(ation of the conser2ati2e trend in Indian abstractionism@+A 3n e#!loration of the subconscious mind" @)A 3 lack of full commitment to non-re!resentational symbols" @BA 3n adherence to the symbolic while as!iring to the mystical" @;A Fsage of the images of gods or similar symbols" &

)"

C" 0i2en the author's delineation of the three abstractionist idioms in Indian art, the third idiom can be best distinguished from the other two idioms through its: @+A 1e!iction of nature's cyclical renewal" @)A Fse of non-re!resentational images" @BA 8m!hasis on arrangement forms" @;A Eimited reliance on original models" 5" 3ccording to the author, the attraction of the $andinsky-$lee school for Indian abstractionists can be e#!lainedby which of the following@+A The conser2ati2e tendency to as!ire to the mystical without a com!lete renunciation of the symbolic" @)A The discomfort of Indian abstractionists with Male2ich's 'u!rematism" @BA The easy identification of ob2ious !oints of affinity with 8uro!ean and 3merican abstract art, of which the' $andinsky-$lee school is an e#am!le" @;A The double-edged nature of abstraction ism which enabled identification with mystically-oriented schools" 6" Which of the following, according to the author, is the most im!ortant reason for the stalling of abstractionism's !rogress in an im!asse@+A 'ome artists ha2e followed their abstractionist logic to the !oint of e#tinction" @)A 'ome artists ha2e allowed chance or !attern to dominate the e#ecution of their !aintings" @BA Many artists ha2e a2oided the tra! of a near-generic and an' o!en symbolism" @;A Many artists ha2e found it difficult to fuse the twin !rinci!les of the meta!hysical and the !ainterly

PASSAGE !
When we remember /resident Franklin 1" %oose2elt's leadershi! after the &a!anese attack on /earl 7arbour, we tend to think of the famous res!onse that he carefully dictated to his secretary, !unctuation included: Gesterday comma 1ecember 5 comma +4;+ dash a date which will li2e in infamy """ " Get the /resident's leadershi! was most sorely tested not on the 'unday of the sur!rise attack or the Monday he deli2ered "his address but in the long, difficult days that followed" Then as now, 3merica's sense of territorial in2ulnerability had been shattered" %umours swirled: the &a!anese were !lanning to bomb Eos 3ngeles, were already bombing 'an Francisco" There was real fear, not =ust among the !ublic but also within the go2ernment, that &a!an might in2ade the 3merican mainland, whose defences were weakened by the cri!!ling of the ,a2y" The differences between /earl 7arbour and last Tuesday's attack were abundant" 3t /earl 7arbour, "the &a!anese targeted a military base. last week the terrorists targeted ordinary ci2ilians tra2elling in the air, working in their offices, walking on the streets" Then, unlike today, we faced discrete, known enemies" But /earl 7arbour, and 3merica's larger history, teaches us that at these crucial =unctures, resol2e and unity are !owerful wea!ons against des!air and hysteria" 3fter /earl 7arbour, symbolic acts were as significant as !hysical !re!aration for war" Franklin and 8leanor %oose2elt worked together to demonstrate that the war o2erseas would be won only by !reser2ing 3merican liberty at home" The week after the raid, the 'ecret 'er2ice suggested a list of security measures at the White 7ouse: camouflaging the building, !lacing machine guns on the roof, co2ering the skylights with sand and tin" %oose2elt re=ected most of the suggestion, to show that the ca!itol stood unbowed - much as, a century earlier 3braham Eincoln insisted that the construction of the <a!itol dome be com!leted in the midst of the <i2il War" 'imilarly, on Tuesday /resident Bush decided to end the day in Washington rather than in a ,:%31 bunker" :n Friday he !resided o2er a national day of !rayer, gi2ing !rominent roles to !eo!le of all races and creeds, including a Muslim religious leader" 8leanor, 2isiting the West <oast after /earl 7arbor, bore witness to the hysteria directed against &a!anese 3mericans" 0o2ernment officials swoo!ed down u!on &a!anese banks, stores and houses" 'wimming against the tide of !re=udice, 8leanor antagoni(ed many <alifornians when she called for tolerance and !osed for a !icture with F' born &a!anese 3mericans. the editorial board of The Eos 3ngeles Time reacted angrily and called for her forcible retirement from !ublic life" The First Eady res!onded that more than fairness was at stake: 3lmost the biggest obligation we ha2e today is to !ro2e that in a time of stress we can still li2e u! to our beliefs" Though the F' later let that !rinci!le down with the internment cam!s" It remains a 2aluable !oint to " remember, !articularly if images of /alestinians celebrating the attacks inflame anger at 3rab 3mericans here" In many ways, the challenge faced by 0eoege W" Bush is greater than %oose2elt's" F"1"%" was an immensely !o!ular third-term !resident who had led 3merica through the 0reat 1e!ression" 3nd he had the lu#ury of immediate, concrete action that gal2ani(ed 3mericans in the days and weeks after the attack" There were wea!ons to be built, resources to be conser2ed, a military force to assemble" This week, outside Washington and ,ew Gork <ity, there was little more for most 3mericans to do than gi2e blood" But the crisis today makes such mundane acts heroic" Terrorism seeks to turn ordinary life into a battlefield, and the bra2est act 3mericans can undertake in the coming weeks is to go about their daily li2es, ride air!lanes and ele2ators and do what the '

British did during the Blit(, show u! at work e2ery morning" Today, Bush has the o!!ortunity to draw on something we rarely e#!erience: the feeling that 3merica is not merely an abstraction but an entity of which we each are a 2ital !art" :n <hristmas 82e +4;+, o2er the ob=ections of the 'ecret 'er2ice, F"1"% insisted on lighting the White 7ouse <hristmas tree" It made a memorable night for the fifteen thousand !eo!le who gathered to hear him s!eak, illumined by a crescent moon, the red light of the Washington Monument and the glow of the tree" While we !re!are to strike back against terrorism and secure our skies and our homes, the challenge to our leaders and to all of us is to show that no terrorist grou! will be allowed to e#tinguish the beacons of freedom and democracy" 4" %oose2elt's leadershi! e2okes memories of his famous res!onse because @+A /earl 7arbor was attacked :n 1ecember 5, +4;+" @)A 7e deli2ered his address in !arliament and asked <ongress for a declaration of war" @BA 3merica's in2incibility came under 9uestion during his tenure" @;A The res!onse is now ine2itably linked to his tenure during the attack on /earl 7arbour The word 'beacons' is used in the !assage to con2ey @+A That no one can take away 3merica's right to freedom" , @)A The safety of the skies were taken for granted before the /earl 7arbour attack" @BA That the torch of freedom and democracy shall not be e#tinguished" @;A ,one of these ++" 7ow were the enemies of the /earl 7arbour attack different from the enemies of the Tuesday attack@lA The enemies in the former case were unknown and the enemies of the Tuesday attack were identified terrorists" @)A The enemies in the former case were untrained and the enemies of the Tuesday attack were e#!erts" @BA The enemies in the former case were identifiable and the enemies of the Tuesday attack were faceless" @;A ,one of these +)" We can infer from the !assage that the !assage in written by a contem!orary of @+A Franklin 1" %oose2elt @)A 0eorge W" Bush @BA 8ither of these @;A <annot say +B" Which of the following is not an e#am!le of a 'mundane act made heroic' @+A To ride air!lanes after the Tuesday attack" @)A to show u! at work e2ery morning" @BA To go about one's daily routines without taking any e#traordinary !recautionary measure" @;A ,one of these +;" Why is the challenge facing 0eorge W" Bush greater than that %oose2elt faced@+A %oose2elt was a third-term !resident and so was already 2ery !o!ular" @)A %oose2elt had a concrete action !lan in hand to gal2ani(e the 3mericans into action" @BA %oose2elt had already !ro2ed himself by leading 3merica through the 0reat 1e!ression" @;A 3ll of these +?" In the !assage, the author draws com!arisons between all of the below e#ce!t @+A %oose2elt and Eincoln @)A %oose2elt and Bush" @BA The /earl 7arbor attack and the Tuesday attack" @;A Franklin and 8leanor %oose2elt

+*"

+C" The lesson that is learned from the %oose2eltJs is

@+A 1eclare war against your enemies" @)A Take all the necessary measures to guarantee that you shall not become a target of enemy attacks again" @BA ,ot to be cowed down, not to blame the wrong !eo!le and not to gi2e u! your beliefs under stress" @;A ,one of these +5" The word 'abstraction' is used in the !assage to con2ey that @+A The citi(ens of 3merica do not consider themsel2es as !art of a great nation" @)A 3merica is not a theoretical conce!t but a concrete entity that is com!rised of its citi(ens" @BA 3mericans are not 2ery !atriotic at the national le2el" (

@;A ,one of these

PASSAGE "
What, might be asked, is the !recise relationshi! of an artist's drawings to his !aintings- :ne !ossible answer is that drawings re!resent a !re!aration for !ainting, that they are studies or sketches, which will find their e2entual fulfillment in !ainted form" The other answer is that they are an esca!e from !ainting, an alternati2e conce!tual s!ace in which the artist tries out other styles or treatments than those he fa2ours in his role as a !ainter" Man=it Bawa's recent drawings suggest that the celebrated +4;; born !ainter's drawings are to be described under the first of these two rubrics" The dream-!ersonate that occu!y Bawa's drawings are identical with those who inhabit his !aintings: le2itating demigods, acrobatic children creatures real and imagined, monkeys and gymnasts gliding u! a !ole" 82ery figure is !neumatic and floats in defiance of gra2ity, dis!laying that weightlessness which is the 7allmark of Bawa's !articular idiom of styli(ed figuration" The drawing, being e#ecuted in shades of black, grey and im!lied white, are stri!!ed of the skin colour, and therefore, of that intense !alette of burning red, dee! green, 2anilla !ink and turmeric yellow, which is another Bawa signature de2ice" 3s such, what the drawings !lace before us is the bone-structure of Bawa's re!ertoire of images, those recurrent motifs that ha2e unified his work o2er the decades" Bawa's allegorical situations address themsel2es to the 2iewer as half-sol2ed riddles" We see here, once again, the child being sacrificed by the father, an image resonant with the anguished drama of Isaac, Ismail and ,achiketas. we see also the musician-god holding the cattle enthral with his flute, the hero wrestling with an ele!hant or a giant bird, or attending to a wounded wy2ern. we meet, again, the woman with a bird and a fish-bowl beneath a crescent moon that floats in the sky like a banana" We know !arts of each story from legend and folklore, but the allegory is not neatly reducible to the story" /hantasmagoric as Bawa's com!ositions may seem, they are de2elo!ed around a cluster of crucial themes: the o2ercoming of terrestrial limitations, the !ossibility of dialogue between humans and animals, the symbolic embodiment of the human instincts as fierce chimeras, emerging from behind the guard-grille of reason" From the foregoing account, it would seem that Bawa is an accom!lished and successful artist, and so he has been" 7e has retrie2ed the decorati2e as a res!ectable resource for contem!orary art !ractice, by means of his starting images and bold treatment of colour: these refer to the Indian courtly tradition of the miniatures and to !o!ular kitsch art, but maintain the imaginati2e autonomy of the modernist !ainting" 3gain, Bawa has !layed off the figure as 2olume against the ground as saturated colour-field, drawing simultaneously on the lessons of 3bstract 8#!ressionism and of the $angra and Basohli master-miniaturists" 3t the le2el of theme, he is one of the few '<ontem!orary Indian artists to ha2e confronted the 9uestion of communication between s!ecies, and rendered his Fto!ian ho!es for it, as well as his a!!reciation of its im!ossibility, in a !ictorially !ersuasi2e manner" 8motionally, his !aintings are couched in an intriguing register com!ounded from irony and wonderment" 3nd yet, Bawa had been afflicted by the malaise that attaches itself e2en to the most dynamic and restless artists, once they yield to the tem!tations of the market: the malaise of the formula" In res!onse to the demands of an insatiable clientele that was entranced by 'the magic of his images, Bawa has resorted, o2er the last decade, to what can only be described as o2er!roduction" 'uddenly, there are far too many Bawa !aintings, and far too few of them break new ground. While indi2idual works still ha2e the ca!acity to sei(e the 2iewer's attention, taken seriatim, they come across as 2ariations on a clutch of motifs" 3s one who has been enchanted by and greatly en=oyed Bawa's work, I am grie2ed to ha2e to concede that a certain com!lacency has set Into the artist's work" In the drawings, as in many of the !aintings, the weight-lessness of the Bawa figure no longer in2okes the awesome, e2en yogic o2ercoming of gra2ity. instead, it becomes a circus trick to be con=ured u! at will" The child standing on the father's head, the ele!hant held aloft and embraced by the four-headed demigod hero, the leonine chimera: these suggest languid simulations, stage !erformances rather than miracles or terrors" 82entually, the 2iewer asks himself what s!ecific and uni9ue 9uality inheres in these drawings, which has not already been !ro=ected by Bawa through his !aintings" The answer would in2ol2e a focusing of attention on the few truly haunting and com!elling drawings" 3nd significantly, while the larger and !hantasmagoric drawings, more ambitious in scale, only re!eat the successes of the !aintings, it is the relati2ely smaller and realistic drawings that de!art from the !aintings and assert their own distincti2e identity" 1)

/arado#ical as it may sound. Bawa's most successful drawings are those that are liberated from the formulae of his successful !ainterly style" That is to say, Man=it Bawa's drawings work best when they abandon the first and act under the second of the two rubrics that we considered at the beginning of this little in9uiry" +6" 3ccording to the !assage, what can you infer about why Bawa draws@+A 3s a !re!aration for !ainting" @)A 3s an esca!e from !ainting" @BA Both @+A and @)A @;A ,one of them

+4"

Which of these are characteristics of Bawa's !aintings@+A Bawa figure in2okes an awesome yogic 9uality" @)A The child being sacrificed by the father is a common theme" @BA Ee2itating demigods and acrobatic children are some of the dream-!ersonae that occu!y Bawa's drawings" @;A Most successful drawings are those that are liberated from the formulae of his successful !ainterly style" ?" 82ery figure is !neumatic and floats in defiance of gra2ity" @+A +,,B,;,? @)A ? but not +,),B,; @BA +,),B and ? but not ; @;A ,one of them )*" 3ccording to the author, Bawa's recent drawings @+A are liberated from the formulae of his successful !ainterly style" @)A ha2e little that is new for someone following his work" @BA are best when they are large and !hantasmagoric" -

@;A
are couched in an intriguing register com!ounded from irony and wonderment"

)+"

What according to the author, seems to be a ma=or contribution of Bawa to Indian art@+A 7e is one of the few to ha2e tried to !ersuade through his !aintings the significance of communication between s!ecies" @)A Bawa's !articular idiom of styli(ed figuration" @BA 7e is the ambassador for 3bstract 8#!ressionism in Indian art" @;A The awesome, e2en yogic 9uality in his !aintings" ))" What does the, author mean, when he says, Bawa's allegorical situations address themsel2es to the 2iewer as half sol2ed riddles. @+A They tease the 2iewer by not a!!earing to be what the 2iewer would inter!ret them as initially" @)A :nce the 2iewer feels that he has sol2ed the riddle of what the situation, it automatically leads him into another riddle" @BA There is no sim!le corres!ondence between the allegory "and 'the story" @;A 7e tries to !ortray riddles though his allegories" Which of these does not refer to a change in Bawa's drawings of late@+A There has been a sort of com!lacency-that has cre!t into them" @)A The Bawa figures suggest stage !erformances rather than miracles or terrors" @BA The market has taken its toll on the drawing of late", @;A The drawings are in shades of burning red, dee! green. 2anilla !ink and turmeric yellow instead of black, grey and im!lied white"

)B"

11

RC workshop "
0reat literature is all about life and a great writer writes about the world as if all the !eo!le in it were his relati2es" With Tolstoy, this was 2ery nearly the case and, 3nna $arenina is the !erfect e#am!le" Tolstoy had the ca!acity to identify with all kinds of !eo!le, more so because he had relati2es in all walks of life - an unfair ad2antage o2er most modem no2elists who know so little of their scattered families" Thus, they are unable to !ortray the life of a single class, let alone" a whole society, and are restricted to a single set - the =et set, the uni2ersity set, the media set, and so ." The disintegration of great families has im!o2erished society in countless ways, e2en in its literature" Tolstoy's !ortrayal of the world and of life, birth, friendshi!, lo2e marriage, se!aration, community, solitude, betrayal, !ity, disillusionment and finally the 2oid - his !ortrayal of the inner life of women, so com!lete in the large and in the small, in second to none in the history of modern literature" Eike the great & 4th <entury %ussian no2el, 3nna $arenina is not intellectual, but emotional @In the classical %ussian no2el, !eo!le committed to in same asylums are not those who ha2e lost their reason, but those who ha2e suddenly ac9uired itA" But all the same, Tolstoy's a!!roach is analytical 7e is concerned far less with what his characters do - the why is allim!ortant and to this e#tent 3nna is one of the great !sychological no2els of the +4+h century" " 3lso, because 3nna is so massi2e in its dimension and because it e#ercises an immediate control o2er our emotions, the so!histication of indi2idual detail tends to esca!e us" 7ence the =ustifiable belief that the great %ussian no2elists can be gras!ed in their generality and little is to be gained from the close academic study that we a!!ly to say, <onrad or /roust" 'ad as this might be @because Tolstoy's !ure narrati2e !ower based on e#!erience, obser2ation and sheer imagination is une9ualledA it is the idea @sA and the 9uestion @sA that the no2el raises that really matter @sA" +t is the famous o!ening line of 3nna that sets the !rimary theme of the no2el: 3ll ha!!y families are alike, but an unha!!y family is unha!!y in its own fashion " Eo2e, marriage and family !ro2ide the links to the basic theme: the !roblem of marriage in a modem society" When Tolstoy was writing 3nna, he had !ro2isionally entitled it as Two Marriages or Two cou!les" 3nd this is !recisely how the theme is unco2ered - not through one story but two which, as the no2el !rogresses, go 9uite se!arate ways" The no2el's heroine, 3nna, a!!ears in only one of the stories while the no2el's hero, Ee2in, a!!ears in the other. they meet once, in a scene of seemingly no great conse9uence" The !ersonal se!arateness of 3nna and Ee2in marks a fundamental difference between the social worlds they each inhabit" 3nna li2es in the to! circle of /etersburg society" Where her husband's official !osition in the im!erial administration, together with her beauty, ga2e her access into the most influential sets: senior officials and intellectual men known as the conscience of /etersburg , and that of society !ro!er - the world of balls, dinner !arties and all the =a((" Ee2in, by contrast, li2es in Hthe country and is best at home with farming and the !easants: he does not go to the ca!ital and when he does, the whole !lace is re!ugnant to him" With Tolstoy there is a deliberate a2oidance of a formal neatnessK because life was not a neat little game, at least not while it is being !layed" Besides the two families, whose affairs link the story of 3nna with that of Ee2in, there are the oblonskys and the she her bat skys and through them Ee2in's bride, $itty" Initially, $itty finds herself in the role of the defeated, =ealous ri2al to 3nna, while 3nna's lo2er, Dronsky seems to stand in the way of Ee2in" This ri2alry does lead to neither e#ternal conflicts nor to any significant contact. it is !rimary felt by $itty and Ee2in, confined to their minds and feeling, which ha2e to be o2ercome inwardly, through a 9uiet !rocess of moral growth which makes them disco2er themsel2es and their true lo2e for each other" 3nna is a no2el of the mind first and last, and its greatness lies !recisely in Tolstoy's ca!acity to get under the skin of each of his characters" Fnder the skin is a suggesti2e-!anels and tells us how they feel" It is the !hysicality of the e#!erience that is strongly con2eyed @time and againA and it surrounds and somehow humani(es the mind" Tolstoy understood better the real effect of con2ersation under the stress of great emotion. so nothing sounds more life -like than Dronsky's effort to figure out the twists and turns of 3nna's s!eech" What about $arenin, the cad that he was, how did he take it when 3nna walks out on him$arenin was face to face with life - with the !ossibility of his lo2ing someone else - and this seemed to be 2ery irrational and incom!rehensible because this was life itself" 3ll his life he had li2ed and worked in official s!here ha2ing to do with mere reflections of life" 3ll his life he had come u! against life itself, he had ste!!ed aside" ,ow he e#!erienced a 1!

sensation such as a man might feel who, 9uietly crossing a bridge o2er a chasm, suddenly disco2ers that the bridge is broken and the abyss yawns below" The abyss was real life. the bridge of artificial e#istence that $arenin had been leading" 3 !art from the emotional catharsis of his characters - Tolstoy's imagination is always ali2e at the emotional com!onents of a situation which could be like a witch's brew of =ealousy, sus!icion, resentment, des!eration, !ride, and much else besides he is best at describing scenes of family life and what ha!!iness might mean" Ee2in is e#as!erated with $itty's !reoccu!ation with tri2ial matters "" Eike all men, he had unconsciously !ictured married life as the ha!!y en=oyment of lo2e which nothing should be allowed to hinder and from which no !etty cares should distract" 7e should, he thought, do his work and then rest on his labours in the ha!!iness of lo2e" 7is wife was to be lo2ed and nothing more" But like all men, he forgot that she too needed occu!ation " 3nna's relationshi! with Dronsky sours ra!idly - he was soon for her no more than the womani(er we had glim!sed - and she is dri2en to suicide because she is unable to imagine any new feeling and she did not want to be treated kindly and gently out of a sense of duty " The 9uestion that is often asked is whether the society no2el in all literature is an anti-society no2el " The Bible te#t Dengeance is mine, I will re!ay , stands as the e!igram to the no2el" The moral momentum of the no2el was certainly to lash society for the cold, cruel rebuff inflicted on a woman, who goes astray through !assion but is fundamentally !roud and high-minded, instead of lea2ing to 0od the !unishment for her sins" 3fter all, what has 3nna done- By social standard, she is guilty of nothing more than a refusal to com!romise and conform" But this raises the 9uestion as Thomas Mann did in a seminal essay on 3nna $arenina" 7ow far custom and morality are distinguishable- 7ow far they are - in effect - one and the same, how far do they coincide in the heart of a socially circumscribed human being- This 9uestion ho2ers unanswered o2er the whole no2el" But, any great work is not com!elled to answer 9uestion" Its task is to bring them out, coldly, cruelly in whate2er it thinks and feels best" If a work !erforms this task - and 3nna $arenina does it in full and am!le measure - Tolstoy's lo2e for his 3nna lea2es us in no doubt at all, no matter how much suffering he !ainfully and relentlessly 2isits on her" 3nna is, all said and done, one of the most mo2ingly beautiful characters who e2er ste!!ed off the !rinted !age to li2e in our imagination" +" The author !ercei2es Tolstoy's 3nna $arenina as an analytical no2el because" @+A It is concerned, to a' greater e#tent, with the actions of the character" @)A It reflects the social milieu to which its main characters belonged" @BA It deals with the basic theme of !roblems of marriage in a modern society" @;A It is concerned with the reasons for the actions of the characters and e#ercises an immediate control o2er our emotions" The author eulogises Tolstoy's ca!acity to get 'under the skin' of his characters: This suggests that" @+A Tolstoy was !ortrayillg each character assuming himself as the !rotagonist of the no2el" @)A Tolstoy was humani(ing the mind through the !hysicality of e#!eriences of his characters" @BA Tolstoy was !ortraying the social world to which the central characters 3nna and Ee2a belonged" @;A Tolstoy was attem!ting to !ercei2e the great di2ide that e#isted between urban and rural li2es" In the author's analysis, Tolstoy has not answered which of the following 9uestions@+A Is it !ossible for a no2elist to identify with all strata of !eo!le in the society@)A <an the inner li2es of woman be !ortrayed com!letely and successfully@BA 7ow far is con2ersation effecti2e under, the stress of great emotions@;A 7ow far are custom and morality distinguishable and to what e#tent are they one and" the sameIn the authors o!inion the task of a literary work is to" @+A Bring issues out realistically @BA /ortray society and its morality disinterestedly" @)A 3nswer 9uestion conclusi2ely" @;A Luench the intellectual thirst of the readers"

)"

B"

;"

?"

