:

No. 36

Trees and

Tree Drawing

EDWARD

C.

CLIFFORD,

R.I.,

R.D.S.

SIXTH EDITION

LONDON
GEORGE ROWNEY &
CO.. LTD.

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TREES
AND

TREE DRAWING
WRITfEN AND ILLUSTRATED

EDWARD

C.

CLIFFORD,

R.I.,

R.D.S.

SIXTH EDI no

PfBLISHED BV

GEORGE ROWNEY AND COMPANY,

ARTIS'IS'

COLOURMEN AND PENCIL MAKERS,

W.,

LONDON,

ENGLAND.

CONTENTS.
PAGE.

Introduction

Anatomy and Structure

Tree Drawing
.

14

35

The Trees of Britain

50

TREES AND TREE DRAWING

CHAPTER
I.

INTRODUCTION.

The

student

who would become

a figure painter goes

life

through a course of drawing from the

and devotes

considerable time to the study of anatomy.

The 3^oung
if

landscape painter

is

apt to confine his studies,

he

make any

at

all,

to effects of light

and colour and notes

of the

of composition..

The anatomy and construction

component
considered.
trees

j)arts of his subjects are

often not seriously

He

too often forgets that buildings and

principles

and rocks are formed upon fixed

all

and

governed by set laws in their relationship to each other.

In almost
picture exhibitions examples

may

be found

of houses of impossible architectural construction, rocks

foreign

to

their

surroundings,

and

trees

which are

unrecognizable, or growing under unnatural conditions.

knows that inaccuracies in drawing the landscape will be readily discovered and condemned

The

figure painter

painter

is

aware that a general ignorance

of tree

forms

has hitherto permitted ill-drawn landscaj)es to pass

muster.
to his

The former has brought the study of anatomy aid to the latter it is becoming more and more
;

necessary to derive assistance from architecture, geology,

and botan3^

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

Here

it

is

purposed to deal with trees only, and

it

should at once

be pointed out that trees have an

class characteristics, limits

anatomy, individual and

their areas of

to

growth and to their endurance

of certain

conditions and changes of appearance under the influences of season, situation,

and climate.

As the

figure

painter studies the nude that he

may
know

be able to paint
the figure within

the costumed figure, as he must

the clothes, so should the landscape painter

study the
it

naked

tree in winter, that he

may

be able to paint

rightly in its

summer

dress of foliage.

He must know

the construction of the tree beneath the veiling leaves,

or the tree
is

likely to be a

mere anomaly.

One more comparison

of the painter of figure subjects

with the painter of landscape

may be of use.

The former

does not people his rustic cottages with dainty ladies

and

fine

gentlemen, or his palaces with ragged beggars

he does not make a group of foreign faces serve for a

British crowd, or represent a

Saxon hero

as a negro

neither should the latter plant his wastes with exotics,

his

trim gardens with weather-beaten trees of

the

mountains, his British forests with foreign growths, nor

make a Maidenhair tree the principal feature of a truly English scene. Nor must he use for background of a
sixteenth-century incident a tree that was not introduced
till

the eighteenth.

In

much

of

the landscape work produced in the

earlier portions of the nineteenth century, trees, so called,

were merely conventional symbols, and the masters of

that time taught patent " foliage touches," that were

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

only mechanicalh^ multiplied to represent a " tree."
these conventions

In

many

painters

and draughtsmen were

of

so exceedingly dexterous
tree

and the general ignorance

form was so

great, that their

productions were
this the case that

accepted and admired.

So much was

an honest representation
influences have happily

of a naturall}^

growing tree
art.

would have been entirely rejected as bad

now changed
of

all this.

Many Much is

due to Constable and to the xore-Raphaelite movement,

and

of late years the

study

botany, which has taken

a place in the curriculum of the schools, has

made

old

conventional rendering of trees imx^ossible of acceptance.