The analyst !redicts that modem no2elists would ha2e been able to create 3nna $areninas if, @+A They had followed the analytical school of fiction writing in which characters ecli!se their actions" @)A They had been able to identify with all kinds of !eo!le and !ortray a class or a whole society" 1"

@BA They had catered less to emotional li2es and more to intellectual s!heres "" @;A They had done a thorough re2iew of the literature of the +4th century and other classic writings" C" In the author's 2iew, one of the !henomena that contributed to the weakening of literature is, @+A The narrati2e techni9ue em!loyed by most writers" @)A 3n esca!ism from real life" @BA The disintegration of families" @;A The o2erem!hasis on style"

PASSAGE !
7ow often do we say ':f course I belie2e it - I saw it from my own eyesM' But can we really be so sure what it is that our eyes see- For e#am!le, take the sim!le 9uestion, '7ow big is the moon-' Gou remember the three =o2ial huntsmen in the nursery rhyme, how they hunted all night, 3nd nothing could they find 8#ce!t the moon as guide The first he said it was the moon The second he ,said nay" The third it was a <heddar cheese" 3nd half * ' it cut away" <ould any of us make any better estimation of the moon's si(e if we had not read what astronomers tell us about its diameter- What does looking at the moon, or any other ob=ect, tell us about its real si(e- What do we mean by 'real' si(e, or 'real' sha!e, or other a!!earance, for that matter- <an we belie2e what we see of things. or rather, !utting it the other way round, what do we mean when we say we belie2e that a thing has a certain si(e or sha!e0oing back to the moon, you may say, ':f course it is a long way off, and that's why it looks like a cheese"' But how -do we know it is a long way off- :nly because we, cannot touch it or reach it, by tra2el"' <ertainly this gi2es some hel! in finding out the significance, as we say, of its a!!earance" We inter!ret the "image that falls u!on the retina of our eye in terms of all sorts of other information we already !ossess, about distance aK whether we can reach or touch an ob=ect" This shows at once that when we say that a thing a!!ears to be of a certain si(e, we are not merely reacting, to an image on the retina in the same way as we react to a sim!le-stimulus such as a !rick with a needle" When the needle !ricks the skin, the ner2es carry messages 9uickly to the s!inal cord, and then back to the muscles. the reaction is refle#, But when we look at something and s!eak about its site, the !rocess in2ol2ed in this reaction is much more com!licated" The brain inter!rets the image on the retina in the light of all sorts of other 'information' it recei2es" /erce!tion, in fact, is by no means a sim!le recording of the details of the world seen outside" It is a selection of those features with which we are familiar" What it amounts to is that we do not so much belie2e what we tee as see what we belie2e" 'eeing is an acti2ity not only of our eyes but of the brain, which works as a sort of selecting machine" :ut of all the images !resented to it, it chooses for recognition those that most nearly relates with the world learned by !ast e#!erience"" It is 2ery im!ortant for !eo!le like me, who study the brain, to try to form a !icture of how selection is done" 7ow does this curious machine succeed in taking in so much information minute by minute, and fitting it together to !roduce useful actions that enable us to li2e our life- Fntil we can answer such 9uestion, our studies of how the brain works will remain incom!lete" It is because we cannot easily image a machine that will !erform such feats that we find it difficult to describe our beha2ior as resulting from the action of the brain" It, is much easier to say that we act as we do because of some entity like the will, or su!er-ego or something like that" 7owe2er, I do not want to !ursue that theme now, but I want to gi2e a few more e#am!les to show how what the brain has learned, influences the !rocess we call 'seeing things'" 'eeing they say, belie2es" But is it- 3n arrangement can be made such that a !erson looks through a !ee!hole into a bare corridor, so bare that it gi2es no clues about distance" If you now show him a !iece of white card in the corridor and ask how large it is, his re!ly will be influenced by any suggestion you make as to what the card may be" If you tell him that a !article !iece is a large en2elo!e, and he will say that it is much further away" :n the other hand, if you see, !laying cards, say a Lueen of '!ades, he will say it is a long way away" Because, you see, !laying cards are nearly always of a standard si(e" In fact the si(e we say things are de!ends u!on what 1#

we otherwise know about them" When we see a motorcar from far away, it's image on the retina is no bigger than that of a toy seen near , but we take the surroundings into consideration and gi2e its !ro!er si(e" We can get some clues about how we do this from The situations in which we =udge wrongly" When we are in an aero !lane, the houses below us all look like dolls' houses" Why do we not see them at their '!ro!er' si(e, as we do distant houses in the country- 82idently we use the clues !ro2ided by the ground, with which we are familiar" We are not used to estimating the distance of ob=ects seen far away with nothing in between" For most situations, howe2er, we ha2e learned to inter!ret the images on the retina in the light of the framework in which they are set" When one comes into a room and looks around the walls, the !ictures in their frames throw all sorts of curious sha!es u!on the retina" But we do not say that a !articular !icture frame is an irregular one with sides not !arallel" We inter!ret the angles, and say that the frame is s9uare or round, as the case may be" It can be shown that we do this largely by reference to the sha!e of the surrounding room" If the room is made to gi2e false clues, we shall be misled in our re!orts about the !ictures" This has been done in some e#!eriments in 3merica, in which !eo!le were made to look through a small hole into a s!ecially made room with distorted walls" The sides of the room were not !arallel and did not form right angles with each other, or with the ceiling" When !erfectly ordinary !ictures of !eo!le were hung on these funny walls, the 2iewers re!orted that the frame and faces had !eculiar sha!es, and they made all sorts of wrong statement about the si(es of ob=ect in the room" But nobody said anything about the room being distorted" These recent e#!eriments are only striking e#am!les of 2isual illusions that ha2e long been familiar" But we cannot dismiss them by the de2ice of =ust labeling them '2isual illusions'" Why do we ha2e these difficulties of inter!retation- What can be learned about brain !rocesses by studying such illusions82idently one of the first rules of our seeing is that we must !ick out a framework that is as familiar as !ossible" /resented with situations in which we can say either" that the room is cra(y, or the !ictures are distorted, we say the latter" The sha!e of the room is something not to be thought of" In fact, in seeing, we look for as much stability as we can get if we saw e2erything !hotogra!hically, the world would run !ast wildly e2ery time we turned our heads, =ust as the !ictures do when a mo2ie camera swee!s around" But !icture than falls u!on our eyes" Indeed, if we cannot !ick out such a stable world, we become disorientated and terrified" Few things are more frightening than a uniform en2ironment with no landmarks, whether it is an o!en sea, a mist, a frost or e2er a large dark room" This search for stability in !erce!tion is of course an as!ect of the !rimal acti2ity of all life - the search to remain intact in face of a hostile en2ironment" The naturalistic !ainter inter!rets his 2isual images in con=unction with the world of touch with which we are all familiar" 7e selects for attention the ob=ects we can handle" This is indeed a sensible enough thing to do in a world where men work mostly with their bare hands and look with their unaided eyes" /erha!s the abstract !ainter !aints differently because he has learned to li2e in a rather different world" :f course there ha2e been abstractions in art since the ca2emen began it" Is it true that modern abstractions are related to contem!orary methods of thought- ,owadays all sorts of mechanical and electrical tools surround us" We read details of re2elations by new instruments of strange as!ects of things" Gou may re!ly at once that there is little e2idence that abstract !ainters know anything of such matters" ,o doubt most of them would re!udiate any interest in engineering or electrons" ,e2ertheless they ha2e mo2ed in a world where there are many engines and their !roduct, and where !eo!le constantly write and s!eak of such things" The whole intellectual climate of recent times encourages us to s!eak not only of things that we can touch, but of entities, such as atoms, that can only be re2ealed in" elaborated ways, that is to say, are abstractions" It is not really far-fetched to su!!ose that the brain of the abstract !ainter shows by the designs it !roduces the effect of these ways of s!eaking" But it is 2ery difficult to try to trace out in detail how our e#!erience of the way in which the world can be made to meet our needs comes to condition what we see in it, and say or !aint about it" " In a sense, therefore, our own world is the real one for each of us and we can only inter!ret each new e#!erience in terms of our own world" That is what I mean when I say that we see what we belie2e" 5" Disual !erce!tion is concerned with, @+A %efle# actions, like all the 'other senses" @)A The sim!le recording of images" @BA The recognition of form 2olume and colour" @;A the selection of those feature with which we are familiar" /erce!tion is an acti2ity of 1$

6"

@+A The eyes" @BA The eyes and the will or su!er-ego" 4"

@)A The eyes and the brain" @;A The eyes, brain, and something like will or su!er-ego"

The idea that sums u! the author's a!!roach to !erce!tion is that, @+A We do not so much belie2e what we see as see what we belie2e" @)A 'eeing is belie2ing" @BA We must learn to remember what we see" @;A We cannot trust our eyes" When we are in an aero !lane, houses look like dolls' house because : The distance makes them look smaller" We know they are a long way off" We cannot really =udge them in relation to their surroundings" @;A We are not used to estimating the distance of ob=ects seen far away with nothing in between"

+*"

@+A @)A @BA @;A

PASSAGE "
I am in the habit of thinking of myself as a %ationalist and I su!!ose, a %ationalist must be one who wishes men to be rational" But in these days rationality has recei2ed many hard knocks, so, that it is difficult to know what one means by it" whether, if that were known, it is something which human being can achie2e" The 9uestion of the definition of rationality has two sides, theoretical and !ractical. What is the rational o!tion- 3nd what is rational conduct- /ragmatism em!hasi(es to irrational of o!tion, and !sycho-analysis em!hasises the irrational of conduct Both ha2e led many !eo!le to the 2iew that there is no such thing, if you and I hold different o!inions, it is useless to a!!eal to argument, or to seek the arbitration of an im!artial outsider. there is nothing for us to do but to figure it out, by the method of rhetoric, ad2ertisement or warfare, according to the degree of our financial and military strength" I belie2e such an outlook to be 2ery dangerous, and in the long run, fatal to ci2ilisation" I shall therefore endea2our to show that the ideal of rational remains unaffected by the ideas that ha2e been thought fatal to it, and that it retains all the im!ortance it was formally belie2ed to ha2e as a guide to thought and life" To begin within rationality in o!inion. I should define it merely as the habit of taking account of all rele2ant e2idence in arri2ing at a belief, where certainty is unattainable" 3 rational man will gi2e most weight to the most !robable o!inion, while retaining others, which ha2e an a!!reciable !robability, in his mind as hy!othesis which subse9uent e2idence may show to be !referable, This of course, assumes that it is !ossible, in many 0ases to ascertain fact and !robabilities by an ob=ecti2e method - i"e" a method which will lead any two careful !eo!le to the same result" This is often 9uestioned" It is said by many that the only function of intellect is to facilitate the satisfaction of the indi2idual's desires and needs" The /lebs Te#t-Book committee in their outline of !sychology say: The intellect is abo2e all thing an instrument of !artiality" Its function is to secure those action which are beneficial to the indi2idual or the s!ecies shall be !reformed, and that those actions which are less beneficial shall be inhibited" But the same authors, in the same book, state again in italics: the faith of the Mar#ian differs !rofoundly from religious faith. the latter is based only on desire and tradition" The former is grounded on the scientific analysis of ob=ecti2e reality " This seems inconsistent with what they say about the intellect, unless indeed, they mean to suggest that it is not intellect which has led them to ado!t the Mar#ian' faith" In any case, since they admit that scientific analysis of ob=ecti2e reality is !ossible, they must admit that it is !ossible to ha2e o!inions which are rational in an ob=ecti2e sense" More erudite author who ad2ocated an irrational !oint of 2iew, such as the !ragmatist !hiloso!her, are not to be caught out so easily" They maintain that there is no such thing as ob=ecti2e fact, the one which our o!inions must conform if they are to be true" From them, o!inions are merely wea!ons in the struggle for e#istence and those which hel! a man to sur2i2e are to be called 'true', This 2iew was !re2alent in &a!an in the si#th century 31, when Buddism first reached that country" The 0o2ernment, being in doubt as the truth of the new religion, ordered one of the courtiers to ado!t it e#!erimentally. if he !ros!ered more than the other, the religion was to be ado!ted uni2ersally, This is the method @with modifications to suit modem timesA which the !ragmatist ad2ocate in regard to all religious contro2ersies. and yet I ha2e not heard of any who ha2e announced their con2ersion to the &ewish faith, although it seem to lead to !ros!erity more ra!idly than any other" 1%

In s!ite of the !ragmatist's definition of 'truth' howe2er, he has always, in ordinary life, a 9uite different standard for the less refined 9uestion which arise in !ractical affairs" 3 !ragmatist on a =ury in a murder case will weight the e2idence e#actly as any other man will, whereas if he ado!ts his !rofessed criterion he ought to consider whom among the !o!ulation it would be most !rofitable to hang" That man would be, by definition, guilty of the murder, since belief in his !ragmatism does sometimes occur. I ha2e heard of frame-u!s in 3merica and %ussia which answered this descri!tion" But, in such case all !ossible efforts after concealment are made, and if they fail there is a scandal" This effort after concealment shows that e2en !olicemen affair - that is sought in science" It is this kind also that is sought in religion, as long as !eo!le ho!e to find it" It is only when !eo!le ha2e gi2en u! the ho!e of !ro2ing that religion is true in a straightforward sense that they set to work to !ro2e that it is true in some new-fangled sense" It may be laid down broadly that irrationalism, i"e" disbelief in ob=ecti2e fact, arises almost always from the desire to assert sometime for which there is no e2idence, or to deny sometime for which there is 2ery good e2idence" But the belief in ob=ecti2e fact always !ersists as regards !articular !ractical 9uestions, such as in2estments or engaging ser2ants" 3nd in fact can be made the test of the truth of our belief anywhere, it would be the test e2erywhere, leading to agnosticism where it cannot be a!!lied" The abo2e considerations are, of course, 2ery inade9uate to their theme" The 9uestion of the ob=ecti2ity of fact has been rendered difficult by the obfuscations of !hiloso!hers, with which I ha2e attem!ted to deal elsewhere in a more thorough going fashion" For the !resent I shall assume that there are facts, that some fact can be known, and that in regard to certain others, a degree of !robability can be ascertained in relation to fact which can be known" :ur beliefs are, howe2er, often contrary to fact. e2en when we only hold that something is !robable on the e2idence, it may be that we ought to hold it to be im!robable on the some e2idence" The theoretical !art of rationality, than will consist in basing our beliefs as regards matters of fact u!on e2idence rather than u!on wishes, !re=udices, or traditions" 3ccording to the sub=ect-matter of a rational man will be the same as one who is =udicial or one who is scientific" ++" The erudite authors ad2ocating irrational belie2e in: @+A 3do!ting any religion which is economically beneficial" @)A %eligion con2ersion to Buddhist faith" @BA ,on-ob=ectification of sur2i2al tenets" @;A 0lobal s!read of a certain belief if it is leading to !ros!erity" The !arado#ical assessment of 'intellect' by the /leds te#t-book committee shows that: @+A They do not belie2e in Mar#ian theory" @)A They do belie2e in Mar#ian faith" @BA The actions are correlated to its conse9uences" @;A 3 logical assessment of rational is a !ossibility" The author belie2es that the ideal of rationality is: @+A 3 stagnant !ros!ect" @BA Total for mankind"N @)A 3 standard for the !rocess of thinking and life" @;A 3 strong belief for the de2elo!ment of earth"

+)"

+B"

+;"

Which of the following can draw as an a!!ro!riate title to the !assage@+A %ationalism 2>s /ragmatism @)A The single Face of Irrationality" @BA %ationality is &anus Faced" @;A I, Me, 3nd My %ationality" The tone underlying the !assage can be said to be : @+A <ontem!lati2e @)A :!inionated @BA 1escri!ti2e @;A 3nalytical

+?"

PASSAGE #
The classical theory of !sychoanalysis was the brilliant results of Freud's attem!ts to integrate his many re2olutionary disco2eries and ideas into a coherent conce!tual framework that satisfied the criteria of the science of his time" 0i2en the sco!e and de!th of his work, it is not sur!rising that we can now recogni(e shortcomings in his a!!roach which are due !artly to the limitations inherent in the <artesian-,ewtonian framework and in !art to Freud's own cultural conditioning" %ecogni(ing these limitations of the !sychoanalytic a!!roach in no way diminishes the genius of its founder" But is crucial for the future of !sychothera!y" " 1&

%ecent de2elo!ments in !sychology and !sychothera!y ha2e begun to !roduce a new 2iew of the human !syche, one in which the Freudian model is recogni(ed as e#tremely useful for dealing with certain as!ects or le2els, or he unconscious but as se2erely limiting when a!!lied to the totality of mental life in health and illness" The situation is unlike that in !hysics, Where the ,ewtonian model is e#tremely useful for the descri!tion of a certain range of !henomena but has to be e#tended and often radically changed when we go beyond that range" In !sychiatry, some of the necessary e#tensions and modifications of the Freudian a!!roach were !ointed out e2en during Freud's lifetime by his immediate followers" The !sychoanalytic mo2ement had attracted many e#traordinary indi2idual, some of whom formed an inner circle around Freud in Dienna" There was a rich intellectual e#change and much crossfertili(ation of ideas in the inner circle, but also a considerable amount of conflict, etesian, and dissent" 'e2eral of Freud's !rominent disci!le left the mo2ement because of basic theoretical disagreements and started in their own schools, em!hasi(ing 2arious modifications of the Freudian model" The most famous of those !sychoanalytic renegades were lung, 3lder, %eich and %ank" The first to lea2e mainstream !sychoanalysis was 3lfred 3lder, who de2elo!ed what he called Indi2idual !sychology" 7e re=ected the dominant role of se#uality in the Freudian theory and !ut crucial em!hasis, on the will to !ower and the tendency to com!ensate for real or imaginary inferiority" 3lder's study of the indi2idual's role in the family led him to em!hasi(e the social roots of mental disorders, which are generally neglected in classical !sychoanalysis" 7e !ointed out that what Freud called masculine and feminine !sychologies were not so much rooted in biological difference between men and women but were essentially, conse9uences of the social order !re2ailing under !atriarchy" The feminist criti9ue of Freud's ideas on women was elaborated later on by $aren 7omey and has since been discussed by many authors, both within and outside the fields of !sychoanalysis" 3ccording to these critics, Freud took the masculine as the cultural and se#ual norm and thus failed to reach a genuine understanding of the female !syche, female se#uality in !articular remained for him in his own e#!ressi2e meta!hor - 'the dark continent for !sychology'" +C" The author attributes the drawbacks of Freudian !sychoanalysis mainly to +" The shortcoming in the <artesian - ,ewtonian framework" )" Freud's own containing to the culture of his times" B" his attem!ts to merge his disco2eries into a holistic conce!tual framework" ;" ,one of these The author is not of the o!inion that recogni(ing the shortcoming of the !sychoanalytic a!!roach would +" be of any use for the future of !sychothera!y" )" bring down the genius and contributions of Freud" B" affect 3lder's attem!ts at re=ecting the notion of se#uality in the Freudian theory" ;" limit theoretical disagreements among theneo-Freudian school of !sychoanalysts" In the recent de2elo!ments in !sychotheray, the Freudian model is recogni(ed as, +" 8#tremely useful when a!!lied to the totality )" 7ighly limiting in dealing with certain le2els of the unconscious" B" Luite useful in understanding certain as!ects of human consciousness" ;" ,ot limiting when a!!lied to holistic realms of health and disorders" It can be inferred from the !assage : +" limitations in the Freudian model of !sychoanalysis were recogni(ed during Freud's lifetime" )" the theory of !sychoanalysis doesn't seem to be a !roduct of discussion and debate" B" freud was rigid in his 2iews on the human !syche and didn't in2ite feedback from his disci!les" ;" classical !sychoanalysis !laced a certain im!etus on the social roots on mental disorders" Which of the following is the !oint on which 3lder disagreed with Freud+" Indi2idual !sychology )" %ole of se#uality B" Imaginary inferiority ;"%eal inferiority 1'

+5"

+6"

+4"

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3ccording to Freudian critics, Freud failed to understand the female !syche com!letely because+" Freud considered female se#uality as similar to the 'dark continent'" )" Freud re=ected the notion of social roots in mental health" B" Freud took the masculine as the cultural and se#ual norm" ;" Freud inter!reted masculine and feminine !syches as rooted in biological as!ects"

1(

A*S+ER
RC workshop 1 +" B C" B ++" ; +C" ) )" B 5" B +)" ) +5" ; B" + 6" ; +B" ; +6" ) ;" ) 4" + +;" B ?" ; +*" ) +?" +

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+orkshop " +" ; C" B ++" B +C" ; )+" B )" ) 5" ; +)" B +5" ) B" B 6" ) +B" ) +6" B ;" + 4" + +;" B +4" + ?" ) +*" ; +?" ; )*" )

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+orkshop $
Direction: %ead the following !assages carefully and answer the 9uestions that follow Passage 1 1uring our =ourney he made me obser2e the se2eral methods used by farmers in managing their lands, which to me were wholly unaccountable. for, e#ce!t in some 2ery few !laces, I could not disco2er one ear of corn or blade of grass" But, in three hours tra2eling, the scene was wholly altered. we came into a most beautiful country. farmerJs houses, at small distances, neatly built. the fields enclosed, containing 2ineyards, corn-grounds, and meadows: ,either do I remember to ha2e seen a more delightful !ros!ect" 7is e#cellency obser2ed my countenance to clear u!. he told me, with a sigh, Othat there his estate began, and would continue the same, till we should come to his house: that his countrymen ridiculed and des!ised him, for managing his affairs no better, and for setting so ill an e#am!le to the kingdom. which, howe2er, was followed by 2ery few, such as were old, and willful, and weak like himself:J We came at length to the house, which was indeed a noble structure, built according to the best rules of ancient architecture" The fountains, gardens, walks, a2enues, and gro2es, were all dis!osed with e#act =udgment and taste" I ga2e due !raises to e2ery thing I saw, whereof his e#cellency took not the least notice till after su!!er. when, there being no third com!anion, he told me with a 2ery melancholy air Othat he doubted he must throw down his houses in town and country, to rebuild them after the !resent mode. destroy all his !lantations, and cast others into such a form as modern usage re9uired, and gi2e the same directions to all his tenants, unless he would submit to incur the censure of !ride, singularity, affectation, ignorance, ca!rice, and !erha!s increase his ma=estyJs dis!leasure. that the admiration I a!!eared to be under would cease or diminish, when he had informed me of some !articulars which, !robably, I ne2er heard of at court, the !eo!le there being too much taken u! in their own s!eculations, to ha2e regard to what !assed here below:J The sum of his discourse was to this effect: OThat about forty years ago, certain !ersons went u! to Ea!uta, either u!on business or di2ersion, and, after fi2e months continuance, came back with a 2ery little smattering in mathematics, but full of 2olatile s!irits ac9uired in that airy region: that these !ersons, u!on their return, began to dislike the management of e2ery thing below, and fell into schemes of !utting all arts, sciences, languages, and mechanics, u!on a new foot" To this end, they !rocured a royal !atent for erecting an academy of !ro=ectors in Eagado. and the humour !re2ailed so strongly among the !eo!le, that there is not a town of any conse9uence in the kingdom without such an academy" In these colleges the !rofessors contri2e new rules and methods of agriculture and building, and new instruments, and tools for all trades and manufactures. whereby, as they undertake, one man shall do the work of ten. a !alace may be built in a week, of materials so durable as to last for e2er without re!airing" 3ll the fruits of the earth shall come to maturity at whate2er season we think fit to choose, and increase a hundred fold more than they do at !resent. with innumerable other ha!!y !ro!osals" The only incon2enience is, that none of these !ro=ects are yet brought to !erfection. and in the mean time, the whole country lies miserably waste, the houses in ruins, and the !eo!le without food or clothes" By all which, instead of being discouraged, they are fifty times more 2iolently bent u!on !rosecuting their schemes, dri2en e9ually on by ho!e and des!air: that as for himself, being not of an enter!rising s!irit, he was content to go on in the old forms, to li2e in the houses his ancestors had built, and act as they did, in e2ery !art of life, without inno2ation: that some few other !ersons of 9uality and gentry had done the same, but were looked on with an eye of contem!t and ill-will, as enemies to art, ignorant, and ill commonwealthJs men, !referring their own ease and sloth before the general im!ro2ement of their country"P +" The !assage is best described as a @3A !arody of the aristocracy @1A frenetic ad2enture tale @BA detailed character study @<A satire of academia @8A !olemic calling for radical change

)" The lord who accom!anies the narrator is considered to be Osetting so ill an e#am!le to the kingdomP because @3A he li2es in s!lendor while his country men star2e @BA he follows old customs rather than ado!ting im!ractical schemes @<A he surrounds himself with the old and the weak in order to look better by com!arison @1A he is des!ised by his countrymen @8A his melancholy moods ha2e cast a !all o2er a =oyous land B" The aristocrat initially fails to res!ond to the narratorJs !raise because !1

@3A the !resence of other !eo!le !re2ents him from s!eaking freely @BA he secretly des!ises the things the narrator has !raised @<A he sus!ects the narratorJs comments are facetious @1A he is so de!ressed that he cannot summon the energy to s!eak @8A it is customary to ignore com!liments in Eagado ;" In the !assage , the list O!ride, singularity, affectation, ignorance, ca!riceP is most likely intended to @3A indicate that the s!eaker is searching for the correct word @BA resemble a litany of charges being recited by the towns!eo!le @<A suggest that the s!eaker is not truly worthy of admiration @1A con2ince the reader that the narrator is 2indicti2e @8A highlight the s!eakerJs lyrical manner ?" The !assage suggests that college !rofessors @3A ha2e de2elo!ed the means to end most manual labor @BA are solely res!onsible for the hardshi! suffered by EagadoJs !eo!le @<A tend to !ro!ound theories that fail to work in !ractice @1A should concern themsel2es with teaching and not with research @8A are interested only in magnifying their own !ower C" The use of the word Oincon2enienceP in the lines O The only incon2enience is QQ"brought to !erfectionP is an e#am!le of @3A academic =argon @BA colorful meta!hor @<A argument by analogy @1A hy!erbolic e#aggeration @8A wry understatement 5" The authorJs attitude toward Oinno2ationP, as demonstrated in the !assage, is one of @3A anti!athy @BA indifference @<A celebration @1A acce!tance @8A des!air 6" The author would most likely agree with which of the following ma#ims@3A OIf at first you donJt succeed, try, try again"P @BA OIf it ainJt broke, donJt fi# it"P @<A O,o !ain, no gain:J @1A OGou will catch more flies with honey than with 2inegarP @8A OThe s9ueaky wheel gets the grease"P 4" Which of the following, if true, would most undermine the !oint of this !assage@3A ,itrogen fertili(ers de2elo!ed by research scientists ha2e led to a dramatic increase in cro! yields, re2olutioni(ing agriculture" @BA 3 number of buildings hailed by the architectural community as brilliantly designed are considered eyesores by the !ublic" @<A In +464, two scientists made headlines after claiming to ha2e de2elo!ed a method of generating energy called Ocold fusion,P which was soon dismissed as a hoa#" @1A Fni2ersity enrollment rates ha2e increased nearly a hundredfold o2er the course of the !ast century" @8A Initially hailed as a mar2el of engineering, the Tacoma ,arrows Bridge colla!sed only months after it o!ened" Passage ! Because early man 2iewed illness as di2ine !unishment and healing as !urification, medicine and religion were ine#tricably linked for centuries" This notion is a!!arent in the origin of our word O!harmacy,P which comes from the 0reek !harmakon, meaning O!urification through !urging"P By B?** B"<", the 'umerians in the Tigris-8u!hrates Dalley had de2elo!ed 2irtually all of our modern methods of administering drugs" They used gargles, inhalations, !ills, lotions, ointments, and !lasters" The first drug catalog, or !harmaco!oeia, was written at that time by an unknown 'umerian !hysician" /reser2ed in cuneiform scri!t on a single clay tablet are the names of do(ens of drugs to treat ailments that still afflict us today"

!!

The 8gy!tians added to the ancient medicine chest" The 8bers /a!yrus, a scroll dating from +4** s"c" and named after the 0erman egy!tologist 0eorge 8bers, re2eals the trial-and-error know-how ac9uired by early 8gy!tian !hysicians" To relie2e indigestion, a chew of !e!!ermint lea2es and carbonates @known today as antacidsA was !rescribed, and to numb the !ain of tooth e#traction, 8gy!tian doctors tem!orarily stu!efied a !atient with ethyl alcohol" The scroll also !ro2ides a rare glim!se into the hierarchy of ancient drug !re!aration" The Ochief of the !re!arers of drugsP was the e9ui2alent of a head !harmacist, who su!er2ised the Ocollectors of drugs,P field workers who gathered essential minerals and herbs" The O!re!arersJ aides @techniciansA dried and !ul2eri(ed ingredients, which were blended according to certain formulas by, the O!re!arers"P 3nd the Oconser2ator of drugsP o2ersaw the storehouse where local and im!orted mineral, herb, and animal-organ ingredients were ke!t" By the se2enth century s"c", the 0reeks had ado!ted a so!histicated mind-body 2iew of medicine" They belie2ed that a !hysician must !ursue the diagnosis and treatment of the !hysical @bodyA causes of disease within a scientific framework, as well as cure the su!ernatural @mindA com!onents in2ol2ed" Thus, the early 0reek !hysician em!hasi(ed something of a holistic a!!roach to health, e2en if the sus!ected OmentalP causes of disease were not recogni(ed as stress and de!ression but inter!reted as curses from dis!leased deities" The modern era of !harmacology began in the si#teenth century, ushered in by the first ma=or disco2eries in chemistry" The understanding of how chemicals interact to !roduce certain effects within the body would e2entually remo2e much of the guesswork and magic from medicine" 1rugs had been launched on a scientific course, but centuries would !ass before su!erstition was dis!laced by scientific fact" :ne ma=or reason was that !hysicians, unaware of the e#istence of disease-causing !athogens such as bacteria and 2iruses, continued to dream u! imaginary causati2e e2ils" 3nd though new chemical com!ounds emerged, their effecti2eness in treating disease was still based largely on trial and error" Many standard, common drugs in the medicine chest de2elo!ed in this trial-and-error en2ironment" 'uch is the com!le#ity of disease and human biochemistry that e2en today, des!ite enormous strides in medical science, many of the latest so!histicated additions to our medicine chest shel2es were accidental finds" +*" The author cites the literal definition of the 0reek word O!hannakonP in first !ara in order to @3A show that ancient ci2ili(ations had an ad2anced form of medical science @BA !oint out that many of the beliefs of ancient ci2ili(ations are still held today @<A illustrate that early man thought reco2ery from illness was linked to internal cleansing @1A stress the mental and !hysical causes of disease @8A em!hasi(e the !rimiti2e nature of 0reek medical science ++" It was !ossible to identify a number of early 'ume rian drugs because @3A traces of these drugs were disco2ered during archaeological e#ca2ations @BA the ancient 8gy!tians later ado!ted the same medications @<A 'umerian religious te#ts e#!lained many drug- making techni9ues @1A a !harmaco!oeia in 8uro!e contained detailed reci!es for ancient drugs @8A a list of drugs and !re!arations was com!iled by an ancient 'umerian +)" The !assage suggests that which of the following is a similarity between ancient 'umerian drugs and modem drugs@3A 3ncient 'umerian drugs were made of the same chemicals as modern drugs" @BA Eike modem drugs, ancient 'umerian drugs were used for both mental and !hysical disorders" @<A The different ways !atients could take ancient 'umerian drugs are similar to the ways modern drugs are taken" @1A Both ancient 'umerian drugs and modem drugs are !roducts of so!histicated chemical research" @8A 7ierarchically organi(ed grou!s of laborers are res!onsible for the !re!aration of both ancient 'umerian and modern drugs" +B" 3ccording to the !assage, the se2enth-century 0reeksJ 2iew of medicine differed from that of the 'umerians in that the 0reeks @3A disco2ered more ad2anced chemical a!!lications of drugs @BA acknowledged both the mental and !hysical roots of illness @<A attributed disease to !sychological, rather than !hysical, causes !"

@1A established a rigid hierarchy for the !re!aration of drugs @8A de2elo!ed most of the !recursors of modern drugs +;" The OhierarchyP referred in the !assage is an e#am!le of @3A a su!erstitious !ractice @BA the relati2e se2erity of ancient diseases @<A the role of !hysicians in 8gy!tian society @1A a com!le# di2ision of labor @8A a reci!e for ancient drugs +?" In the final !aragra!h, the author makes which of the following obser2ations about scientific disco2ery@3A 7uman biochemistry is such a com!le# science that im!ortant disco2eries are uncommon" @BA <hance e2ents ha2e led to the disco2ery of many modem drugs" @<A Many cures for common diseases ha2e yet to be disco2ered" @1A Trial and error is the best a2enue to scientific disco2ery" @8A Most of the im!ortant disco2eries made in the scientific community ha2e been inad2ertent" +C" +4" Which of the following is ,:T cited in the !assage as a characteristic of ancient 8gy!tian medicine@3A 3nesthesia @BA :intments @<A Ingredients deri2ed from animals @1A Fse of trial-and-error @8A 3 work!lace hierarchy +5" )*" It can be inferred from the !assage that some drugs commonly used in +465 @3A were not created intentionally @BA caused the 2ery diseases that they were designed to combat @<A were meant to treat imaginary causati2e e2ils @1A were created in the si#teenth century @8A are now known to be ineffecti2e +6" Which of the following documents from se2enth- century 0reece, if disco2ered, would most su!!ort the authorJs characteri(ation of ancient 0reek medicine@3A 3 so!histicated formula for an antacid @BA 3 scientific !a!er theori(ing that stress causes disease @<A 3 doctorJs !rescri!tion that urges the !atient to !ray to 3scle!ius, the 0reek god of healing @1A 3n essay that details the ancient 8gy!tian influence u!on 0reek medicine @8A 3 book in which the word O!harmacologyP was used re!eatedly +4" The !assage im!lies that @3A ancient 0reek medicine was su!erior to ancient 8gy!tian medicine @BA some maladies ha2e su!ernatural causes @<A a modern head !harmacist is analogous to an ancient 8gy!tian conser2ator of drugs @1A most ailments that afflicted the ancient @8A 'umerians still afflict modern human beings )*" The !assage indicates that ad2ances in medical science during the modern era of !harmacology may ha2e been delayed by @3A the lack of a clear understanding of the origins of disease @BA !rimiti2e surgical methods @<A a shortage of chemical treatments for disease @1A an inaccuracy in !harmaceutical !re!aration @8A an o2erem!hasis on the !sychological causes of disease

!#

+orkshop %
%ead the following !assages carefully and answer the 9uestions that follow Passage 1 The best things in an artist's work are so much a matter of intuition, that there is much to be said for the !oint of 2iew that would altogether discourage intellectual in9uiry into artistic !henomena on the !art of the artist" Intuitions are shy things and are bound to disa!!ear if looked into too closely" 3nd there is undoubtedly a danger that too much knowledge and training may su!!lant the natural intuiti2e feeling of a student, lea2ing only a cold knowledge of the means of e#!ression in its !lace" For the artist, if he has the right stuff in him, has a consciousness, in doing his best work, of something, as %uskin has said, not in him but through him" 7e has been, as it were, but the agent through which it has found e#!ression" Talent can be described as that which we ha2e, and 0enius as that which has us" ,ow, although we may ha2e little control o2er this !ower that has us, and although it may be as well to abandon oneself unreser2edly to its influence, there can be little doubt as to its being the business of the artist to see to it that his talent be so de2elo!ed, that he may !ro2e a fit instrument for the e#!ression of whate2er it may be gi2en him to e#!ress. while it must be left to his indi2idual tem!erament to decide how far it is ad2isable to !ursue any intellectual analysis of the elusi2e things that are the true matter of art" /ro2ided the student reali(es this, and that art training can only deal with the !erfecting of a means of e#!ression and that the real matter of art lies abo2e this and is beyond the sco!e of teaching, he cannot ha2e too much of it" For although he must e2er be a child before the influence that mo2es him, if it is not with the knowledge of the grown man that he takes off his coat and a!!roaches the craft of !ainting or drawing, he will be !oorly e9ui!!ed to make them a means of con2eying to others in ade9uate form the things he may wish to e#!ress" 0reat things are only done in art when the creati2e instinct of the artist has a well-organi(ed e#ecuti2e faculty at its dis!osal" /ure intellect seeks to construct from the facts brought to our consciousness by the senses, an accurately measured world of !henomena, uncolored by the human e9uation in each of us" It seeks to create a !oint of 2iew outside the human stand!oint, one more stable and accurate, unaffected by the e2er-changing current of human life" It therefore in2ents mechanical instruments to do the measuring of our sense !erce!tions, as their records are more accurate than human obser2ation unaided" But while in science, obser2ation is made much more effecti2e by the use of mechanical instruments in registering facts, the facts with which art deals, being those of feeling, can only be recorded by the feeling instrument R man, and are entirely missed by any mechanically de2ised substitutes" The artistic intelligence is not interested in things from this stand!oint of mechanical accuracy, but in the effect of obser2ation on the li2ing consciousness R the sentient indi2idual in each of us" The same fact is accurately !ortrayed by a number of artistic intelligences should be different in each case, whereas the same fact accurately e#!ressed by a number of scientific intelligences should be the same" This inner sense is a 2ery remarkable fact, and will be found to some e#tent in all, certainly all ci2ili(ed races" 3nd when the art of a remote !eo!le like the <hinese and &a!anese is understood, our senses of harmony are found to be wonderfully in agreement" 1es!ite the fact that their art has de2elo!ed on lines widely different from our own, nonetheless, when the sur!rise at its newness has worn off and we begin to understand it, we find it conforms to 2ery much the same sense of harmony" The 2isible world is to the artist, as it were, a wonderful garment, at times re2ealing to him the beyond, the Inner Truth there is in all things" 7e has a consciousness of some corres!ondence with something the other side of 2isible things and dimly felt through them, a still, small 2oice which he is im!elled to inter!ret to man" 1, +hat hinders the intuiti-e spirit of the artist. +" 1enial of faculty training" )" Fn!olished genius B" :2erindulgence in !erfecting means of e#!ression" ;" :2erstress on realism and the means to !erfect the de!iction" ?" Being ignorant about natureJs forms" +hat helps a genius create a /asterpiece.

!,

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+" 7e has 2ast intellectual knowledge" )" 7e has 2ast e#!erience" B" 7e is ac9uainted with !ainting techni9ues" ;" 7e is ca!able of e2oking mental !ictures" ?" 7e has intellect to su!!ort his intuition" ", 0ow do heart and /ind work together for e/ergence of an art work. +" 7eart stimulated by 2isibility and mind hel!s the inter!retation of feeling to create artwork" )" 8motions are emitted and mind gi2es analysis about the emotions to the !ercei2er" B" 3ll !ercei2ed emotions are not tangible till mind works on them" ;" 3ll !erce!tions would die as illusions if mind is inefficient to sha!e them" ?" 8motions immersed in reality get !ractical" #, +" )" B" ;" ?" +hat lends all art across ci-ili1ations a 2sense of har/ony3. 3 com!atible heart and mind which is used to create art in a logical manner" <ommon human desires and emotions of 2arious ci2ili(ations" 3 common creati2e genius among all artists" The ability to corres!ond to others" 3n inner bond among all humans"

$, An art work 4ased on intellect with no intuiti-e -alue is like +" a human with a distorted mind )" a human body de2oid of soul B" 3 soul de2oid of human body ;" an insane looking for mental stability ?" an insane under !sychiatric treatment %, +" )" B" ;" ?" 5he author introduces Ruskin3s saying6 7not in hi/ 4ut through hi/8 in order to: underscore the idea of art being but an e#!ression of consciousness undermine the im!ortance of consciousness and how it hel!s an artist to e#!ress himself em!hasi(e on the im!ortance of means of e#!ression along with knowledge for an artist stress on the im!ortance of em!athy that an artist needs, to gi2e a meaningful de!iction to his work down!lay the association of intuition and the work of the artist

Passage ! Today, and on this same day of each year, man is startled from his dee! slumber and stands before the !hantoms of the 3ges, looking with tearful eyes toward Mount <al2ary to witness &esus the ,a(arene nailed on the <ross " " " " But when the day is o2er and e2entide comes, human kinds return and kneel !raying before the idols, erected u!on e2ery hillto!, e2ery !rairie" The young men and women who are racing with the torrent of modern ci2ili(ation will halt today for a moment, and look backward to see the young Magdalen washing with her tears the blood :n this day of each year, 7umanity wakes with the awakening of the '!ring, and stands crying below the suffering ,a(arene. then she closes her eyes and surrenders herself to a dee! slumber" But '!ring will remain awake, smiling and !rogressing until merged into 'ummer, dressed in scented golden raiment" 7umanity is a mourner who en=oys lamenting the memories and heroes of the 3ges " If 7umanity were !ossessed of understanding, there would be re=oicing o2er their glory" 7umanity is like a child standing in glee by a wounded beast" 7umanity laughs before the strengthening torrent which carries into obli2ion the dry branches of the trees, and swee!s away with determination all things not fastened to strength" 7umanity looks u!on &esus the ,a(arene as a !oor-born, who suffered misery and humiliation with all of the weak" 3nd 7e is !itied, for 7umanity belie2es 7e was crucified !ainfully" 3nd all that 7umanity offers to 7im is crying and wailing and lamentation" For centuries 7umanity has been worshi!!ing weakness in the !erson of the 'a2iour" The ,a(arene was not weakM 7e was strong and is strongM But the !eo!le refuse to heed the true meaning of strength" &esus ne2er li2ed a life of fear, nor did 7e die suffering or com!laining" 7e li2es as a leader. 7e was crucified as a crusader. 7e died with a 7eroism that frightened 7is killers and tormentors" &esus was not a bird with broken wings. 7e was a raging tem!est who broke all crooked wings" 7e feared not 7is !ersecutors nor 7is enemies" 7e suffered not before 7is killers" Free and bra2e and daring 7e was" 7e defied all des!ots and o!!ressors" 7e saw the contagious !ustules and am!utated them" 7e muted 82il and 7e crushed Falsehood and 7e choked Treachery" &esus came not from the heart of the circle of Eight to destroy the homes and build u!on their ruins the con2ents and monasteries" 7e did not !ersuade the strong man to become a monk or a !riest, but 7e came to send forth u!on this earth a new s!irit, with !ower to crumble the foundation of any monarchy built u!on human bones and skulls" " " " 7e came to !%

demolish the ma=estic !alaces, constructed u!on the gra2es of the weak, and crush the idols, erected u!on the bodies of the !oor" &esus was not sent here to teach the !eo!le to build magnificent churches and tem!les amidst the cold wretched huts and dismal ho2els" " " " 7e came to make the human heart a tem!le, and the soul an altar , and the mind a !riest" &, +" )" B" ;" ?" +hich of the following can 4e inferred fro/ the passage. 7umanity worshi!s &esus as a symbol of weakness" &esus, the 'a2iour, sacrificed 7imself as a !oor-born" 0ood Friday falls in s!ring each year" 7uman lamentation is transient" We ought to celebrate, not lament the sacrifice of our heroes"