And

as knowlege of the vegetable world progressed,

number of forms portrayed the Oak and Elm and Pollard Willow could no longer form the limit, and the modern French school of
the artists enlarged the
typical

landscape painting has done

much

to popularize the

introduction of the lighter-foliaged trees, such as Poplars

and Willows.
goes on

It

may

be safely assumed that as time

the love of nature

study

will increase,

producing

increased knowledge of the visible forms of nature, and

as a result

more power

of criticizing the painter's pro-

ductions, so that the artist, without lessening his art in

any way, must found

it

on a more
sit

scientific basis.

Landscape painters who

down
if

before a subject

and

paint directly from nature,

they put down exactly

go far
the

what they
wrong
;

see,

would, one would think, hardly

yet they even, from want of knowledge of

ways

of
it is

nature, sometimes fail to give the essentials.

And

generally admitt(Ml that the highest form

of

10

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

landscape art cannot be produced by merely copying a

given subject
it

it is

a matter of composition, of selection,

sketches and studies and

necessitates

many

much

labour of elaboration in the studio.

Here the painter

has to draw largely upon his stores of knowledge, and

guard against anachronisms and the erroneous juxtaobjects. He must be correct in his tree anatomy and character, he must know the requirements and the natural environment of the kind of tree he

position of

would introduce.
painted,

Silver Birch,

however beautifully
be placed where
it

must necessarily offend

if it

could not possibly grow.

of our exhibitions

Not many years ago

in one
of a

might have been seen a picture

Beech wood, and amongst the Beeches, presumably to

break the monotony
of their

heavy

foliage, the artist

had

introduced some young Silver Birches, with their whita

bark and dainty leafage so planting the tree which demands the most light under the tree that casts the densest shadow. Such mistakes, though not always, or perhaps often, so markedly wrong as this, are frequently
;

to be

met

with.

The angle
is is

at

which a

tree's

branches
;

grow from the stem

shallow
hillside.
soil,

frequently wrongly stated

a tree

with a deep root system

sometimes represented on a

a valley-loving tree placed high on the

these errors are the

All
is

more inexcusable

in

that there

almost always another tree that could be

substituted to supply the mass needed for the composition,

if

only the artist knew.

It

must be admitted

that no young tree will grow in the darkness of dense

forest or in the

shadow

of a

Beech wood.

When

a tree

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

has been
felled,

11

making a gap

in the

wood's

roof,

seedlings will spring

light,

up and make a

sickly reach for the

only to die as the open space of sky narrows and

closes up,

and a pathetic group

youth,

of these

dead saplings,

cut

off in their

may

occasionally be seen,

mere

bare sticks falling into decay.

tree

But

if

the artist need a

on shallow

soil,

he
;

may

choose from several having

a shallow root system

or, if

he would have a tree on

the mountain side, there are those natural to such a

situation.
If errors are to

be avoided,

it is

absolutely

necessary that an artist must not only study tree form

but must also learn something

requirements.

of

their

habits

and
the

Besides

such

knowledge
it is
is

being

necessary

to

landscape painter,

equally necessary to the tree

draughtsman.

There

now

a growing taste for tree

drawings pure and simple, without the accompaniment

of landscape or colour.

Since the late Lord Leighton's

drawing

of a

Lemon

tree

was

first

exhibited, the finely

decorative structure of trees has been more and more

appreciated

since the first

handbooks on trees appeared,

the development of the taste for these beautiful growths

has created a

upon our

walls.

accuracy of

demand for drawings of them to hang To the collectors of such drawings detail is of as' much importance as delicacy
and
for the

of execution,

drawing

of

an individual tree
it

to find a place in a collection of

any worth

must

possess the quality of absolute truth lovingly rendered.

The old shibboleths no longer must have the characteristics

avail,

the tree portrayed

of its

kind

while as a

12

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

of art it

work
it

must give pleasure to the connoisseur,

the nature lover.

must no

less satisfy

On
is

the other hand, the botany necessary to the artist

fairly

elementary

the microscope need not be used,

the cellular system, the complex questions of germination

and

fertilization

need not be deeply gone

into.