6" +hich of the following a4out 9esus is not true as per the passage.
+" &esus was fearless ;" &esus died a heroic death )" &esus died for the cause of the weak B" &esus died as a crusader ?" &esus em!athised e2en with his tormentors"

4" All the following are true a4out 9esus the *a1arene6 e:cept
+" 7e disliked treachery, e2il and falsehood B" 7e worked for the weak and the !oor ?" 7e did not suffer the sacrifice 1), )" 7e was against idol worshi! ;" 7e was not afraid of 7is enemies

+hat is the /ost suita4le the/e of the passage. +" &esus the 'a2iour is more glorious and dignified in death than in life" )" <hristians are not true belie2ers of &esus <hrist" B" 7umanity should follow in the footste!s of <hrist, the 'a2iour" ;" :2er the crucification of &esus, humanity should sing !aeans of con9uest and trium!h of good o2er e2il" ?" In the torrent of modern ci2ili(ation we halt today only for a moment and look backward to remember the su!reme sacrifice of &essus" Passage " From cor!orate en2ironmental malfeasance, mutual fund fraud and the mega-bilking that defined 8nron to Martha 'tewart's minor-league insider trading, schoolroom !lagiarism and !residential se#, the Fnited 'tates is en=oying one of its recurrent wa2es of !ublic immorality -- and an e9ually characteristic obsession with 2alues, family and other, on talk shows and cam!aign hustings and in !undit !ublications" In the gro2es of academe, the tendency is showing itself in the rise of ethics @!articularly medical ethics and, im!robably, business ethicsA as the chief growth field within !hiloso!hy" 3nd among its !ractitioners, none is more !rominent than /eter 'inger of /rinceton Fni2ersity" 'inger has made himself noticed outside the i2ory tower: his con2iction that animals ha2e significant moral rights means he o!!oses using them for food as well as for e#!erimentation. a !rinci!led o!enness to euthanasia under 2arious medical circumstances has led to !icketing by grou!s of disabled !eo!le" In ''The /resident of 0ood I 82il,'' he confronts the ethics of the man he calls 3merica's ''most !rominent moralist,'' 0eorge W" Bush" 3s a !hiloso!her 'inger must ab=ure the cynicism with which, he tells us, many of his friends greeted his intention seriously to study the /resident's ethics" For one thing, 'inger's concern is with the 2iews rather than with the man who says he holds them" In any case, he argues, ''tens of millions of 3mericans belie2e that he is sincere, and share the 2iews that he !uts forward on a wide range of moral issues"'' 7ence they are, as he says, worth thinking about" Much of 'inger's discussion !roceeds on the basis of common sense, as when he !oints out that Bush's argument for ta# cuts -- that the go2ernment has no right to take ''your money'' -- is undermined by his acce!tance of ta#ation for a wide 2ariety of go2ernment !ur!oses" But 'inger also calls on elements of theory to de2elo! his analyses, as when he notes that ''ownershi! is not a natural relationshi! between a !erson and a thing'' but ''a social con2ention'': in the Fnited 'tates, law defines how much you get to kee! of the money you make using !ublic resources like roads" 'inger is a generous critic" In discussing Bush's re2erence for life, e2idenced in his o!!osition to stem cell research, he constructs the most !lausible arguments !ossible against the sacrifice of unwanted embryos, to demonstrate con2incingly !&

how unsustainable they are" But he can hardly hel! obser2ing that Bush's ''culture of life'' cohabits =arringly with his enthusiasm for ca!ital !unishment and readiness to inflict ci2ilian casualties in 3fghanistan and Ira9" 'inger is led, on issue after issue, to a double conclusion: Bush's 2iews are not intellectually defensible, and his beha2ior shows he doesn't belie2e in them anyway" <an we really e#!ect the ''tens of millions'' to stri2e more for ethical consistency than the fellow they 2ote for does- They too -- all of us -- are enmeshed in a system of clashing interests in which !ros!erity or e2en sur2i2al generally takes !recedence o2er abstract reflection" 'inger's willingness to take seriously what !eo!le say is admirable" 3las, he forgets to try to understand what they actually do" 11, 5he /ain purpose of the passage is +" to reflect u!on /eter 'ingerJs moral stand )" to discuss 3mericaJs changing stance on morality B" to !onder u!on 'ingerJs ca!abilities as a critic ;" to obser2e the role morality !lays in the 3merican society 2ia 'ingerJs criti9ue on the same ?" to study the moral stand taken by /resident Bush and the a!!arent contradiction between his stand and his actions 5he following can 4e inferred fro/ the passage: I" The growing awareness about morality is basically !hiloso!hical in nature rather than !ractical" II" 3 nationJs !olitical stand on morality has a 2ery dee! im!act on the societyJs acts" III" Increase in the instances of immoral actions in 2iew of an increase in the general awareness about morality lends it an air of general hy!ocritical co2er-u!s" +" I )" II I III B" I I III ;" II ?" III

1!,

+B"

5he following 4est e:presses the ethical stand of A/erican politics as per the passage: +" Incongruous in de!ortment and im!lementation" )" /olitically incorrect" B" 3dhering to the !rinci!les of <hristianity ;" /acked with sub=ecti2ity ?" In contradiction with the moral stand of the 3merican society" 5he author has elucidated the following a4out ;ush3s political stance e:cept: <ontrariness of his ideas has little effect on their mass a!!eal" 7is idealism e#tends as far as it is fa2orable in the eyes of his beneficiaries" It reflects a clear bias towards !racticality o2er idealism 7e tends to amalgamate his moral stance with his !olitical stance" 7e has made an effort to redefine democracy"

+;"
+" )" B" ;" ?"

+?"

5he following can 4e deri-ed a4out author3s -iew on Singer3s /odus operandi e:cept: +" 7e does not belie2e in doing the S!olitically correctJ thing" )" 7e has an idealistic bent of mind which is reflected in his obser2ations" B" In s!ite of sub=ecti2e rele2ance of 'ingerJs 2iew !oints, it has 2ery little ser2iceable 2alue" ;" Tackling issues with remarkable fearlessness a!!arent in the re2olutionary bend of his ideals" ?" Thorough in determining the realism of his annotations"

!'

+orkshop &
Directions for questions: %ead the following !assage and answer the 9uestions based on this gi2en !assage" PASSAGE < = 0od a!!eared to man, then, as a !ure and !ermanent essence, !lacing himself before him as a monarch before his ser2ant, and e#!ressing himself now through the mouth of !oets, legislators, and soothsayers, musa, nomos, numen. now through the !o!ular 2oice" This may ser2e, among other things, to e#!lain the e#istence of true and false oracles. why indi2iduals secluded from birth do not attain of themsel2es to the idea of 0od, while they eagerly gras! it as soon as it is !resented to them by the collecti2e mind. why, finally, stationary races, like the <hinese, end by losing it" In the first !lace, as to oracles, it is clear that all their accuracy de!ends u!on the uni2ersal conscience which ins!ires them. and, as to the idea of 0od, it is easily seen why isolation and status 9uo are alike fatal to it" :n the one hand, absence of communication kee!s the mind absorbed in animal self-contem!lation. on the other, absence of motion, gradually changing social life into mechanical routine, finally eliminates the idea of will and !ro2idence" The <hinese ha2e !reser2ed in their traditions the remembrance of a religion which had ceased to e#ist among them fi2e or si# centuries before our era" More sur!rising still is it that this singular !eo!le, in losing its !rimiti2e faith, seems to ha2e understood that di2inity is sim!ly the collecti2e me of humanity: so that, more than two thousand years ago, <hina had reached, in its commonly-acce!ted belief, the latest results of the !hiloso!hy of the :ccident" What 7ea2en sees and understands, it is written in the 'hu-king, is only that which the !eo!le see and understand" What the !eo!le deem worthy of reward and !unishment is that which 7ea2en wishes to !unish and rewardP" <onfucius e#!ressed: 0ain the affection of the !eo!le, and you gain em!ire" Eose the affection of the !eo!le, and you lose em!ire" There, then, general reason was regarded as 9ueen of the world, a distinction which elsewhere has been bestowed u!on re2elations" The Tao-teking is still more e#!licit" In this work, which is but an outline criticism of !ure reason, the !hiloso!her Eao-tse continually identifies, under the name of Tao, uni2ersal reason and the infinite being. and all the obscurity of the book of Eao-tse consists, in my o!inion, of this constant identification of !rinci!les which our religious and meta!hysical habits ha2e so widely se!arated" 1, +hat is the central idea of the passage. a" There is an intimate communication between 0od and the !eo!le" b" /ure reason is inferior to uni2ersal reason" c" 0od has established laws that gi2e absolute !ower to !eo!le" d" <hinese, isolated that they were, founded a religion based on the !ower of uni2ersal reason and the infinite being" e" ,one of the abo2e !, +hat can 4e the suita4le title for the passage. a" Do# !o!uli 2o# 1ei" b" /ower of !eo!le" d" /hiloso!hy of the occident" e" %oots of democracy" c" Ways to !er!etuate the em!ire"

", +hich of the following regarding Confucius is true as per the passage. a" <onfucius belie2ed in 0od and his !ower" b" <onfucius was a !olitical thinker, who !ro!agated the truth that affection of the !eo!le can gi2e one !ower" c" <onfucius held similar 2iews regarding the relation of !eo!le and 0od as 'hu-king" d" <onfuciusJ 2iews were in accordance with the !o!ular beliefs regarding 0od" e" <onfucius su!!orted the idea of !er!etuation of the em!ire" #, +hich of the following cannot be inferred fro/ the passage. a" Tao is a religious !hiloso!hy that underlines the im!ortance of uni2ersal reason as o!!osed to !ure reason" b" <hina was isolated from the rest of the world" c" The irrefutable fact is that there is an intimate communion between 7ea2en and !eo!le" d" %eligion can !erish through 9uiescence" e" <hinese are a conser2ati2e society" PASSAGE < ! !(

If we a!!rehend the s!irit of the ':rigin of '!ecies' rightly, then nothing can be more entirely and absolutely o!!osed to teleology, as it is commonly understood, than the 1arwinian Theory" 'o far from being a teleologist in the fullest sense of the word, we would deny that he is a teleologist in the ordinary sense at all. and we should say that, a!art from his merits as a naturalist, he has rendered a most remarkable ser2ice to !hiloso!hical thought by enabling the student of nature to recognise, to their fullest e#tent, those ada!tations to !ur!ose which are so striking in the organic world, and which teleology has done good ser2ice in kee!ing before our minds, without being false to the fundamental !rinci!les of a scientific conce!tion of the uni2erse" The a!!arently di2erging teachings of the teleologist and of the mor!hologist are reconciled by the 1arwinian hy!othesis" But lea2ing our own im!ressions of the ':rigin of '!ecies,' and turning to those !assages es!ecially cited by /rofessor $olliker, we cannot admit that they bear the inter!retation he !uts u!on them" 1arwin, if we read him rightly, does 'not' affirm that e2ery detail in the structure of an animal has been created for its benefit" 7is words are, The foregoing remarks lead me to say a few words on the !rotest lately made by some naturalists against the utilitarian doctrine that e2ery detail of structure has been !roduced for the good of its !ossessor" They belie2e that 2ery many structures ha2e been created for beauty in the eyes of man, or for mere 2ariety" This doctrine, if true, would be absolutely fatal to my theory -- yet I fully admit that many structures are of no direct use to their !ossessor" 3nd after sundry illustrations and 9ualifications, he concludes, 7ence e2ery detail of structure in e2ery li2ing creature @making some little allowance for the direct action of !hysical conditionsA may be 2iewed either as ha2ing been of s!ecial use to some ancestral form, or as being now of s!ecial use to the descendants of this formReither directly, or indirectly, through the com!le# laws of growth" But it is one thing to say, 1arwinically, that e2ery detail obser2ed in an animal's structure is of use to it, or has been of use to its ancestors. and 9uite another to affirm, teleologically, that e2ery detail of an animal's structure has been created for its benefit" :n the former hy!othesis, for e#am!le, the teeth of the foetal Balaena ha2e a meaning. on the latter, none" 'o far as we are aware, there is not a !hrase in the ':rigin of '!ecies', inconsistent with /rofessor $olliker's !osition that 2arieties arise irres!ecti2ely of the notion of !ur!ose, or of utility, according to general laws of nature, and may be either useful, or hurtful, or indifferent" $, +hat does >teleology> /ean in the conte:t of the passage. a" The study of final causes, as o!!osed to the !rocesses in2ol2ed in the !henomenon" b" The fact of being directed toward a definite end or of ha2ing an ultimate !ur!ose" c" The study of e2idence of the belief that natural !henomena are determined by an o2erall design or !ur!ose" d" The study of utilitarianism of a !articular !henomenon or the end !roduct of it" e" The study of the fact that nature has a definite design and !ur!ose for all" %, 0ow are the di-erging teachings of the teleologist and of the /orphologist reconciled 4y the Darwinian hypothesis. a" 1arwin a!!lies the underlying law of teleology to the structure or form of the s!ecies under study" b" 1arwin creates a win-win situation for all by reconciling the teachings of teleologists and mor!hologists" c" 1arwin a!!lies the teachings of mor!hology to e#!lain the conce!t of teleogists" d" 1arwin, in his S:rigin of '!eciesJ, su!!orts the conce!ts of mor!hology and teleology" e" 1arwin offers the conce!ts of mor!hology and teleology, while e#!laining his STheory of 82olutionJ" &, +hat is Darwin>s approach towards naturalists who are against utilitarian doctrine. a" 1arwin su!!orts their !oint of 2iew" b" 1arwin critically analyses their !oint of 2iew" c" 1arwin re=ects their line of thinking" d" 1arwin e#!lains the lacunas in their line of thinking" e" 1arwin gi2es e#!lanations to su!!ort his 2iew!oint ', According to the passage6 Dr, ?ollicker should 4e a: a" 1arwinist b" Teleologist c" 'cientist PASSAGE < " ") d" Mor!hologist e" ,aturalist

If we consider a s!ectrum of the arts, each art occu!ies a definite !lace, and all together, form a series of which music and architecture are the two e#tremes" That such is their relati2e !osition may be demonstrated in 2arious ways" The theoso!hical e#!lanation in2ol2ing the familiar idea of the !airs of o!!osites would be something as follows" 3ccording to the 7indu-3ryan theory, Brahma, that the world might be born, fell asunder into man and wife - became in other words name and form" The two uni2ersal as!ects of name and form are what !hiloso!hers call the two modes of consciousness, one of time, and the other of s!ace" These are the two gates through which ideas enter !henomenal life. the two bo#es, as it were, that contain all the toys with which we !lay" 82erything, were we only keen enough to !ercei2e it, bears the mark of one or the other of them, and may be classified accordingly" In such a classification music is seen to be allied to time, and architecture to s!ace, because music is successi2e in its mode of manifestation, and in time alone e2erything would occur successi2ely, one thing following another. while architecture, on the other hand, im!resses itself u!on the beholder all at once, and in s!ace alone all things would e#ist simultaneously" Music, which is in time alone, without any relation to s!ace. and architecture, which is in s!ace alone, without any relation to time, are thus seen to stand at o!!osite ends of the art s!ectrum, and to be, in a sense, the only !ure arts" /oetry and the drama are allied to music in as much as the ideas and images of which they are made u! are !resented successi2ely, yet these images are for the most !art forms of s!ace" 'cul!ture on the other hand is clearly allied to architecture, and so to s!ace, but the element of action, sus!ended though it be, affiliates it with the o!!osite or time !ole" /ainting occu!ies a middle !osition, since in it s!ace instead of being actual has become ideal - three dimensions being e#!ressed through the medium of two - and time enters into it more largely than into scul!ture by reason of the greater ease with which com!licated action can be indicated: a !icture being nearly always time arrested in midcourse as it were - a moment transfi#ed" In order to form a =ust conce!tion of the relation between music and architecture it is necessary that the two should be concei2ed of not as standing at o!!osite ends of a series re!resented by a straight line, but rather in =u#ta!osition, as in the ancient 8gy!tian symbol of a ser!ent holding its tail in its mouth, the head in this case corres!onding to music, and the tail to architecture. in other words, though in one sense they are the most-widely se!arated of the arts, in another they are the most closely related" Music being !urely in time and architecture being !urely in s!ace, each is, in a manner and to a degree not !ossible with any of the other arts, con2ertible into the other, by reason of the corres!ondence subsisting between inter2als of time and inter2als of s!ace" 3 !erce!tion of this may ha2e ins!ired the famous saying that architecture is fro(en music, a !oetical statement of a !hiloso!hical truth, since that which in music is e#!ressed by means of harmonious inter2als of time and !itch, successi2ely, after the manner of time, may be translated into corres!onding inter2als of architectural 2oid and solid, height and width" In another sense music and architecture are allied" They alone of all the arts are !urely creati2e, since in them is !resented, not a likeness of some known idea, but a thing-in-itself brought to a distinct and com!lete e#!ression of its nature" ,either a musical com!osition nor a work of architecture de!ends for its effecti2eness u!on resemblances to natural sounds in the one case, or to natural forms in the other" :f none of the other arts is this to such a degree true: they are not so much creati2e as re-creati2e, for in them all the artist takes his sub=ect ready made from nature and !resents it anew according to the dictates of his genius" (, +hat are the >toys> in6 ,,,, that contain all the toys with which we play. a" 3ll the matter" b" 3ll the ideas and images" d" 3ll the ideas and matter" e" ,one of the abo2e

c" 3ll the art"

1), @nly Ausic and Architecture are considered to 4e the >pure> arts 4ecause a" Music and architecture are the two e#tremes of the s!ectrum of arts" b" In all the other arts, ideas and images occur successi2ely and are also forms of s!ace" c" In all the other arts, the elements of both time and s!ace enter in 2arying !ro!ortions" d" Music and architecture are allied because they can be con2ertible into each other" e" Music and architecture are the only ones in arts that are !urely creati2e" 11, +hy does painting occupy a /iddle position on the spectru/ of the arts. a" 8ase with which com!licated action can be indicated" "1

b" Time and s!ace are used in e9ual measure" c" Time stands still - a moment transfi#ed" d" Three dimensions of s!ace are re!resented through the medium of two dimensions" e" It re!resents action and com!onent of time is !resent" 1!, +hat is the i/portance of the Egyptian sy/4ol of serpent. a" To e#!lain the inter-relatedness and interchangeability of music and architecture" b" To reiterate the fact that music and architecture are enemies on the o!!osing sides" c" To e#!lain the fact that music and architecture donJt belong to a series" d" To e#!lain that music and architecture are the two sides of the same coin" e" To e#!lain the dichotomy that although music and architecture lie at two different ends of a s!ectrum, they are also highly allied" 1", 0ow are /usic and architecture allied. a" Music and architecture are !urely and highly creati2e" b" Music and architecture are more re-creati2e than creati2e. thus they offer less creati2e inde!endence to the artist as he takes his sub=ect ready made" c" Music and architecture are inde!endent of their natural forms so as to be effecti2e" d" 3rchitecture is fro(en music" e" all of the abo2e PASSAGE < # :ther more or less !o!ular o!inions of the way to determine right or wrong are found to be no more satisfactory" Many belie2e that the 9uestion of whether an act is right or wrong is to be settled by a religious doctrine. but the difficulties are still greater in this direction" First of all, this in2ol2es a thorough and =udicial in9uiry into the merits of many, if not all, forms of religion, an in2estigation which has ne2er been made, and from the nature of things cannot be made" The fact is, that one's religious o!inions are settled long before he begins to in2estigate and 9uite by other !rocesses than reason" Then, too, all religious !rece!ts rest on inter!retation, and e2en the things that seem the !lainest ha2e e2er been sub=ect to manifold and sometimes conflicting construction" Few if any religious commands can be, or e2er were, im!licitly relied on without inter!retation" The command, Thou shalt not kill, seems !lain, but does e2en this furnish an infallible rule of conduct:f course this commandment could not be meant to forbid killing animals" Get there are many !eo!le who belie2e that it does, or at least should" ,o <hristian state makes it a!!ly to men con2icted of crime, or against killing in war, and yet a considerable minority has always held that both forms of killing 2iolate the commandment" ,either can it be held to a!!ly to accidental killings, or killings in self-defense, or in defense of !ro!erty or family" Eaws, too, !ro2ide all grades of !unishment for different kinds of killing, from 2ery light !enalties u! to death" Manifestly, then, the commandment must be inter!reted, Thou shalt not kill when it is wrong to kill, and therefore it furnishes no guide to conduct" 3s well say: Thou shalt do nothing that is wrong" %eligious doctrines do not and clearly cannot be ado!ted as the criminal code of a state" In this uncertainty as to the basis of good and bad conduct, many a!!eal to conscience as the infallible guide" What is conscience- It manifestly is not a distinct faculty of the mind, and if it were, would it be more reliable than the other faculties- It has been often said that some di2ine !ower im!lanted conscience in e2ery human being" 3!art from the 9uestion of whether human beings are different in kind from other organisms, if conscience has been !laced in man by a di2ine !ower, why ha2e not all !eo!les been furnished with the same guide- There is no doubt that all men of any mentality ha2e a conscience. a feeling that certain things are good, and certain other things are bad" This conscience does not affect all the actions of life, but !robably the ones which to them are the most im!ortant" It 2aries, howe2er, with the indi2idual" 1#, +hat is the central idea of the passage. a" %eligion cannot be the right guide to the understanding of the right and wrong in the world, nor can conscience be b" %eligion as gi2en in the doctrines lacks sanctity in terms of clarity of thought, idea and !ur!ose and thus cannot be inter!reted to a!!ly to se!arate right action from wrong. conscience loses sanctity due to selecti2ity c" &udgment of right from wrong cannot be brought under the !ur2iew of religion and conscience" d" %eligion and conscience are inade9uate guides as to the =udgment of right and wrong e" %eligion lacks uni2ersality because its laws cannot be a!!lied to life-s =udgments regarding right and wrong. conscience, because it is not a constant 9uality, also fails 1$, +hat is the /eaning of >religion> in the conte:t of the passage. "!

a" %eligion as inter!reted by the masses c" %eligion as !reached by its !ro!onents e" ,one of the abo2e 1%, 5he author is /ost likely: a" a criminal =udge" d" a news!a!er re!orter

b" %eligion as gi2en in its numerous tenets d" %eligion as acce!ted by the ma=ority of the masses

b" an inde!endent thinker e" a socialist"

c" an atheist

1&, +hat is the i/port of the line >conscience as the infalli4le guide>. a"<onscience guides the actions of man b" <onscience is the !rotector of the morality of man c" <onscience is the language of morality d" <onscience manifests moral laws in man e" <onscience is the filter that discerns right from wrong

""

+orkshop ' D=REC5=@*S: %ead the !assage carefully and chose the best answer to each 9uestion" The 9uestions are to be answered on the basis of what is stated or im!lied in the !assage" PASSAGE 1 But man is not destined to 2anish" 7e can be killed, but he cannot be destroyed, because his soul is deathless and his s!irit is irre!ressible" Therefore, though the situation seems dark in the conte#t of the confrontation between the su!er!owers, the sil2er lining is !ro2ided by ama(ing !henomenon that the 2ery nations which ha2e s!ent incalculable resources and energy for the !roduction of deadly wea!ons are des!erately trying to find out how they might ne2er be used" They threaten each other, intimidate each other and go to the brink, but before the total hour arri2es they withdraw from the brink" +" The main !oint from the author's 2iew is that @aA Man's soul and s!irit can not be destroyed by su!er!owers" @bA Man's destiny is not fully clear or 2isible" @cA Man's soul and s!irit are immortal" @dA Man's safety is assured by the delicate balance of !ower in terms of nuclear wea!ons" @eA 7uman society will sur2i2e des!ite the serious threat of total annihilation"

)" The !hrase '0o to the brink' in the !assage means %etreating from e#treme danger" @dA 1eclare war on each other" ,egotiate for !eace" @eA <ommit suicide" @cA 3d2ancing to the stage of war but not engaging in it" B" In the author's o!inion @aA @bA wea!ons" @cA @dA actual conflict" @eA 7uge stock!iles of destructi2e wea!ons ha2e so far sa2ed mankind from a catastro!he" 'u!er!owers ha2e at last reali(ed the need for abandoning the !roduction of lethal Mankind is heading towards com!lete destruction" ,ations in !ossession of huge stock!iles of lethal wea!ons are trying hard to a2oid There is a 'il2erlining o2er the !roduction of deadly wea!ons" @cAo!!ressi2e @dA unrestrainable @eA uns!irited

;"

'Irre!ressible' in the second line means @aA incom!atible @bA strong

?" 3 suitable title for the abo2e !assage is 1estruction of mankind is in e2itable" @bA Man's desire to sur2i2e inhibits use of deadly wea!ons" Mounting cost of modern wea!ons" @dA Threats and intimidation between su!er !ower <owardly retreat by man PASSAGE ! The Food and 1rug 3dministration has formulated certain se2ere restrictions regarding the use of antibiotics, which are used to !romote the health and growth of meat animals" Though the different ty!es of medicines mi#ed with the fodder of the animals kills many microorganisms, it also encourages the a!!earance of bacterial strains, which are resistant to antiinfecti2e drugs" It has already been obser2ed that !enicillin and the tetracyclines are not as effecti2e thera!eutically as they once used to be" This resistance to drugs is chiefly caused due to tiny circlets of genes, called !lasmids, which are transferable between different s!ecies of bacteria" These !lasmids are also one of the two kinds of 2ehicles on which molecular biologists de!end on while !erforming gene trans!lant e#!eriments" 8#isting guidelines also forbid the use of !lasmids, which bear genes for resistance to antibiotics, in the laboratories" Though congressional debate goes on as to whether these restrictions need "#

to be toughened with reference to scientists in their laboratories, almost no congressional attention is being !aid to an ill ad2ised agricultural !ractice, which !roduces deleterious effects" C" In the !resent !assage, the author's !rimary concern is with @aA The disco2ery of methods, which eliminate harmful microorganisms without generating drugresistant bacteria" @bA 3ttem!ting an e#!lanation of the reasons for congressional inaction about the regulation of gene trans!lant e#!eriments" @cA /ortraying a !roblematic agricultural !ractice and its serious genetic conse9uences" @dA The 2erification of the thera!eutic ineffecti2eness of anti-infecti2e drugs" @eA 82aluation of the recently !ro!osed restrictions, which are intended to !romote the growth of meat animals" 5" 3s inferred from the abo2e !assage, the mutual transfer of !lasmids between different bacteria can result in which of the following@aA Microorganisms, which ha2e an in-built resistance to drugs" Thera!eutically useful circlets of genes" /enicillin like anti-infecti2e drugs" Diruses used by molecular biologists" @eA <arriers for !erforming gene trans!lant e#!eriments" 6" 3ccording to the abo2e !assage the author belie2es that those who fa2or the stiffening of restrictions on gene trans!lant research should logically also @aA 3!!ro2e and aid e#!eriments with any !lasmids e#ce!t those, which bear genes for antibiotic resistance" @bA In9uire regarding the addition of anti-infecti2e drugs to li2estock feeds" @cA :!!ose the using of !enicillin and tetracyclines in order to kill microorganisms" @dA 3gree to the de2elo!ment of meatier li2e-stock through the use of antibiotics @eA 3!!ro2e of congressional debate and discussion regarding science and health issues" PASSAGE " %oger %osenblatt's book OBlack FictionP, manages to alter the a!!roach taken in many !re2ious studies by making an attem!t to a!!ly literary rather than socio!olitical criteria to its sub=ect" %osenblatt !oints out that criticism of Black writing has 2ery often ser2ed as a !rete#t for an e#!ounding on Black history" The recent work of 3ddison 0ayles, !asses a =udgement on the 2alue of Black fiction by clearly !olitical standards, rating each work according to the ideas of Black identity, which it !ro!ounds" Though fiction results from !olitical circumstances, its author reacts not in ideological ways to those circumstances, and talking about no2els and stories !rimarily as instruments of ideology circum2ents much of the fictional enter!rise" 3ffinities and connections are re2ealed in the works of Black fiction in %osenblatt's literary analysis. these affinities and connections ha2e been o2erlooked and ignored by solely !olitical studies" The writing of acce!table criticism of Black fiction, howe2er, !resumes gi2ing satisfactory answers to 9uite a few 9uestions" The most im!ortant of all, is there a sufficient reason, a!art from the racial identity of the authors, for the grou!ing together of Black authors- 'econdly, what is the distinction of Black fiction from other modern fiction with which it is largely contem!oraneous- In the work %osenblatt demonstrates that Black fiction is a distinct body of writing, which has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition" 7e highlights recurring concerns and designs, which are inde!endent of chronology in Black fiction written o2er the !ast eighty years" These concerns and designs are thematic, and they come form the central fact of the !redominant White culture, where the Black characters in the no2el are situated irres!ecti2e of whether they attem!t to conform to that culture or they rebel against it" %osenblatt's work does lea2e certain aesthetic 9uestions o!en" 7is thematic analysis allows considerable ob=ecti2ity. he e2en clearly states that he does not intend to =udge the merit of the 2arious works yet his reluctance seems mis!laced, es!ecially since an attem!t to a!!raise might ha2e led to interesting results" For e#am!le, certain no2els ha2e an a!!earance "$

of structural diffusion" Is this a defeat, or are the authors working out of, or attem!ting to forge, a different kind of aesthetic- 3!art from this, the style of certain Black no2els, like O&ean Toomer's <aneP, 2erges on e#!ressionism or surrealism. does this techni9ue !ro2ide a counter!oint to the !re2alent theme that !ortrays the fate against which Black heroes are !itted, a theme usually con2eyed by more naturalistic modes of e#!ressionsIrres!ecti2e of such omissions, what %osenblatt talks about in his work makes for an astute and worthwhile study" 7is book 2ery effecti2ely sur2eys a 2ariety of no2els, highlighting certain fascinating and little-known works like &ames Weldon &ohnson's O3utobiogra!hy of an 8#-<oloured ManP" Black Fiction is tightly constructed, and le2elheaded and !enetrating criticism is e#em!lified in its forthright and lucid style" 4" The author of the !assage raises and ob=ection to criticism of Black fiction like that by 3ddison 0ayle as it @aA 7ighlights only the !urely literary as!ects of such works" @bA Misconcei2e the ideological content of such fiction" @cA Miscalculate the notions of Black identity !resented in such fiction" @dA %e!laces !olitical for literary criteria in e2aluating such fiction" @eA 1isregards the reci!rocation between Black history and Black identity e#hibited in such fiction"

@aA

+*" The !rimary concern of the author in the abo2e !assage is %e2iewing the 2alidity of a work of criticism" @bA <om!aring 2arious critical a!!roaches to a sub=ect" @cA Talking of the limitations of a !articular kind of criticism @dA %eca!itulation of the ma=or !oints in a work of criticism @eA Illustrating the theoretical background of a certain kind of criticism" ++" The author is of the o!inion that Black Fiction would ha2e been im!ro2ed had %osenblatt: @fA Fndertaken a more careful e2aluation of the ideological and historical as!ects of Black Fiction @gA Been more ob=ecti2e in his a!!roach to no2els and stories by Black authors @hA 3ttem!ted a more detailed e#!loration of the recurring themes in Black fiction throughout its history @iA 8stablished a basis for !lacing Black fiction within its own uni9ue literary tradition @=A <alculated the relati2e literary merit of the no2els he analy(ed thematically" +)" %osenblatt's discussion of Black Fiction is @aA /edantic and contentious @bA <ritical but admiring @dA 3rgumentati2e but unfocused @eA 'tilted and insincere" @cA Ironic and de!recating

+B" From the following o!tions, which does the author not make use of while discussing Black Fiction@aA %hetorical 9uestions @bA '!ecific e#am!les @cA <om!arison and contrast @dA 1efinition of terms @eA /ersonal o!inion" +;" The author makes a reference to &ames Weldon &ohnson's 3utobiogra!hy of an 8#-colored Man most !robably to @aA 7ighlight the affinities between %osenblatt's method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism @bA 8lucidate regarding the !oint made regarding e#!ressionistic style earlier in the !assage @cA Lualify the assessment of %osenblatt's book made in the first !aragra!h of the !assage @dA 1emonstrate the affinities among the 2arious Black no2els talked of by %osenblatt's literary analysis @eA /resent a s!ecific e#am!le of one of the accom!lishments of %osenblatt's work" PASSAGE # 82eryone conforms to infancy, infancy conforms to nobody, so that one babe commonly makes four or fi2e out of the adults who !rattle and !lay to it" 'o 0od has armed youth and !uberty and manhood no less with its own !i9uancy and charm, and made it en2iable and gracious and its claims not to be !ut by, if it will stand by itself" 1o not think the youth has no force, because he cannot s!eak to you and me" 7arkM In the ne#t room his 2oice is sufficiently clear and em!hatic" It seems he knows how to s!eak to his contem!oraries" Bashful or bold, then, he will know how to make us seniors 2ery unnecessary" "%

The healthy attitude of human nature can be seen in the nonchalance of boys who are sure of a dinner, and would disdain as much as a Eord to do or say aught to conciliate one" 3 boy is in the !arlor what the !it is in the !layhouse. inde!endent, irres!onsible, looking out from his corner on such !eo!le and facts as !ass by, he tries and sentences them on their merits, in the swift, summary way of boys, as good, bad, interesting, silly, elo9uent, troublesome" 7e ne2er cumbers himself regarding conse9uences, about interests and he gi2es an inde!endent, genuine 2erdict" Gou should court him: he will not court you" But the man is, as it were, cla!!ed into =ail by his consciousness" 3s soon as he has once acted or s!oken with Tclat, he is a committed !erson, watched by the sym!athy or the hatred of hundreds, whose affections must now enter into his account" There is no lethe for this" 3h, that he could !ass again into his neutrality" These are the 2oices, which we hear in solitude, but they grow faint and inaudible as we enter into the world" 82erywhere society is cons!iring against the manhood of e2ery one of its members" 'ociety is a =oint stock com!any, in which members agree, for the better securing of his bread to each shareholder, to surrender the liberty and culture of the eater" The 2irtue in most re9uests is conformity" It is a2erse to self-reliance" What it lo2es is names and customs and not realities and creators" Whosoe2er is a man has to be a nonconformist" 7e who would gather immortal !alms must not be hindered by the name of goodness, but must e#!lore if it be goodness" ,othing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind" ,o law can be sacred to me but that of my nature" 0ood and bad are but names 2ery readily transferable to that to this. the only right is what is after my constitution, the only right is what is after me constitution, the only wrong what is against it" 3 man is to carry himself in the !resence of all o!!osition as if e2ery thing were titular and e!hemeral but he" I am ashamed to think how easily we ca!itulate to badges and names, to large societies and dead institutions" 82ery decent and well-s!oken indi2idual affects and sways me more than is right" I ought to go u!right and 2ital, and s!eak the rude truth in all ways" I shun father and mother and wife and brother, when my genius calls me" I would write on the lintels of the door!ost, whim" I ho!e it is somewhat better than whim at last, but we cannot s!end the day in e#!lanation" 8#ce!t me not to show cause why I seek or why I e#clude com!any" Then, again, do not tell me, as a good man did not to-day, of my obligation to !ut all !oor men in good situations" 3re they my !oor- I tell thee, thou foolish !hilanthro!ist, that I grudge the dollar, the time, the cent, I gi2e to such men as do not belong to me and to whom I do not belong" There is a class of !erson to whom by all s!iritual affinity I am bought and sold. for them I will go to !rison, if need be. but your miscellaneous !o!ular charities. the education at collage of fools. the building of meeting i"e" house to the 2ain end to which many now stand. alms to sots. and the thousandfold %elief 'ocieties. - though I confess with shame I sometimes succumb and gi2e the dollar, it is a wicked dollar which by and by I shall ha2e the manhood to withhold" If you refuse to conform, you can e#!erience the dis!leasure of the world" 7ence, a man should know how to estimate a sour face" The bystanders look askance on him in the !ublic street or in the friend's !arlor" In case this a2ersion originates from contem!t and resistance similar to his own, it might result in a sad countenance. but the sour faces of the multitude, like their sweet faces, ha2e no dee! cause, but are caused by reasons as di2erse as the direction of the wind and what he reads in the news!a!ers" Get is the discontent of the multitude more formidable than that of the senate and the collage" 3nother factor, which frightens us from self trust in our consistency. a re2erence for our !ast act or word, because the eyes of others ha2e no other data for com!uting our orbit than our !ast acts, and we are loath to disa!!oint them" But why should you kee! your head o2er your shoulder- Why drag about this cor!se of your memory, lest you contradict somewhat you ha2e stated in this or that !ublic !lace- 'u!!ose you should contradict yourself. what thenThis is a rather silly consistency in our minds, which is adored by little statesmen and !hiloso!hers and di2ines" Fniformly a great soul has almost nothing to do, he could =ust occu!y himself with his shadow on the wall" '!eak what you think now in hard words. and tomorrow s!eak what tomorrow thinks in hard words again, though it contradict e2erything you said today" ''3h, so you shall be sure to be misunderstood"'' - Is it so bad, then, to be misunderstood- /ythagoras was misunderstood, and 'ocrates, and &esus, and Euther, and <o!ernicus, and 0alileo, and ,ewton, and e2ery !ure and wise s!irit that e2er took flesh" What can be considered to be truly great is to be misunderstood" +?" Which of the following statements would best describe the main theme of the abo2e !assage@aA 3 foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little mind" @bA 8ternal youth means eternal inde!endence" @cA Whosoe2er would be a man must be a nonconformist" @dA <olleges are designed to educate fools" "&

@eA Infancy conforms to nobody" +C" When is the !eriod during which we are most nonconformist@aA infancy @bA !uberty @cA youth @dA manhood @eA old age

+5" In his statement ''What can be considered to be truly great is to be misunderstood'' the author means @aA :ne should refrain from saying, what one e#actly means @bA Being misunderstood, e9uals being great @cA 3ll great man ha2e always been misunderstood @dA It is seldom, that nice !eo!le succeed @eA 82en though a !erson might be considered inconsistent, he shouldn't hesitate to change his mind if he feels the need to" +6" 3s inferred from the !assage, the refusal of young !eo!le to cater to acce!t !ublic o!inion is @aA 3 feature of the rebelliousness of youth @bA 3 healthy attitude of human nature @cA /art of growing u! @dA 3 manifestation of dee!- seated immaturity @eA 'im!ly bad manners +4" 'ociety is a =oint-stock com!any etc" is one way which the author shows @aA The anti-culture attitude of the !ublic @bA 'ociety is highly organi(ed and structured @cA The self-re=ection of society @dA the lack of room for solitude in our world @eA The !ublic's interest in the stock market )*" @aA @bA @cA @dA @eA I would write on the lintels of the door!ost, whim" What does the author mean by this statementThat one should renounce his immediate family That sign!osts ha2e an im!ortant educational function in our society That an im!ulsi2e action may ha2e a subse9uent rational e#!lanation That one must ne2er be held res!onsible for what one says and does That e2eryone should do foolish things occasionally

"'

+orkshop ( Passage 1 It is im!robable that more nonsense has been written about aesthetics than about anything else: the literature of the sub=ect is not large enough for that" It is certain, howe2er, that about no sub=ect with which I am ac9uainted has so little been said that is at all to the !ur!ose" The e#!lanation is disco2erable" 7e who would elaborate a !lausible theory of aesthetics must !ossess two 9ualities - artistic sensibility and a turn for clear thinking" Without sensibility a man can ha2e no aesthetic e#!erience, and, ob2iously, theories not based on broad and dee! aesthetic e#!erience are worthless" :nly those for whom art is a constant source of !assionate emotion can !ossess the data from which !rofitable theories may be deduced. but to deduce !rofitable theories e2en from accurate data in2ol2es a certain amount of brain-work, and, unfortunately, robust intellects and delicate sensibilities are not inse!arable" 3s often as not, the hardest thinkers ha2e had no aesthetic e#!erience whate2er" I ha2e a friend blessed with an intellect as keen as a drill, who, though he takes an interest in aesthetics, has ne2er during a life of almost forty years been guilty of an aesthetic emotion" 'o, ha2ing no faculty for distinguishing a work of art from a handsaw, he is a!t to rear u! a !yramid of irrefragable argument on the hy!othesis that a handsaw is a work of art" This defect robs his !ers!icuous and subtle reasoning of much of its 2alue, for it has e2er been a ma#im that faultless logic can win but little credit for conclusions that are based on !remises notoriously false" 82ery cloud, howe2er, has its sil2er lining, and this insensibility, though unlucky in that it makes my friend inca!able of choosing a sound basis for his argument, mercifully blinds him to the absurdity of his conclusions while lea2ing him in full en=oyment of Hhis masterly dialectic" /eo!le who set out from the hy!othesis that 'ir 8dwin Eandseer was the finest !ainter that e2er li2ed will feel no uneasiness about an aesthetic which !ro2es that 0iotto was the worst" 'o, my friend when he arri2es 2ery logically at the conclusion that a work of art should be small or round or smooth, or that to a!!reciate fully a !icture you should !ace smartly before it or set it s!inning like a to!, cannot guess why I ask him whether he has lately been to <ambridge, a !lace he sometimes 2isits" :n the other hand, !eo!le who res!ond immediately and surely to works of art, though, in my =udgement, more en2iable than men of massi2e intellect but slight sensibility, are often 9uite as inca!able of talking sense about aesthetics" Their heads are not always 2ery clear" They !ossess the data on which any system must be based. but, generally, they want the !ower that draws correct inferences from true data" 7a2ing recei2ed aesthetic emotions from works of art, they are in a !osition to seek out the 9uality common to all that ha2e mo2ed them, but, in fact, they do nothing of the sort" I do not blame them" Why should they bother to e#amine their feelings when for them to feel is enough- Why should they sto! to think when they are not 2ery good at thinking- Why should they hunt for a common 9uality in all ob=ects that mo2e them in a !articular way when they can linger o2er the many delicious and !eculiar charms of each as it comes- 'o, if they write criticism and call it aesthetics, if they imagine that they are talking about art when they are talking about !articular works of art or e2en about the techni9ue of !ainting, if, lo2ing !articular works they find tedious the consideration of art in general, !erha!s they ha2e chosen the better !art" If they are not curious about the nature of their emotion, nor about the 9uality common to all ob=ects that !ro2oke it, they ha2e my sym!athy, and, as what they say is often charming and suggesti2e, my admiration too" :nly let no one su!!ose that what they write and talk is aesthetics. it is criticism, or =ust sho! " The starting-!oint for all systems of aesthetics must be the !ersonal e#!erience of a !eculiar emotion" The ob=ects that !ro2oke this emotion we call works of art" 3ll sensiti2e !eo!le agree that there is a !eculiar emotion !ro2oked by works of art" I do not mean, of course, that all works !ro2oke the same emotion" :n the contrary, e2ery work !roduces a different emotion" But all these emotions are recognisably the same in kind. so far, at any rate, the best o!inion is on my side" That there is a !articular kind of emotion !ro2oked by works of 2isual art, and that this emotion is !ro2oked by e2ery kind of 2isual art, by !ictures, scul!tures, buildings, !ots, car2ings, te#tiles, etc", etc", is not dis!uted" I think by anyone ca!able of feeling it" Tills emotion is called the aesthetic emotion. and if we can disco2er some 9uality common and !eculiar to all the ob=ects that !ro2oke it, we shall ha2e sol2ed what I take to be the central !roblem of aesthetics" We shall ha2e disco2ered the essential 9uality in a work of art, the 9uality that distinguishes works of art from all other classes of ob=ects" +" Which of the following is true in the conte#t of the !assageI" 'ome !eo!le !ossess the ability to res!ond immediately to works of art" II" The !eo!le who !ossess the ability to res!ond immediately to works of art are the ones who are best suited to write about aesthetics" III" The !eo!le who !ossess the ability to res!ond immediately to works of art are the ones who are best suited to write "(

criticism

+"
)"