If

the study of the science prove so interesting that the

student

be led to continue
;

it

for its

own

sake, well

and good
of a tree.

but what

it is

imperative he should

know
with

are just those things that affect the

If

outward appearance
trees,

the

anatomy

of the

commoner

their habits
will

and requirements, be mastered, the student

to prevent his

know enough

making such mistakes

the purpose
is

as

have been mentioned

in ordinary landscape work.

it is

To

the acquirement of such knowledge

of this little

book to

assist the student,

but he

warned
to

that

it

cannot be got entirely from books.

To go

nature, study her,

to

commune with
a book can do

her, is the only

is

way

know Some

her

all

to point out the

of thought.

path of study and suggest the train

little

knowledge

of the classification of trees

will

be found

of use, as it will the better enable the

if

student to realize the various structures

he compare

the differences of one family with another and the

similarities of several belonging to

one group.

It will
is

also help in a case of further research,

which

often

needful in these days of the painting of gardens, where

so

many

foreign trees are being introduced

and hybrids

grown.

And

although the members of one family

may

at first sight

seem quite

dissimilar, it

must be remem-

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

bered that they resemble each other in
of growth.

13
essentials

many

Thus

in the Olive family the study of its

peculiarities

will help the

student to understand the

all

construction of the Ash, the Lilac, and the Privet,

commonly met

Avith

members

of

it.

To
is

the painter of

many
he

gardens this additional study

quite necessary,

and though Latin names may seem

will,
if

useless to the artist,

he learn them, find them the shortest,

of expressing the nature of the trees,

simplest

method

giving as they do the

in

name

of the family

and individual

two words, and the more

easily enable

him

to

make
trees

further researches in the case of the less

common

now

so generally planted in our woodlands as well as

our gardens.

14

TREES AND THEE DRAWING.

CHAPTER

II.

ANATOMY AND STRUCTURE.

TREE

is

a living being, feeding, digesting, breathing,

transpiring, reproducing its kind, having

power

of hold-

ing

itself

erect

and

resisting

the wind, of repairing

of

injuries,

and even, in a small degree,

moving

certain

of its parts.
It feeds

by

its

roots

and

leaves, digests in its

wonder-

ful internal system, breathes through its bark, transpires

by

its leaves,

and by flowering

produces seeds, that

in time

scattered, often

by elaborate means, become

fighting
foes,

trees like itself that shall perpetuate the processes.

Trees
suffering
injuries

always

against

adverse

conditions,
of repairing

by many
and

have great powers

of adapting themselves to circumstances. limits largely alter their character

They can within

growth to enable
they

and

them

to live under conditions

which

are unfavourable to them, so

still

much

so indeed that

though

retain the essentials of their kind, they are

without careful examination unrecognizable, as when

the Spruce, so well

known

to us in the

form

of

the

Christmas

tree,

becomes in more northern latitudes a

mere creeping
turf.

plant,

upon which one can walk

as

upon

TKEES AJND TEEE DRAWI^'G

15

A tree

consists of

many

parts,

but

of these the follo\\-

ing are those that principally concern the artist

1.

16

TIIEES

AND

TIIEK

DKAWING.

branches do above

it.

All trees of a certain age have

a tendency to spread out at their jun(ttion with the

earth's surface
;

but a tree with a strong main root and

little,

few lateral ones does so very

strong lateral root system,

while a tree with a

like

the Beech,

shows a
in

marked spreading
cases, as in the
is

at the base of the trunk,

of the

and

some
itself

Hornbeam, the form

trunk

largely affected.

Some
for

roots, too, are so shallow as in

mature age to show

some distance above the ground

where the ground has been
of root

and often

in

situations

washed or worn away, large tangled masses

be exposed, which

may

may form
the root
is

a picturesque feature in a

hollow lane or on the bank of a watercourse.