I only

)" I I II

I I III

;" III only

The !erson who calls the handsaw a work of art is +" 7ighly enamoured by his reasoning to be aware of how erroneous his conclusions are" )" $nows that though his reasoning is im!eccable the conclusions deri2ed there from are faulty" B" $nows that his reasoning is based u!on a faulty !remise and hence the conclusions are erroneous" ;" &ust a 'im!leton of low intelligence who knows not what art is all about 3ccording to the author what is the central !roblem of aesthetics+" To define what is aesthetics and its relation to society at large )" To define aesthetics and se!arate it from criticism of art" B" To find some 9uality that is !resent in all the works of art that generates some emotion" ;" It is a !roblem that has long e2aded a definition When the author mentions <ambridge, he !robably assumes, +" that all the !eo!le at <ambridge are sensiti2e !eo!le" )" that <ambridge is a centre of intelligence and would seldom !roduce !eo!le with high sensiti2ity" B" that <ambridge is a centre of learning all about aesthetics" ;" that <ambridge is not at all a good !lace to be in Passage ! 3sk any !ower system engineer about renewable energy and you are likely to be told that it doesnJt deli2er Pbase-loadP !ower" In other words, renewable energy canJt be relied u!on to !ro2ide !ower ); hours a day, se2en days a week: wind doesnJt always s!in the turbines on the hill, the sun cannot shine on solar !ower stations at night, and e2en hydroelectricity can run short if the rains donJt come" The inherently erratic beha2ior of the ma=or renewable energy technologies !resents serious !roblems for !ower system !lanners" It limits how much of these ty!es of renewable !ower can usefully be fed into the worldJs electricity grids" 3fter all, consumers e#!ect !ower always to be a2ailable" The engineering solution is to kee! a large amount of reliable base-load !ower as a ma=or com!onent of the generating mi# and su!!lement this with O!eaking !lantsP that can be brought on-line when needs arise" This !eaking ca!acity is built around hydroelectric systems in some countries, but usually it is based on burning fossil fuels such as gas, diesel, or fuel oils" The base-load !ower, too, is !redominantly based on fossil fuels, with around B4U of global electricity generation sourced from burning coal" In some countries, nuclear !ower has been seen as an answer, but de!osits of high-grade nuclear fuel worldwide a!!ear to be limited, and the long-term costs of waste storage and !lant decommissioning are high" The challenge, then, is to reduce our current reliance on fossil and nuclear fuels for base-load !ower" The answer may be under our feet" 8arth is an e#traordinarily hot !lanet" 'i# thousand kilometers below the surface, the !lanetJs core is as hot as the surface of the sun" Get, e2en at shallow de!ths, useful tem!eratures for !ower generation are often a2ailable" This Ocon2entionalP geothermal energy has been used to generate reliable base-load electricity for more than +** years, and is now used in many countries including Italy, Iceland, &a!an, ,ew Vealand, and the western Fnited 'tates" The technology is well established, and the track record of reliable !ower generation includes more than 4*** megawatts of generating ca!acity" But con2entional geothermal !ower re9uires a natural source of large 9uantities of steam or hot water, and such sources are usually found only in 2olcanic regions, which rules out its use in large !arts of the world" More tantali(ing for humanityJs need for widely a2ailable, clean base-load !ower is the non- con2entional geothermal energy called Ohot dry rocks.J or 71%" With 71%, useful heat is !resent in rocks only a few kilometers below the 8arthJs surface" But, with no natural steam or hot water to bring the energy to the surface, an engineered solution is needed, and, during the !ast B? years, more than WC** million has been s!ent worldwide de2ising one" The conce!t is beguilingly sim!le: drill at least two boreholes fi2e kilometers dee!, in=ect cold water into one, !ass it through the hot rocks, and then bring it back to the surface, where the energy is remo2ed in a !ower station" Then re-in=ect #)

B"

;"

the now cooled water for another !ass through the subsurface" :nly the heat is e#tracted at the surface, and e2erything else that is brought u! to the surface is re-in=ected again, eliminating waste" But it is the economics of 71% geothermal that will e2entually determine its long-term role, because dee! boreholes are e#!ensi2e to drill, and their costs must be met before !ower stations can begin to generate electricity" The shallower the heat resources and the chea!er the ca!ital, the more com!etiti2e an 71% !ro=ect will be" The rising costs of fossil and fossil fuels will also make 71% more com!elling, since the long-term economics of geothermal !ower is effecti2ely 9uarantined from fuel !rice mo2ements" 1e!osits of hot dry rocks are common, and large amounts of heat are within reach in many !laces" But the science and engineering of 71% has been challenging, and it is only now that the first !ower stations are emerging" 3 small !ower station is o!erating in Eandau, 0ermany, and others are under construction in France and 3ustralia" These first !ower stations will de2elo! the o!erational and financial !erformance histories that will be necessary before 71% geothermal energy can begin making an im!act on world energy su!!lies" %e-engineering humanityJs !ower systems is going to be an e#!ensi2e undertaking, regardless of what mi# of technologies are used, and the chosen systems will ha2e to be reliable and widely a2ailable" The road to 71% geothermal energy has been long and e#!ensi2e, but, like all de2elo!ing technologies, the basic research and de2elo!ment had to be done before commercial de2elo!ment could follow" With !ower stations now being built, the signs are bright for wides!read use of geothermal energy to generate clean, emissions-free base-load !ower" ?" 3ccording to the !assage, which of the following is a ma=or source currently used to deli2er Obase loadP !ower+" Wind turbines )" 7ydroelectric !ower systems B" 'olar energy ;" Thermal !ower stations ?" ,one of these It can inferred from the !assage that con2entional geothermal !ower stations are located in QQ"" +" 3reas where wind energy is unreliable as Sbase loadJ !ower source" )" 3reas where S!eaking !lantsJ are based on fossil fuels" B" Dolcanic regions" ;" 3reas where hydraulic systems are de!endent on rain" ?" ,one of these 3ccording to the !assage, why is it necessary to reduce our current reliance on fossil and fossil fuels+" B4U of global electricity generation is currently sourced from fossil fuels" )" ,uclear !ower is sometimes unrealible for S!eaking !lantsJ" B" + and )" ;" %enewable energy sources are unlikely to deli2er reliable Sbase loadJ !ower" ?" ,one of these If geothermal !ower !lants ha2e to become wides!read, it is the authorJs !osition that QQ"" +" They will ha2e to de!end hea2ily on engineered solutions" )" They will ha2e to be in 2olcanic areas" B" They will ha2e to bore holes C*** km dee!" ;" They will ha2e to be near large water bodies" ?" ,one of the abo2e" Why does the author state that 71% geothermal energy as alternati2e energy is a com!elling source+" It is insulted from fuel !rice mo2ements" )" Earge amounts of heat are within the reach in many !laces" B" I is reliable and widely a2ailable" ;" It would generate clean, emission-free, base-load !ower" ?" 3ll of the abo2e Passage " #1

C"

5"

6"

4"

When I started working during the late +4C*s and early S5*s I was the !roud owner of a slide rule" I was a low-mileage model, as I only knew how to work out !ercentages on it, but e2en that was better than struggling with long multi!lication or logarithms to do the same work as some of my colleagues were wont to do" The !oint is that this was only three decades ago, and the !ocket calculator had still not been in2ented" I remember, in the early +45*s, sitting in a meeting in the 2iewing room of the ad2ertising agency I worked for, taking !art in a discussion with out client, /roctor and 0amble on whether the commercial which had =ust been a!!ro2ed should be shot in black-andwhite, or colour" The discussion, as with most discussions with that client, was long and carefully articulated on both sides" The agency, of course, looked to the future, and argued strongly for colour" We were finally o2erruled, on the grounds that there were still too few colour TD sets in e#istence for it to be worth the e#tra in2estment in colour film" 3t the same !eriod, I recall the e#citement of the com!anyJs first com!uter being deli2ered" The accountJs office window was tem!orarily remo2ed, while the com!uter was swung into !lace by a crane es!ecially hired for the !ur!ose" The com!uter !ower was !robably less than a /ersonal :rgani(er" ,ot only was colour tele2ision a rarity, and the !ersonal com!uter still some way off, other e2eryday ob=ects had stiletto be in2ented, like the digital watch or the camcorder" 7ow we e#isted without such basic e2eryday tools I now find hard to imagine" The truth is that we and our !arents and grand!arents before us-and their forebears before them stretching back o2er the !ast two centuries - ha2e seen and accommodated huge technical ad2ances and social changes" Many of these change ha2e not only been big theyJ2e been fast" +*" The M:'T 3//%:/%I3T8 title for the abo2e !assage could be a" O<hanges since the +4C*sP b" O3cce!ting changeP c" O<hange and obsolescenceP d" OThe changing worldP Which of the following statements is M:'T 3<<F%3T8 in terms of the !assage abo2ea" <olour commercial was ruled out because colour !hotogra!hy was in its infancy b" 3n office window had to be dismantled so as to !ut the com!uter inside c" The digital comcorder had not yet been in2ented in the +45*s d" 'lide rules could calculate !ercentages, multi!lication and logarithms Which of the following inference is the M:'T 3//%:/%I3T8 as !er the !assage abo2ea" <hange is a !rocess of struggling against e#isting ideas b" The world has changed ra!idly since the +4C4Js and 5*Js c" <hange is e#citing, es!ecially in the field of technology d" The world has been changing significantly for a long time Passage # To make effecti2e decisions, all we ha2e to do is to out-think our o!!onent" :ur decision needs to be better than his, thatJs all" There is no need to be !erfect" The mistake we make is to think through our intellect" If we ask any successful business leader or <8: these days about what has made them so successfully, again and again they claim that their success came from something beyond their intellect. something beyond logic and factsJ something that ga2e them the intelligence and guts to take effecti2e decisions" It is sim!ly the intuiti2e !ower within them that has hel!ed them make these effecti2e decisions" We can tune into intuition as !art of our regular life" The 9uestion therefore is not whether intuition is an inborn 9uality, but whether we can make oursel2es intuiti2e" When we ste! into the !resent, we ste! out of time-bound awareness" We ste! beyond tension" :ur body stoo!s !roducing adrenaline" Time-bound awareness is mass, which is solid" ,on time-bound awareness is !ure energy, li9uid, dynamic, bubbling and creati2e" We ste! out of our boundaries" We become free" We become free" We become intuiti2e" When out thoughts sto!, our !resent 2ision e#tends into the !ast and the future" We become free of time and s!ace constraints" When we mediate dee!ly, we become intuiti2e, and can reach cosmic intelligence or enlightenment" +B" Which of the following statements <3,,:T be directly inferred from the abo2e !assagea" 8ffecti2e decisions are not necessarily !erfect decisions b" 'uccessful <8:s ha2e intuiti2e !owers c" To be intuiti2e, we ha2e to ste! out of our time-boundaries d" Meditation hel!s us take effecti2e decisions #!

++"

+)"

+;"

The M:'T 3//%:/%I3T8 title for the !assage might be a" OBeyond intuiti2e boundariesP b" OIntuition, the key to effecti2e decisionsP c" OIntuiti2e reasoningP d" ,one of these 3ccording to the !assage, a successful business leader" a" relies mostly on logic and facts c" take effecti2e decisions b" is more intelligent than his > her o!!onents d" is free of time and s!ace constraints

+?"

Disulisation is the three-dimensional, multicolourd, singing-and-dancing 2ersion of affirmations that enables the subconscious to !refigure future achie2ement of success" It is a basic and fundamental human attribute, and one that can literally be the difference between sur2i2ing and not sur2i2ing" When Dictor Frankly, the Freudian !sychologist, was e#amining the discriminating factors that enabled him, and many like him, to sur2i2e in the hell of the ,a(i concentration cam!s, the key factor was the ability to 2isualise" 3ll sur2i2ors had a 2ision of something beyond their current suffering, something more worthwhile, and something worth hanging on for" This underlines the im!ortance of each indi2idual ha2ing a 2ision of something, outside and larger than herself, that gi2es her life some meaning" They 2ery e#istence of a mission lifts the eyes to something more meaningful and enduring - and in so doing !ro2ides something to life for - at times when 9uiet surrender could be an attracti2e o!tion" 'uch a 2ision gi2es a further reason dJeter for integrity, by !ro2iding a !ur!ose that binds together the core 2alues that make u! self-worth" :ne of the most !owerful - and difficult to achie2e - a!!lications of 2isualisation is to focus your mind daily on the !erson you intend to become" <reate a clear mental !icutre of that !erson - and see it in full colour, and add sounds and smells, if they are a!!ro!riate" The emotional 2alues you add to the 2isualisation are 2ital in making the full connection to your subconscious, which acts only on thoughts that are mi#ed with emotions" These techni9ues are, of course, widely 2aluated in files like s!ort and business, where the !eak !erformers are nearly all 2isualisers" They all see, feel, and fully e#!erience their success before they achie2e it" +C" Which of the following statements, in the light of the abo2e !assage, is ,:T correcta" Disualisation is the affirmation of the subconscious b" Disualisation is three dimensional, multcolourd and auditory c" Disualisation is a basic and fundamental 9uality of human mind d" Disualisation can make a significant difference in terms of our 2ery e#istence The abo2e !assage 1:8' ,:T3 deal with a" uses of 2isualisation c" techni9ues of 2isualisation b" 9uality of 2isualisation d" illustrations of 2isuali(ation

+5"

+6"

Which of the following obser2ations <3,,:T be directly inferred from he abo2e !assagea" <oncentration cam! sur2i2ors 2isualised beyond their current suffering b" 8motional 2alues hel! oneJs subconscious to connect to 2isualisation c" Disualisation in2ol2es the ability to focus on the !erson you want to become d" The e#istence of a goal beyond oneJs current situation gi2es one a sense of !ur!ose O%eason dJdetreP as it is used in the abo2e !assage means" a" the most im!ortant need b" the most im!ortant inference c" the most im!ortant conse9uence d" the most im!ortant reason

+4"

#"

+orkshop 1)
Passage 1 :ne key element of $antian ethics is the idea that the moral worth of any action relies entirely on the moti2ation of the agent: human beha2iour cannot be said good or bad in light of the conse9uences it generates, but only with regards to what mo2ed the agent to act in that !articular way" $ant introduces the key conce!t of duty to clarify the rationale under!inning of his moral theory, by analy(ing different ty!es of moti2ation" First of all indi2iduals commit actions that are really undertaken for the sake of duty itself, which is, done because the agent thinks they are the right thing to do" ,o consideration of !ur!ose of the action matters, but only whether the action res!ects a uni2ersal moral law" 3nother form of action @moti2ationA originates from immediate inclination: 82eryone has some inclinations, such as to !reser2e oneJs life, or to !reser2e honour" These are also duties that ha2e worth in their own sake" But acting according to the ma#im that these inclinations might suggests-such as taking care of oneJs own health lacks for $ant true moral worth" For e#am!le, a charitable !erson who donates some goods to !oor !eo!le might do it following her inclination to hel! the others- that is, because she en=oys hel!ing the others" $ant does not consider it as moral moti2ation, e2en if the action is in conformity with duty" The !erson acting from duty would in fact donate to the other because she recogni(es that hel!ing the others is her moral obligation" Final ty!e of moti2ation suggested by $ant include actions that can be done in conformity with duty, yet are not done from duty, but rather as a mean to some further end" In order to illustrate this ty!e of moti2ation, $ant !ro2ides the following e#am!le" 3 sho!kee!er who does not o2ercharge the ine#!erienced customer and treats all customers in the same way certainly is doing the right thing-that is, acts in conformity with duty- but we cannot say for sure that he is acting in this way because he is mo2ed by the basic !rinci!les of honesty: OIt is his ad2antage that re9uires itP" Moreo2er, we cannot say that he is mo2ed by an immediate inclination toward his customers, since he gi2es no !reference to one with res!ect to another" Therefore, concludes $ant, O7is action was done neither from duty nor from immediate inclination but merely for !ur!oses of self-interest" +" <onsider the following e#am!les @aA %ed <ross 2olunteer who donates blood e2ery year to thank an anonymous donor who sa2ed the life of his mother some time back" 3 2oluntary organi(ation which conducts regular blood donation cam!s to im!ro2e its legitimacy" 3s !er the !assage, correct statement@sA related to the abo2e e#am!les would be: The source of moti2ation for both e#am!les is same" Indi2iduals may commit actions for reasons beyond duty" Both e#am!les illustrate the conce!t of moral worth" +" :!tion I only )" :!tion II only B" :!tions I I II ;" :!tions III only ?" :!tions II I III )" Which of the following inferences would be against the ideas in the !assage$antian ethics considers the moral worth of an inclination on the basis of its conse9uences" 3ctions moti2ated by the inclination of an indi2idual lacks moral worth" 8lements of moral obligation reduces the moral worth of a duty, which has some worth in itself" +" :!tion I only ;" :!tions III only )" :!tions I I II ?" :!tions II I III B" :!tions II only

Passage ! 1emogra!hy of organi(ations, also called !o!ulation ecology is an interesting field" It !ro!oses that organi(ational mortality !rocesses de!end u!on the age and si(e of the organi(ation, as well as on characteristics of !o!ulations and en2ironments" Moreo2er, there is e2idence of an im!rinting !rocess-meaning that en2ironmental conditions at certain early !hases in an organi(ationJs de2elo!ment ha2e long-term conse9uences" In !articular, organi(ations sub=ect to intense com!etition ha2e ele2ated mortality ha(ards at all ages" 3 central theme is structural inertia, the tendency for organi(ations to res!ond slowly relati2e to the s!eed of en2ironmental change" 3 central argument holds that the inertia deri2es from the 2ery characteristics that make organi(ations fa2oured actors in modern society in terms of reliability and @formalA accountability" It follows that changes in an organisationJs core features are disru!ti2e and increase mortality ha(ards, at least in the short-run" %esearch on this sub=ect tends to su!!ort this 2iew" The conce!t of niche !ro2ides a framework for ##

relating en2ironmental 2ariations and com!etition to !o!ulation dynamics and segmentation" Much em!irical work e#amines the niches of organi(ational !o!ulation in terms of dimensions of social, !olitical and economic en2ironments" Most research in this field builds on theories of resource !artition and of density de!endence" %esource-!artitioning theory concerns the relationshi! between increasing market concentration and increasing !roliferation of s!ecialists in mature industries" The key im!lication of this theory concerns the effects of concentration on the 2iability of s!ecialist organi(ations @those that seek to e#!loit a narrow range of resourcesA " The theory of density-de!endent organi(ations e2olution synthesi(es ecological and institutional !rocesses" It holds that growth in the number of organi(ations in a !o!ulation @densityA dri2es !rocesses of social legitimati(ation and com!etition that, in turn sha!e the 2ital rates" B" %ecently it was re!orted that Indian te#tile sector was not doing well" If the ideas contained in the !assage are agreed to, then which of the following could be the !ossible reasons @sA" +" 3ll Indian firms are as old as international firms" )" Indian te#tile firms are dis!ersed all o2er the country, with most of them also ha2ing international !resence" B" Te#tile firms in India were sub=ected to trade union acti2ity in the !eriod from +4C*s to +46*s" +" + )" ) B" B ;" + and ) ?" +, ) and B ;" Most to!-notch business consultants recommend changing the entire configuration of an organi(ationJs strategy, structure and systems" If the ideas contained in the !assage are agreed to, then such a recommendation: +" tends to re=u2enate the organi(ation" )" tends to make the organi(ation more aligned to the e#ternal en2ironment" B" tends to increase the com!etiti2eness of the organi(ation by redefining its core com!etence" ;" tends to increase the 2ulnerability of the organi(ation" ?" tends to make the organi(ation industry leader by reformulating its niche"

?" <onsider the following: OTata steel, one of biggest steel makers in the world, was born in &amshed!ur, If abo2e
!assage is true, then it can be concluded that location of Tata 'teel has been one of the reasons for its success" +" The conclusion is false" )" This is a farfetched conclusion B" This is a 2alid conclusion" +" + only )" ) only B" B only ;" + and ) ?" ) and B C" OTata 'teel, one of biggest steel makers in the world, was born in &amshed!ur" The 2ery success of Tata 'teel could lead to its failure and hence the challenge for Tata 'teel is to recogni(e its strengths that made it successful ininitial conditions and stick to them"P +" This is a 2alid conclusion" )" The conclusion is contrary to the ideas described in the !assage" B" The conclusion is an internally contradictory" +" + only )" ) only B" B only ;" + and ) ?" ) and B 5" +" )" B" ;" ?" Identify the correct sentence from the o!tions gi2en below: If X3T as!irants had not taken so long checking each 9uestion before attem!ting the ne#t 9uestion they might not ha2e run out of time" If X3T as!irants had taken so long checking each 9uestion before attem!ting the ne#t 9uestion they might not ha2e run out of time" 7ad X3T as!irants not took so long checking e 2ery 9uestion before attem!ting the ne#t 9uestion they might not ha2e run out of time" IF X3T as!irants had took so long checking each and e2ery 9uestion before attem!ting the ne#t 9uestion they might not ha2e run out of time" 7ad X3T as!irants not taken so long checking all 9uestions before attem!ting the ne#t 9uestion they might not ha2e run out of time"