The character
of the tree to
soil
its

of

of

importance to the
it

artist

from the fact that to a large extent

limits the

power
of

grow only under suitable conditions

and

situation.

The

roots not only hold the tree in

soil
;

place,

but absorb food from the

they have

therefore not only to grip the ground firmly

enough to

enable the tree to resist the wind, but have to search for

and reach the

send
its

right place

from which they can procure

water and food matter.

root deep
if

tree
it

growing in sand must

down

till

come

to the necessary
this,

moisture, and

it

be unable to do

then
shallow

it

is

incapable of living in such a situation.

it

On

soil,

must, on the contrary, send

right depth.

its lateral

roots far afield

and at the

Some

roots,

however, have a

limited power of adapting themselves to conditions, as

in the Scots Pine.

Some

roots have the

power

of send-

ing up

shoots or " suckers,"

and so gradually making

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

17

the tree the centre of a grove of young ones, and even,

as one

may

say, of

traveUing considerable distances,

as in the case of the Ehn.

Some
logged

trees love to

grow near water and

wdll grow^ in

in moist

earth, but
soil,

no British .tree
as their roots

water or water-

need oxygen.

There are some,

however, that are able to endure occasional or even

regular flooding, like the Willows,
foreign trees occasionally seen in

and there are

soiiie

England that have

the
their

130 wer

of

sendng up ventilating branches from

as

roots
it

knee-roots
is

they are called.

Thus
ignore

seen that the artist must not altogether

for

the tree's root,

though

it

is

but seldom
tree.

visible, it
2.

has a considerable influence on the

"

Stems are
growing

True " or " False."

is

In the Conifers

they are "True"

often

that

to say, the terminal shoot,

upwards

during

the
its

summer

season,

rests during the winter,

and resumes

upward growth
(in-

again in the spring.

cluding
Conifers)
after

In the dicotyledonous trees

practically all our outdoor trees except the terminal the stems are " False "

the

bud
con-

growing for a season

"

dies,

and the stem

is

tinued the following spring by

the highest lateral bud.

The

True

" stem, therefore,

is

one continuous piece

of

timber, while the " False " stem is a succession of branches

strung end to end; and

trees,

it

will

be found that in some

more especially when young, the effect of this

is

difference

quite noticeable in the superior straight

ness of a " True " stem over the " False " stem, which

shows, as

it

were, a slight hesitation in

lost.

its

growth, or

which gets divided and

18

TREES AND TREE DRAWING

.-^^

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

19

a^

i^^^.

20

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

5^.'

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

21

Passing from the outside, inwards, the stem of a tree

consists of the outer

dead bark, the inner Uving bark,

the outer hving wood, and the inner dead heart wood, as
it is called.

wood

the

The outer dead bark mainly

is

concerns the

artist,

but that bark

largely affected

the internal working of the tree as well as

influences.

Trees breathe through their

by by outside bark by means

lenticels are

of little holes or lenticels,

and while these

invisible

on some

trees, or

minute spots on others, on

some they are very

of the

noticeable,

and

largely affect the

lenticels

appearance of the bark, notably the horizontal

Birch and Cherry.
is

The bark
as

affected also

by the

swelling of the

tree.,

may

be seen easily by the opening vertical cracks in Out-

the bark of the Black Poplar towards autumn.

wardly
is

it is

affected
it

by

light

and shade.

If

a tree stem
it
;

much

in shade,

needs but thin bark to protect

it

if

it

has to endure the strong rays of the sun,

needs

either a thick

bark as a
ofE.

shield, or a light coloured

one

to throw

them

Some

light-enduring trees protect

it

themselves with thick corky bark, adding to

each year

from within, so

of

necessity

causing and increasing

fissures in the outer portions as the circumference of

the tree gets larger.

these
fissures

The character and

direction of
in

and corrugations vary very much

Elm, &c.
is

different tress, as in the Chestnut,

In some

thin-barked trees, as the inner bark

outer peals
off,

produced the

as in the Birch

and Plane.

Bark may

be smooth on the young tree and get thick and corky

as the tree gets older, as

may

be seen in some of the

22

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

Poplars and in the Birch, which has a white thin bark

with rough dark places, and gets more thick bark as

gets

it

on in years, more especially at the base

tress, like

of the stem.

Lime and the Oak, have great power of sending out numerous shoots from the trunk, raising on the stem great bosses that spoil its symmetry. Others, like the Hornbeam, are often deeply divided owing to the influence of strong lateral roots. The Yew is also much divided, its trunk being often composed by the fusion with it of strong base shoots. The stem changes its character with changed conthe
ditions.
fairly

Some

tree that in the

open

carries its

branches
tall

low down the stem, in close forest becomes a

pole

straight

with a comparatively small crown of

branches and foliage at the top.

But on that
if

tall

bare

trunk are dormant buds, which,

be
felled, letting in

the surrounding trees

the

light, will
is

develop and become

branches.

This power

great in

some

trees, like

the

Hornbeam, on which a bud that has remained dormant for over half a century will grow on the accession of
light.

On

others, like

many of

the Conifers, the power

is

but small.

This power and the power of creating

new
be

buds, which some trees have, applies to the stump of

a fallen or felled tree;
quite right in putting

and though the

he

artist

may
their

young shoots growing on many

kinds of

old

stems,

must not suggest

off.

so

growing on the stump of a Conifer, which dies when

the whole of
its

top

is

cut

tree has a

main stem from which the branches

Iii

grow.

A bush has many stems.

a tree the strongest

TREES A:ND tree DRAWING.

shoots grow on the branches and become branches
;

23

on

a bush the strongest shoots grow from the base and

become new stems.

cultivation,

as a miniature tree in a natural landscape,

Thus a bush should never be drawn though in

all

by continually cutting away

the base
it

shoots but one, the gardener sometimes gives

that

appearance.
3.

Branches

are " True " or " False " in the

same
;

manner that has just been described in regard to stems

ing numbers.

they grow from the tree at varying angles and in varyIn Conifers, such as the Spruce, they grow
circle of

from the topmost whorl or

year's growth,

buds

of the previous

so that the age of

the tree

may

be

approximately reckoned
branches.
in pairs or

On

dicotyledonous

by counting the whorls of trees they may grow

spirally,

be arranged

but to

all

practical

purposes they are irregularly placed, because of some

developing
falhng
ing
is,

more than

others,

and some dying and

in keeping with the

off.

In the younger trees the method of branch-

of course,

more regular and

so
it is

habit of the tree, they not having had so

suffer adversities
;

much time
of

to

well for the student to study

young

trees, as

from them the true methods

growth

can be better

learnt.

The current

year's shoot bears leaves, but

no branches

in the axils of the leaves are

produced the buds for

next year's growth.

These buds the following season

has been said, the terminal
is

develop into long shoots, or short shoots, or they remain

dormant.

In some

trees, as

bud

of

a shoot dies and the growth

continued the

24

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

next year by the highest lateral bud, but in some the terminal bud develops into flowers. A short shoot has
short internodes, that
or less swollen places
is,

short spaces between the

;

more

whence the leaves spring

it

may

produce leaves or flowers.

long shoot has long interlight, as

nodes and carries the foliage out into the

may

be well seen in the long feathery shoots of the Beech.

From

the artist's point of view the branches are the

tree itself in winter, except with evergreens,

and

it

is
;

therefore essential for

him

to study

them

carefully

not only

is

it

necessary to

know

the angle at which

the main branches leave the stem, but the

lesser

way

the

branches are set upon them, and

final

how

they, again,

produce smaller branches and

studying them in winter
it

twigs.