Passage "
The 0reenJs success has clear !olicy im!lications, es!ecially on issues of nuclear !ower, ecological ta# reform and citi(enshi! rights" But success also has im!lications for green !arties themsel2es" 0reens ha2e always faced a uni9ue Sstrategic conundrumJ arising from their uni9ue beliefs and mo2ement roots" /ut sim!ly, how can they reconcile their #$

radical alternati2e !olitics with !artici!ation in mainstream or SgreyJ !arliamentary and go2ernment structures- Throughout the +44*s most green !arties shed their radical cloth in an attem!t to ca!ture 2otes, e2en at the e#!ense of green !arty unity and !urity" Most were rewarded with electoral success well beyond what had been imaginable in the +46*s" The !rice to !ay has been tortured internal debates about strategy and new 9uestions about green !arty identity and !ur!ose" Today the key 9uestions facing green !arties re2ol2e around not whether to embrace !ower, but what to do with it" More s!ecifically, green !arties face three new challenges in the new millennium: first, how to car2e out a !olicy niche as established !arties and go2ernments become wiser to green demands and as green concerns themsel2es a!!ear more mainstream" 'econds, how to take green ideas beyond the confines of rich industriali(ed states into 8astern 8uro!e and the de2elo!ing world where green !arties remain marginal and en2ironmental !roblems acute" Third, how to ensure that the broader role of green !arties- as consciousness raisers, agitators, conscience of !arliament and !olitics- is not sacrificed on the altar of electoral success" 0reen !arties ha2e come a long way since their emergence and de2elo!ment in the +45*s and +46*s" They ha2e become established !layers able to sha!e !arty com!etition, go2ernment formation and go2ernment !olicy" But this 2ery SestablishmentJ carries risks for a !arty whose core 2alues and identities de!end mightily on their ability to challenge the con2entional order, to agitate and to annoy" For most green !arties, the greatest fear is not electoral decline so much as the !ros!ect of becoming a !arty with !arliamentary !latform, ministerial 2oice, but nothing new to say" 6" +" )" B" ;" ?" 4" +" )" B" ;" ?" +*" +" )" B" ;" ?" Which out of the following is closest in meaning to the first of three challenges mentioned in the !aragra!h,iche of green !arties is being eroded by mainstream !arties" 0reen !arties are finding it difficult to find new strategy" 0reen /arties ha2e become stronger o2er a !eriod of time" 'ome green !arties are becoming grey" ,on-green !arties are becoming less rele2ant than green !arties" Which of the following is the most im!ortant !oint that author highlights<hallengers before green !arties to change their strategy from green acti2ism to green go2ernance" 7ow should green !arties win confidence and su!!ort of go2ernmentsTransformation of green !arties in recent decades" 0reen mo2ement is not strong in de2elo!ing countries" ,on-green !arties are becoming less rele2ant than green !arties" 7ow best can mainstream !olitical !arties, in India, kee! green !arties at bayBy im!osing green ta#" By allow carbon trading" By including green agenda in their go2ernance" By hiring 3l 0ore, the ,obel !ri(e winner, as an ambassador" By not letting green !arties fight elections"

PASSAGE # 3s a human enter!rise, research in2ol2es ethical 9uestions, not in terms of the 9uestions we address but in terms of how we address these 9uestions and re!ort our results" :2er the !ast two decades a number of studies ha2e brought into shar! focus some of the issues in2ol2ed" For e#am!le, in one research effort that won a !ri(e from the 3merican 3ssociation for the 3d2ancement of 'cience, sub=ects were told to teach other sub=ects @ leamers A a list of !aired associate words and to !unish them with an electric shock when an error was made" The issue in2estigated was obedience to authority" 3lthough actual shock not used, the sub=ects belie2ed that it was being used and often administered high le2els des!ite !leas from the leamers that it was !ainful" In another research effort in which a !rison en2ironment was simulated, sub=ects took on the roles of guards and !risoners" 'ub=ect guards were found to be 2erbally and !hysically aggressi2e to sub=ect !risoners, who allowed themsel2es to be treated in a dehumanised way" Finally, we are all !robably aware of one beha2iour modification !rogram or another that has been used to sha!e the beha2iour of children or !atients without their consent or 2oluntary !artici!ation" 'uch !rograms are dramatic in the issues they raise, but the underlying 9uestion concerning ethical !rinci!les of research is fundamental" 1o e#!erimentalists ha2e the right to re9uire !artici!ation- To decei2e sub=ects- What are the ethical res!onsibilities of researchers to sub=ects and to !sychology as a science- The former has been an issue of concern to the 3merican /sychological 3ssociation, and it has ado!ted a list of rele2ant ethical !rinci!les" The essence of these !rinci!les #%

is that the !sychologist carries out the in2estigation with res!ect and concern for the dignity and welfare of the !eo!le who !artici!ate" This includes e2aluating the ethical acce!tability of the research, determining whether sub=ects in the study will be at risk in any way, and establishing a clear and fair agreement with research !artici!ants concerning the obligations and res!onsibilities of each" 3lthough the use of concealment or dece!tion is recognised as necessary in some case, strict guidelines are !resented" It is recognised as the res!onsibility of the in2estigator to !rotect !artici!ants from !hysical and mental discomfort, harm and danger" The ethical res!onsibility of !sychologists includes the inter!retation and !resentation of results as well as the conduct of the research" :f late there has been serious concern in science generally with the s!reading stain of fraud " 'ome concern with this issue began with charges that 'ir <yril Burt, a once !rominent British !sychologist, intentionally misre!resented data in his research on the inheritance of intelligence" In the other fields of science there ha2e been re!orts of in2estigators intentionally mani!ulating data to enhance their chances of !ublications, grant funding, !romotion, and !ublic recognition" %ecently, there was an in2estigation of whether !sychologists working in the area of alcoholism had intentionally misre!resented their data" The issue of fraud is one that scientists do not like to recognise or talk about because it goes against the 2ery fabric of the scientific enter!rise" 3lthough fraudulent data and falsified conclusions are 2ery rare, the !rofession of !sychologists is beginning to face u! to their e#istence and to take constructi2e ste!s in sol2ing the !roblem" Much more subtle than fraud, and undoubtedly of much broader significance, is the issue of the effects of !ersonal and social bias on the ways in which issues are de2elo!ed and the kinds of data that are acce!ted as e2idence in su!!ort for one or another kind of enter!rise" In considering se# differences, for e#am!le, to what e#tent are research !ro=ects de2elo!ed in a way that is free from bias and to what e#tent is e2idence for or against the e#istence of se# differences e9ually likely to be acce!ted- To what e#tent do our own social and !olitical 2alues influence not only what is studied but how it is studied and the kinds of conclusions we are !re!ared to reach- 3s noted, although scientists make e2ery effort to be ob=ecti2e and remo2e all !ossible sources of error and bias from their research, this remains a human enter!rise with the !otential for !ersonal, social, cultural, and !olitical influence" Finally, we may note in a related way the role of research in the formulation of !ublic !olicy" Though still in an early stage of de2elo!ment as a science, !sychology does relate to fundamental human concerns and !sychologists are often called on to suggest the rele2ance of this research for !ublic !olicy" This has ha!!ened with intelligence tests and immigration !olicy, child de2elo!ment and the effects of early enrichment !rograms such as 7ead 'tart, and the effects of tele2ision 2iolence on aggression in daily life" %ecently, 'eligman's work has been related to societal functioning, with the suggestion that some social !rograms may o!erate to increase learned hel!lessness" For e#am!le, many 'candina2ian countries ha2e ser2ed as a model for social reform and social welfare" While !raising these accom!lishments, one 'wedish !sychologist has warned that a !otential side effect of o2erly e#tensi2e !rograms in this area may be the de2elo!ment of a broad learned hel!lessness !henomenon in the !o!ulation" In sum, among the issues thatH concern us as researchers and as consumers of research is that of how the results may be inter!reted to direct, su!!ort, or refute 2arious social !olicies" ++" The !assage says that, %esearchers need to be free from all kinds of bias and they always are" %esearchers need to be free from all kinds of bias and they ne2er are" %esearchers need to be free from all kinds of bias and they sometimes are not" %esearchers need not be free from all kinds of bias and still they always are" +)" :ne can assume that, if !eo!le are told that a certain thing would ha!!en they tend to belie2e that it has ha!!ened e2en if it actually has not" a certain thing would ha!!en they ne2er tend to belie2e that it has ha!!ened if it actually has not" a certain thing would ha!!en they ne2er tend to belie2e that it has ha!!ened e2en if it actually has" ,one of the abo2e" " +B" The 3merican /sychological 3ssociation does all the following e#ce!t, gi2e guidelines to carry out research using sub=ects" e2aluate if a research is ethically acce!table" #&

decide the res!onsibilities of all the research !artici!ants" !enalise the researcher if his e#!eriment is in any way harmful" PASSAGE $ /redominant amongst the solutions for !o2erty, howe2er has been the ideal of self-hel!" Those likely to fall on misfortune at some time in their li2es were always urged to take !recautionary measures to !rotect themsel2es and their families in hard times" 8ighteenth-century !aternalists ad2ocated the !ro2ision of allotments and the establishment of sa2ings clubs for the !oor" From the late eighteenth century, working !eo!le themsel2es formed friendly societies and benefit clubs which, funded by the small weekly contributions of members, established schemes of benefit on which a member and his family could draw at times of berea2ement, sickness or loss of em!loyment" By the mid-nineteenth century, some of these small local societies were affiliating to larger organisations like the Manchester Fnity of :dd fellows or the 3ncient :rder of Foresters whose greater financial !ower !ro2ided more security for funds" %elati2ely neglected by earlier labour historians, research in their scattered archi2es is beginning to re2eal their fundamental im!ortance for working !eo!le as a shield against misfortune" ,ot only was membershi! of them wides!read, e#tending far beyond the boundaries of the more affluent, skilled working class but their customs and rituals, as well as their benefits, made them an influential force in many labouring communities" /ro2isions of similar contributory benefits by trade unions are now seen as a central feature of their work, and not as a mere smokescreen to disguise their industrial acti2ities" 'uch schemes of contributory benefit are im!ortant for the de2elo!ing state welfare systems" The +4++ Insurance 3ct established a system of com!ulsory statebacked contributions to !ro2ide for benefits to shield the insured from !o2erty caused by ill health or unem!loyment" 3lthough high le2els of unem!loyment in the inter-war !eriod made this ty!e of com!ulsory self-hel! difficult to sustain, the +4B; Fnem!loyment 3cts distinguished clearly between insurance benefits gi2en as of right to those with a full contributory record, and assistance for those whose contributions were e#hausted or non-e#istent, !ro2ided only after the in9uisition of the means test" 'elf-hel! through contributory insurance became a main !lank of the Be2eridge scheme of +4;), and has arguably !ro2ed more im!ortant in the de2elo!ment of twentieth-century state welfare in Britain than either !hilanthro!ic or state !ro2ision" &ust as formal, institutionalised self-hel! has become more 2isible and interesting to historians seeking to e#!lain the de2elo!ment of !ro2ision for the !oor, so the increasing use of oral history and of working-class autobiogra!hy has re2ealed the e#tent of informal, communal or familial self-hel!" Working-class wi2es o!erated credit mechanisms of considerable com!le#ity in !awning goods, !aying rent, buying food and clothing and, as a last resort, borrowing money" Their weekly budgets were miracles of domestic management which only highlight the artificiality of the social sur2ey's '!o2erty line'" <hildren earned small sums, often in defiance of child labour and school attendance laws, or cared for younger siblings to allow mothers to go out to work" Mothers and children economised on food and other needs to allow the lion's share to go to the male bread-winner" ,eighbours rallied to hel! at times of crisis like child birth, or to !rotect the !oor family from the intrusion of the rent collector, the !oliceman or the charitable 2isitor" 'uch a hel! was reci!rocal, and had to be re!aid in cash or kind" /oor communities could be harsh towards those who broke, or stood outside, its unwritten con2entions" Family and community !ro2ided care for the !oor, but at a cost not always noted by those who argue for an increase in their welfare role today" a" +;" The author is likely to be an ad2ocate of which of the following ma#ims/enny wise, !ound foolish" b" 3 stitch in time sa2es nine" c" 3 !enny sa2ed is a !enny earned" Eook before you lea!" +?" In which of the following cases would a !erson not be able to get hel! from the benefit societies3 !erson's wife dies in an accident" 3 !erson has to s!end for his daughter's wedding" 3 !erson's son is ill with ty!hoid and is in hos!ital" d" 3 !erson has lost his =ob after ha2ing some !roblems with the management +C" The author #'

d" a" b" c"

is e#!ressing his own 2iews" is !ostulating some new hy!othesis is trying to !ut forth findings of some research" is stating unsubstantiated fact +5" The children did which of the followingthey did not !ay attention to attending school" they worked des!ite the child labour laws" they looked after their younger brothers and sisters" all of the abo2e" +6" Which of the following is an e#am!le of unacce!table beha2iour according to the author@aA Michael's wife is hel!ed in her childbirth by their neighbours and in turn Michael offers to hel! the neighbour out in some family matter" @bA Michael's neighbour hel!s him financially when he is out of a =ob and then Michael goes away to another town" @cA Michael's wife and children su!!lement the family income by doing odd =obs" @dA ,one of the abo2e" +4" 3ll of the following can be said about the benefit funds e#ce!t: their membershi! was limited to only the affluent workers" they were highly influential in many labouring communities" they hel!ed the workers in times of their needs" they had a large number of members"

#(

+orkshop $ 1, c !, 4 ", a #, 4 $, c %, e &, a ', 4 (, a 1), +orkshop %

35122 35224 43115

+)rkshop &
1. A 2.A 3. C 4. C 5. C 6.A 7.E 8. C 9.D 10.C 11. E12. E 13. C

+orkshop '
+" e ?" d )" e C" c B" d 5" a +*" a +;" e +4" c ;" d 6" b ++" e +?" c )*" c +)" b +C" a 4" d +B" d +5" e +6" d

$)

RC C0ABBE*GER RC workshop 1

+5"

@iiA and @iiiA are inferred" 7ence @;A

+6" The author mentions what a !oetry is, hence @)A is the most
a!!ro!riate" RC +orkshop !

+"

@BA is correct" +st is wrong as these two institutions are not e2ils, they ha2e a !ositi2e !ur!ose" The !assage highlights the conflict between the !eo!le of two organi(ations" :!tion ) is ina!!ro!riate as it !ro=ects one organi(ation as good and another bad @which is not the caseA" @;A is also incorrect as both the organi(ations are entirely different"

+"

+, ) I ; are stated in the first !aragra!h" 7ence @BA is correct" )" %efer first line of last !aragra!h" O3bstractionism is not a QQ" Eanguage" It is an QQQ of awareness" 7ence @)A is correct"

)" B"

Brd is correct from the last line of )nd !aragra!h"

SInstigateJ means Oindirectly critici(e" O/lagiariesP mean stealing the literary article" O3c9uitP means to free some one from 0uilt" O1itheringP means confusing" 7ence @)A @BA I @;A are incorrect as !rofligate is harshest critics of IMF" 7ence @+A is most a!!ro!riate"

B" ;" ?"

%efer to the last ; -? lines of second !aragra!h" 3ll the three statements are clearly mentioned" 7ence @;A" In Brd !ara, refer to 5th line OIn such a situation QQ consciousness" 7ence @)A is correct" %efer to the !aragra!h ;th, statement II, III I ID are directly stated" 7ence @+A is correct" C" %efer !ara ?, The third idiom is based on lyric !lay of forms" 7ence @BA is correct"

;"

It is an im!lied idea 9uestion" We can infer when &ames WelfensohnJs says that Ohe is interested to see what Q"" is saying on the behalf of bankP" It means slight(s has been critical of the bankJs !olicies"

?" C"

@;A is answer as Ma#ican bail-out was done by world Bank"

In the first !aragra!h it is said that IMF and World bank are twin faces of hydra-headed monster" It is a similarity not a difference" 7ence @BA is correct" 5" OFractious siblingP is used and it means sibling ri2alry" 7ence @BA is correct" 6" The !assage leasly indicates that Dishun!urana, The doctrine of self and the law of manu are !art of oriental writing" The transcend list mo2ement was influenced by oriental writing" 7ence @;A"

5"
6"

@BA is e#!licitly stated in ;th !ara" %efer second last !ara" 7ence @;A is correct"

4" %efer !ara ), first line Owe tend to think of famous res!onse"P 7ence @;A is correct" +*" @BA
th

++" 6

line, then until today we faced discrete enemy" 7ence @BA

+)" The !assage mentions that OToday Bush has the o!!ortunity
to draw on somethingP" It means that author is contem!orary to Bush" 7ence @)A is correct"

4"

%efer second !ara 5th I 6th line" O'ince the transcended list were ac9uainted with QQ"" not always !ossible to identify s!ecific influences"P 7ence @+A is correct"

+B" %efer 6

+*" %efer second !ara, )

nd

line, @)A is directly gi2en"

th line from the last, the bra2est act 3mericans can undertake QQQ" morningP +, ), B all are mentioned" 7ence @;A

++" %efer Third !ara, last !art" $rishna tells the great end of e2er one in soul I he focuses on immortality of soul" 7ence @;A is correct"

+;" %efer +B

th line from the last" OIn many ways challengers by Bush QQQ"P" I, II I III are mentioned, hence @;A is correct"

+)" %efer first line of ;

th

!aragra!h" 7ence @)A is correct"

+?" :!tion @;A is correct" +C" :!tion @BA is most a!!ro!riate as QQQQQ" %e=ected all
the suggestions of !lacing manufacturing guns and camouflaging building to show that he is unbarred"

+B" In the first line it is gi2en that !oetry is more !hiloso!hical

than history became QQQQQ"" The sentence im!lies that !oetry filters meaning from ,on-meaning circumstances @+A is correct" )nd is not true" It is contradictory to what is mentioned" 7ence @+A is o!tion"

+5" From last few lines statement ) can be inferred" 7ence @+A
+6" In first !ara, last line BawaJs recent drawings suggest that his drawings are to be described under the first of these two rubrics" But least !ara also indicates that BawaJs !ainting abandon the first and act under second" 7ence @BA is correct"

+;" %efer + +?"

st

!ara, ;th line" :nly @iiA is correct hence @BA"

+st is the most a!!ro!riate summary @+A"

+C" :!tion ) is most a!!ro!riate"

$1

+4" The second !aragra!hs em!hasi(es on the characteristics of

BawaJs !ainting" It mentions +, ), B I ? while ; is mentioned but it is not a characteristics" 7ence @BA is correct"

+)" %efer last two lines of ) +B" %efer +

+;"

nd !ara which mentions that O3ctions which beneficial QQQ"" be inhibitedP means 3ctions are correlated with results" 7ence @BA is correct"

)*" %efer
)+"

?th !ara, first line, Bawa has been afflicted by a malaise of formula for too few of them break new grounds" From these two statements, @)A is 3!t"

!aragra!h last line, OThe rationality retains all the im!ortance it was formally belie2ed to ha2e as guide to though and QQ""P 7ence @)A is correct" @BA is correct" The author is doing analysis hence @;A is a!t"

st

))" B

!ara, last two lines" OThe o2ercoming of terrestrial limitations, the !ossibility of dialogue between humans and animals. 7ence @+A is most a!t" )B" %efer !ara B" OBut the allegory is not neatly reducible to the story"P 7ence @BA can be inferred"

rd

+?"

+C" The author does not state any one of the o!tion as main reason" 7ence @;A is the best answer" +5" %efer first !ara last lines" O%ecogni(ing these limitations" In no way diminishes the genius of its founder" 7ence @)A is correct" +6" %efer !ara two, Oone in which QQ"" freudial model is recogni(ed as e#tremely useful for dealing with certain as!ects" 7ence @BA is correct" RC +@R?S0@P $

);" :!tion ; is not mentioned"

RC +@R?S0@P "

+" )"

%efer second !ara, Brd line OTolstoyJs a!!roach is analytical" 7e is concerned the QQ""P 7ence @;A is most suitable" %efer Cth !aragra!h last line, Ounder the 'kinP is a suggesti2e !anels and tells us how they feel" 7ence @)A is most a!!ro!riate" B" %efer last !ara" O7ow far custom and morality are distinguishableQQ"P This 9uestion ho2ers unanswered" 7ence @;A is correct" "

+"

%efer !ara B" OTo this end, they !rocured Q"" and humour !re2ailed Q"" with such an 3cademy"P In last !ara, 3uthor is mocking the !eo!le for unnecessary change" The best o!tion is SBJ"

)" B"

It can be inferred that the lord was seen to be setting an ill e#am!le as he refused to im!lement the schemes and maintained the old customs" 7ence @BA %efer )nd !ara, Brd line Owhere of his 8#cellency took not the least notice till after su!!er, where there being no third com!anion"P This suggests that he could not s!eak freely in !ressure of third !erson" 7ence @aA ;" B is the most a!!ro!riate o!tion"

;"

%efer last !ara" O3ny great work is not com!elled to answer 9uestion" It task is to bring themP " 7ence @+A is most suited" ?" First !ara mentions that Tolstoy had the ca!acity to identify with all kinds of !eo!le- an unfair ad2antage o2er most modern no2elist" 7ence @)A is a!t"

C" 5" 6"

4"

%efer first !ara, Othe disintegration of great families has im!o2erished QQ e2en in its literature"P 7ence @BA is a!t" %efer !ara ;, /erce!tion by no means is recording of details" It is selection of those features which we are familiar with" 7ence @;A is a!t" In !ara ;, it is dearly stated that !erce!tion is an acti2ity of eyes and brain" 7ence @)A is a!t" %efer last !aragra!h @+A is the most a!t"

?" C"

%efer last !ara, +*th line : OThe only incon2enience is, that none of these !ro=ects QQ !erfection"P 'o the most suitable o!tion would be @<A" The author is using a 2ery low word such as Oin con2enienceP for a fiasco" 7e is understating the situation" 7ence @eA" 5" The author is against the kind of inno2ation that is talked in the !assage" 'o his attitude would be of anti!athy" 7ence @aA

6" 4"

The author mentions that when things are beautiful, no !oint damaging them" 7ence @BA is most a!t" The author has critici(ed the inno2ation" The authorJs statement will be weakened if the inno2ation yields great results" 7ence 'tatement + is a!!ro!riate" 7ence @aA

+*" %efer

5th !aragra!h" OThe situations in which we =udge wrongly QQ for a way with nothing in between" 7ence @;A is correct"

++" %efer ;

th !ara, OThey maintain that there is no such thing as ob=ecti2e fact Q"" true"P From this @BA is clearly inferred"

+*" It

is gi2en that S!harmakonJ means !urification through !urging" It stresses on healing" 7ence < is the most a!!ro!riate"

$!

++" The second /ara directly states that the first drug catalog
was written by an unknown 'umerian !hysician" 7ence @eA is correct"

6" 4"

%efer ;th !ara, nowhere it is mentioned that &esus died for the cause of weak" 7ence @)A is correct" It is said that &esus crushed the idols who were erected on human bones but it does not indicated that &esus was against idol worshi!" 7ence @)A is correct"

+)" %efer + +B" %efer

line of )nd !ara. OThe 'umerians ha2e de2elo!ed all of our modern methods of administering drugs" 7ence @<A is a!t" +st line, ?th !ara. the 0reeks had ado!ted a so!histicated mind-body 2iew of medicine" 7ence @BA is correct" +;" %efer !ara ;, The OhierarchyP is used to highlight the work of 2arious !eo!le and their authority" 7ence @dA is correct"

st

+*" :!tion @;A ca!turers the theme most suitably" ++" The author
is focusing on singerJs stand on morality and how it affects 3merica" :!tion @?A ca!tures this idea"

+?" In

the last line the author states that many of the latest additions to our medicine chest shel2es were accidental finds" 'o @BA is correct"

+)" 'tatement I is inferred from last line of first !ara that the
rise of ethics is the chief growth field of !hiloso!hy" II is not inferred as the author is only in2estigating this statement" III is inferred from the +st !ara where incidences of immorality are on a rise while !eo!le are getting more aware about it" 'o @BA is correct"

+C" %efer B

rd !ara" 8#ce!t ointment all other things ha2e been mentioned" 7ence @BA"

+5" 'ame e#!lanation as in Ls" +? hence @aA is correct"

+6" 0reek em!hasi(ed the !hysical I mental as!ects of disease hence they also em!hasi(ed on !rayer for using the disease" 7ence @<A is correct" +4" @<A

+B" The author clearly mentions a contradiction in the stand of

Bush and his actions" It suggests that !olitical beliefs are incongruous" 7ence @+A is correct"

+;" The !assage shows that des!ite contradictions bush has a

great mass a!!eal" The author has elucidated o!!osite to what is stated in o!tion +" 7ence @+A +?" %efer last line, O3las he forgets to try to understand what they actually do" 7ence he is not through" 7ence @?A is correct"

)*" 3 is stated"
RC +@R?S0@P %

+"

%efer +st !ara" OToo much of knowledge and training, may su!!lant the natural intuiti2e feeling of a students" This im!lies @BA is most a!t" )" %efer last line of !ara ), O0reat things are only done QQ at its dis!osal" OThis im!lies that artist needs intuition along with intelligence" 7ence @?A is correct" B" %efer !ara ;, first few lines, Oobser2ation is made much QQ by the feeling instrument" It means @+A is most a!t"

+orkshop &
+" + only first alone runs through the central idea of the !assage" @)A is incoherent" @BA is rendered incorrect by the use of the word OabsoluteJ" @;A is a su!!orting fact to e#!lain the central idea" )" + is the best among the a2ailable o!tions" This !ro2ides the whole focus of the !assage"

B" B If we read the statements gi2en by both. they mean the same thing" ;" B is rendered incorrect by the use of the words OThe irrefutable factP" @+A is gi2en in the lines OThe Tao-te-king is still more e#!licit"P In this work, which is but an outline criticism of !ure reason, the !hiloso!her Eao-tse continually identifies, under the name of Tao, uni2ersal reason and the infinite being" @)A can be inferred from the first !aragra!h" @;A can also be inferred form these lines O:n the one hand, absence of communication kee!s the mind absorbed in animal self-contem!lation. on the other, absence of motion, gradually changing social life into mechanical routine, finally eliminates the idea of will and !ro2idenceP" @?A can be inferred from OThe <hinese ha2e !reser2ed in their traditions the remembrance of a religion -P ?"@BA is correct because OteleologyP in the conte#t of the !assage, is: a study of the belief @since it is not !ro2enA of natural !henomenon o2er all design or !ur!ose" C" @+A is correct because the underlying law of teleology is that all natural !henomena are determined by a s!ecific !ur!ose" 1arwin a!!lies this law to the structure of s!ecies under study

;"

'econd last !ara em!hasi(es, that we all ha2e an inner sense and that is some how common author stresses that arts may be different in 2arious ci2ili(ations but there is something common" +, ;, B, ? can be eliminated" )nd statement ca!tures this idea best" ?" 3n art work with only intellect is a human body de2oid of soul" 7ence @)A is correct"

C" 5"

The author mentions that only e#!ression will not do for an artist he needs to ha2e knowledge and e#!ression both hence @BA is correct" Initially author said that humanity looked at &esus as weak and feeble but author strongly said that &esus was not weak but he was immensely strong" The author is against the idea O7umanity in a mourner who en=oys lamenting the memories and heroes of ages"P 7ence @?A is most a!!ro!riate and is the idea of the !assage"

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5" @?A is correct, because, 1arwin acce!ts that they may be right in some cases but later on su!!orts his own theory by gi2ing an e#!lanation for his theory to be true" 6" @BA 1r" $ollicker holds o!inions contrary to those of teleologists" There is no e2idence in the !assage that he is mor!hologist or naturalist" 3 scientist is the closest answer because he studies the !henomenon in a scientific way" 4" @;A is correct because the author means both the !hysical @matterA and non-!hysical @ideasA in the world" This is also clear from the o!ening line of the second !ara" +*" @BA is correct because this sim!ly answers the 9uestion" :thers are true but are not direct answers to the 9uestion asked" ++" @?A utili(es both the as!ects: s!ace and time, and thus occu!ies a corres!ondingly middle !osition on the s!ectrum" It is gi2en in the !assage, --"and time enters into it more largely than into scul!ture by reason of the greater ease with which com!licated action can be indicated-" +)" @?A can be directly inferred from the lines: -though in one sense they are the most-widely se!arated of the arts, in another they are the most closely related-" +B" @BA is correct as gi2en in the line: O,either a musical com!osition nor a work of architecture de!ends for its effecti2eness u!on resemblances to natural sounds in the one case, or to natural forms in the otherP" @+A is incorrect because of the words O!urelyP and OhighlyP" @)A is incorrect because of Othus offers less creati2e inde!endenceP" @;A is stated but is not a com!lete answer" +;" @;A gi2es the central idea of the !assage as it says that these two cannot OguideP" @+A is rather e#treme and @)A unnecessarily intricate and incoherent" @BA is incorrect because the author doesnJt talk of bringing =udgment under the !ur2iew of religion and conscience" @?A is incorrect because it says conscience fails @which cannot be inferred from the !assage: OThis conscience does not affect all the actions of life, but !robably the ones which to them are the most im!ortantPA" +?" )A can be inferred from the lines: Sbelie2e that the 9uestion of whether an act is right or wrong is to be settled by a religious doctrineJ" +C" 3n inde!endent thinker is the closest to what the right answer can be because the !assage doesn-t gi2e clues as to whether the author can be a criminal =udge, an atheist, a re!orter or a socialist" 'o by negation of these answers, we arri2e at @)A" +5" @?A can be directly inferred from the !assage: Sha2e a conscience. a feeling that certain things are good, and certain other things are badJ" +@R?S0@P ' +" a, b I c are the facts mentioned in the !assage but these are not the main !oint" The author says that the situation is dangerous in the case of confrontation between su!er !owers but it is also a blessing in disguise" @dA is too narrow hence @eA is the most suitable" )" S0o to the BrinkJ means Sat the last !ointJ, I is best illustrated by o!tion @?A in the conte#t of !assage" B" @bA is out of conte#t" @<A is in contrast with the authorJs o!inion" @aA and @eA are 2ague" @dA is the best o!tion" ;" OIrre!ressibleP means Sthat can not be subdued or su!!ressedJ" 7ence @dA is correct"

?"

@bA is the most a!!ro!riate title"

C" The last few line states the authorJs concern as he says that no congressional attention in being QQQQ ill ad2ised agricultural !ractice, which !roduces deleterious effects" @<A is most a!!ro!riate" 5" /lasmids are resistant to drugs hence @aA is most a!t"

6" The author em!hasi(es on the need to e2aluate the deleterious effects on agriculture" 7ence @bA is correct"

Worksho! 4
+" The answer is o!tion +" This is an im!lied idea 9uestion" The answer is in the second !aragra!h last line" :!tion + is easily inferred from the !assage" The author also states that those who are eligible to write about aesthetics must not only !ossess a high degree of intelligence but an innate sense of aesthetic a!!raisal" This o2errules statements II and III" )" The answer is o!tion +" This is an im!lied idea 9uestion with the right answer in the second !aragra!'h" :Though unlucky in that it makes my friend inca!able of choosing a sound basis for his argument, mercifully blinds him to the absurdity of his conclusions while lea2ing him in full en=oyment of his masterly dialectic " This idea is !resent in o!tion +" B" The answer is o!tion B" This is a s!ecific detail 9uestion and the answer lies in the last !aragra!h, latter half" This emotion is called the aesthetic emotion. and if we can disco2er some 9uality common and !eculiar to all the ob=ects that !ro2oke it, we shall ha2e sol2ed what take to be the central !roblem of aesthetics ;" The answer is o!tion )" The 9uestion is an im!lied idea 9uestion" The answer is in the Brd !aragra!h where the author talks about <ambridge" <onsidering o!tion + , if all the !eo!le in <ambridge were sensiti2e !eo!le, the author's friend would also ha2e been sensiti2e" <onsidering o!tion ) with res!ect to the conte#t, it seems !ossible" :!tion B can be eliminated as the author's friend who 2isits <ambridge often, If <ambridge was a center of learning all about aesthetics he would ha2e learnt at least something about It :!tion ; can be eliminated as nothing in the !aragra!h suggests that <ambridge is not a good !lace to be in" ?" :!tion ; is correct" This is stated in the fourth !aragra!h" OThe baseload !ower, too, is !redominantly based on fossil fuels, with around B4U of global electricity generation sourced from burning coalP" C" :!tion B" The !assage first states that they are currently located in italy, Iceland, &a!an and ,ew(eeland" Then it further s!ecifies that OBut con2entional geothermal !ower re9uires a natural source of large 9uantities of steam or hot water, and such sources are usually found only in 2olcanic regionsP" From this it can be inferred that the !lants in these countries are located in 2olcanic region" 5" :!tion ? is correct" :!tion + is an inference deri2ed from the whole !assage" 3ll other o!tions do not =ustify the arguments gi2en by author"

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6" OBut, with no natural steam or hot water to bring the energy to the surface, an engineered solution is needed" 7ence + is correct" 4" 3ll the gi2en o!tions are correct" 7ence ? +*" B The !assage comes on to Saccomodating changeJ towards the end" @aA is too narrow and @dA too broad" @cA can be ruled out as OobsolescenceP is not really discussed" ++"B +)" 1 %ef" last !ara - where the author talks about change o2er the !ast ) centuries and not =ust from the C*Js I 5*Js" +B" < Many of the <8:s who were intuiti2e did not reali(e that they had intuiti2e !owers" 'o ste!!ing out of time boundaries can make us intuiti2e but it may not be the only way or the necessary condition to make one intuiti2e" +;" B The !assage is talking about the role of intuition in decision making as a <"8":" and also as a !art of our daily life" 7ence b" +?" < %ef" !ara + I ) where the answer can be easily gauged" +C" B @3A, @<A and @1A can be inferred" In @BA the word OauditoryP may not e#actly mean the Osinging and dancingP mentioned in the first line" +5" B OLualityP has not been dealt with sufficiently in the !assage" +6" 1 3, B, 8, < are direct inferences" 1 seems to be an e#tended inference" +4"1 <hoice @dA is the literal meaning of O%aison dJetreP" +orkshop 1) +" @BA The !assage has three ty!es of moti2ation-+" 3ctions undertaken for the sake of duty" )" /ersonal inclination and B" 3s a mean to some further end" In the %ed <ross e#am!le, there are two things to consider: +" The blood is donated e2ery year for a few years and )" There is no immediate inclination nor is there any duty being fulfilled but rather the blood is being donated due to moral obligation" Therefore this is a ty!e B moti2ation wherein actions are done in conformity with duty, yet are not done from duty, but rather as a mean to some further end" In the 2oluntary organi(ation e#am!le, there is a !urely selfish reason for arranging the blood donation dri2es" This is a classic ty!e B moti2ation case where dri2es" This is a classic ty!e B moti2ation case where Sthe action was done neither from duty nor from immediate inclination but merely for !ur!oses of self interest" Therefore both e#am!les fall within the same source of moti2ation and the actions are committed for reasons beyond duty" This makes statements I and II to be correct" Both the e#am!les do not illustrate the conce!t of moral worth as only ty!e + moti2ation dis!lays the conce!t of moral worth" Both the e#am!les are ty!e B moti2ation" 'tatement III is thus incorrect" )" @+A 'tatement + is against the ideas mentioned in the !assage" The !assage clearly states that S$antian ethics belie2es that the idea that moral worth of any action relies entirely on the moti2ation of the agent: human beha2iour cannot be said to be good or bad in the light of the conse9uences it generates, but only with regards to what mo2ed the agent to act in that !articular wayJ"

'tatement ) is su!!orted by the !assage" Ty!e ) and ty!e B moti2ation actions lack moral worth" In both these ty!es, actions are committed by indi2iduals not based on duty but rather on moral obligation or to ser2e self-interest" 'tatement B is also su!!orted by the !assage" Moral obligations cause an indi2idual to commit an action which under normal circumstances s>he would not !erform" This, in turn, reduces the moral worth as the actions are !erformed reason other than duty" B" @BA 'tatement + talks about Indian firms being as old as international firms" This relates to the time !eriod of the firmJs e#istence, but does not gi2e any reason or initial condition because of which this could ha2e ha!!ened" 'o, statement + is not the !ossible reason" Being dis!ersed all o2er the country with international !resence cannot aid in success or failure of a firm" There is a need for further e#!lanation which statement ) lacks" The gi2en !assage states Ocertain early !hases in the organi(ationJs de2elo!ment ha2e long term conse9uencesP" This hel!s us deri2e statement B which talks about trade union acti2ity in the !eriod from +4C*s to +46*s as a !ossible reason for the Te#tile sector not doing well" 'o, o!tion @BA is the correct answer" ;" @;A If the entire configuration of an organi(ation is changed them that entails changes in the core features" The !assage states that such changes are disru!ti2e and increase mortality ha(ards, at least in the short run" The o!tion which leads to these thoughts is o!tion @;A @i"e" increase the 2ulnerability of the organisationA" :!tions +, ), B and ? are o!timistic, but the !assage does not su!!ort in this light" 'o o!tion @;A is the correct answer" ?" @BA The !assage !oints out that en2ironment may be one of the im!ortant mortality deciding factors for an organi(ation" 3n Sen2ironmentJ may include OlocationP" Therefore, we cannot say that the conclusion is false @'tatement IA" The !assage states that the location of a com!any is one of the deciding factors for determining the success of a com!any" O3n en2ironmental condition at certain early !hases in an organi(ationJs de2elo!ment has long-term conse9uences"P C" @BA The gi2en conclusion that OTata 'teelJs success could lead to its failure in future is logically internally contradictory" This id because the !rescri!tion to a2oid failure ie, stick to strengths is the o!!osite of the gi2en !otential !roblem ie, 2ery success leads to failure" Therefore, statement B is true and that makes statement + false because something contradictory cannot make the thing absolutely 2alid at the same time" The !assage states, Ostructural inertia is the tendency of organi(ations to res!ond slowly relati2e to the s!eed of en2ironmental change"P It also states, OThe inertia deri2es from the 2ery characteristic that make organi(ations fa2oured actors in the modern society in terms of reliability and accountability"P 3 contradiction is !resent in these two statements as well and can well su!!ort the contradiction in the 9uestion that success could lead to failure in the future", 3lso, sticking to the Sinitial success factorsJ can be drawn from the !assage @en2ironmental im!rintingJ and certain early !hases in the organi(ationJs de2elo!ment ha2e long term conse9uencesA" Therefore, we see that what is stated in the !assage" That rules out statement )" 'o, o!tion @BA is the correct answer" 5" @+A This 9uestion tests a candidates tense inconsistency" :!tion @)A is logically inconsistent" It should be Shad not taken so longJ in !lace of Shad taken so longJ" This is because if the as!irant takes so much of time, how can he not run out of time" :!tions @BA and @;A are incorrect as Shad not takenJ should be used instead of Shad tookJ or Shad not tookJ" :!tion @?A is also not correct as how can one check all 9uestions before attem!ting the ne#t 9uestion" 'o, o!tion @+A is the correct answer"

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6" @+A The first of three challenges mentioned in the !aragra!h is OQ"" how to car2e out a !olicy niche as established !arties and go2ernments become wiser to green demands, and as green concerns themsel2es a!!ear more mainstreamP" This means that established !arties are es!ousing the same ideologies as the 0reen !arties" :!tion @)A is incorrect since the challenge is on creating a niche, and not new strategy" :!tion @BA is true but it is incorrect since it does not !ro2ide an answer to the main 9uestion" :!tion @;A mentions that Ssome green !arties are becoming greyJ which is not rele2ant in the conte#t of the gi2en !assage" :!tion @?A is not rele2ant to the challenges mentioned in the !aragra!h" The challenge refers to the fact that the green !arties need to create their own niche" From this it can be inferred that this need has arisen because their current niche is being eroded by mainstream !arties" 'o, o!tion @+A is the correct answer" 4" @+A The focus of the gi2en !assage is on the success of the greenJs, and the resulting challenges that they face" 7ence, we will ha2e to choose an o!tion that comes closest to this" The aim of green !arties was ne2er to win confidence and su!!ort of go2ernments: O Q"" carries risk for a !arty whose core 2alues and identities de!end mightily on their ability to challenge the con2entional order, to agitate and to annoyP" 7ence, o!tion @)A is an incorrect statement and cannot be the answer" :!tion @BA is incorrect because it talks of StransformationJ" This is not the focus of the gi2en !assage" :!tion @;A, though true is not the most im!ortant !oint that the author highlights" :!tion @?A is irrele2ant in the conte#t of the gi2en 9uestion" :!tion @+A comes closest to the focus stated abo2e" It highlights the !oint made by the author that success has brought new challenges to the greens" 'o, o!tion @+A is the correct answer" +*" @BA To answer this 9uestion we will ha2e to look for an o!tion that reduces the im!ortance and the re9uirement of green !arties in India" We get a clue from the !assage, Ohow to cur2e out a !olicy niche as established !arties and go2ernments become wiser to green demands, and as green concerns themsel2es a!!ear more mainstream"P :!tion @+A, @)A, and @;A, while !erha!s feasible ste!s in themsel2es, are too s!ecific in nature" Themsel2es, are too s!ecific in nature" :!tion @?A is not feasible in a democratic set u! and is not !ossible" :!tion @BA is a broad ste!, which takes away the !latform that the green !arties ha2e or may raise" The !assage also states that this is currently ha!!ening to green !arties" 7ence, this is the best alternati2e to combat green !arties" 'o, o!tion @BA is the correct answer" ++" The answer is o!tion B" The author con2eys this idea throughout !aragra!h four" In line ;, he s!ecifically !oses the 9uestion about to what e#tent research !ro=ects are free of any kind of bias" The last sentence of the !aragra!h he im!lies that, e2en though scientists make e2ery effort to remo2e all !ossible sources of errors and biases from research !ro=ects, it is still a human enter!rise and it has the !otential for 2arious kinds of influence @here he im!lies that it is still 2ulnerable to biasesA"

+)" The answer is o!tion +" It is im!lied in !aragra!h +, line B onwards, For e#am!le, in one research effort" "" 7ere the author mentions a research e#!eriment from which we can assume choice +" +B" The answer is o!tion ;" The other choices are mentioned in """ 3merican /sychological

second !aragra!h" <hoice + is in line ;,

3ssociation, and it has ado!ted a list of rele2ant ethical !rinci!les" <hoice ) in line 5, This "includes e2aluating the ethical acce!tability of the research """ and choice B in line 6 and 4, """ and establishing a clear and fair agreement with research """"" +;" The answer is o!tion B" This is a main idea 9uestion" Throughout

the !assage the author talks about how !eo!le de2ised ways to sa2e money through sa2ing clubs etc", to !rotect themsel2es in hard times" The !ro2erb mentioned in B, 3 !enny sa2ed is a !enny earned reflects this idea es!ecially because it em!hasi(es the im!ortance of sa2ed money" The choice + refers to money all right but it is only used to describe someone who is stingy about small amounts but is absolutely ignorant of bigger losses that he>she is undergoing" <hoice ) and ; are irrele2ant" +?" The answer is o!tion )" The other choices are mentioned in !aragra!h +, line C and 5, """ schemes of benefit on which a <hoice ) is neither member and his family could draw at times of berea2ement, sickness or loss of em!loyment" mentioned nor im!lied anywhere" +C" The answer is o!tion B" In line +* of !aragra!h +, %elati2ely neglected by earlier labour historians, research in their scattered archi2es """ and in the first sentence of second !aragra!h, """ interesting to historians seeking to e#!lain the de2elo!ment of """ are the instances when it is directly stated that it is based on findings of some research" +5" The answer is o!tion ;, all of the abo2e" 3ll the choices are mentioned in lines 5 and 6 of the second !aragra!h, <hildren earned small sums in defiance of child labour and school attendance laws """ "

+6"

The answer is o!tion )" This is because the author clearly mentions in line ++ of !aragra!h ), 'uch hel! was reci!rocal, and had to be re!aid in cash or kind" 7ence choice ) would be unacce!table beha2iour" 'tatement su!!orting that choice I is acce!table beha2iour is mentioned in line + * of !aragra!h )" 'tatement su!!orting that choice B is acce!table beha2iour is mentioned in line ; and 5 of !aragra!h )"

+4"

The answer is o!tion +" <hoice + is actually contradictory to what is said in !aragra!h +, line ;, """ sa2ings clubs for the !oor" "" "

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