And by

will

be easier to understand

them

in

summer

how they

thrust the foliage out or up,

how they spread out fanwise, making flat masses, or by many reticulations cause the masses to be more globular, and how in weeping trees the branches tend
upwards before they droop, it being only the mass final twigs, or " spray," which hangs down.
4.

of

The

leaf is the

key to the texture

is

of the foliaged

tree,

and the

foliage

necessarily

of

the

greatest

importance to the tree draughtsman, seeing that in

summer

little else is

seen in most trees.

It

is

therefore

necessary for the artist to

know

the shape of the leaf of

the tree he would represent, and some description of the

main forms

are

now
it

given.

simple leaf

may

be of

various shapes
or needle-like
;

oval, oblong,
may

heart-shaped, lanceolate,

be toothed round the edge in

TEEES AND TEEE DRAWING.

25

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^,

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i

\\ ^\

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26

TREES AND TREE DKAWING.

various ways, mostly too small in detail to affect the

appearance of the foliage as a mass

and

it

may

also be

lobed with round or pointed divisions.

leaf is practically a

compound

number

of simple leaves attached

common leaf stalk, and they may be arranged in rows down the stalk or radiating from its uppermost end. The compound leaf may also be made up of
to a

groups

arranged

symmetrically upon the

main and
different

subordinate leaf stalks.' Further mention of the form

of leaves will
trees,

be

made

in the notes

on the

but

it

cannot be too strongly impressed on the

student that the shape and the size of the leaf largely
affect the texture of the foliage, as the

comparison

of

such extremes as the Horse Chestnut and the Cedar will

definitely prove.

Leaves on long shoots are placed at greater intervals

than those on short shoots, and trees

(see

like the

Beech

Fig. 7),

which throw out numerous long shoots,

side,

with leaves spreading out horizontally on either

have a waving, feathery appearance, which

is

not seen

on the Oak

(see Fig. 6),

which has more short shoots,

on which the buds towards the- end only develop, making a cluster, and giving the tree a more tufted
appearance.

The
where

leaves of trees are either stalked or stalkless,

it is

and

present the character of the stalk

of the tree.

is

another

element in the general character

stalked leaf
is

For as a
stalk

more
it is

easily

moved by
the
of.

the breeze than the

the

one

without a stalk,

so

longer

more movennent

capable

Beyond

this a stalk

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

27

"'

^^^ -VA

>r

^r^

^\>Kf>J
V
Figs. 6

and

7.

28
like that

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

found on some
its

of the Poplars, flattened verti-

cally for part of

length, allows

the leaf a lateral

motion and gives the tree a peculiar sparkle.

sparkle of a tree in a breeze
the- leaf
is

This

greatly enhanced where

has a light underside, as in the White Poplar

of

and some

the

Willows.
of

The whitening
is

of

trees

under the influence

the wind

often found useful

by

artists,

and the

effect of a prevalent

wind continually

bending the twigs and foliage one

to give a wild look to a landscape.

way has been used

This appearance of
is

a tree, so often seen at the seaside,

not due only to

the bending of the twigs, for that side of the tree facing

the quarter whence the wind and strong air come will

be found to have shorter shoots and sparser

This
is

foliage.

due

to over-rapid transpiration of the

exposed

parts,

preventing their growth.

Trees are either evergreen or deciduous, either they

keep their leaves through the winter or they lose them in

autumn and put out a fresh crop the following spring, and it will be noticed that the leaves of evergreens are of a thicker and more leathery nature than those of
deciduous
trees
is

trees.

By

far the largest

class of evergreen

the Pine family, whose

leaves,

being

very

narrow, are called needles, and grow mostly in bundles

of

two or more.

As

in the broad-leaved families there

are often evergreens, so in the Pine family

may

be found

some

that are deciduous

as there are evergreen Oaks, so

the Conifers

number

in their ranks the deciduous Larch.

Leaves also vary under other influences.

the reach of cattle, changes
its

Holly, above

prickly leaves for spineless

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

ones,

29

and Ivy where

it

grows free on

its

own branches

has unlobed leaves, while those of the same plant where

it clings

to tree stem or wall are divided, to allow of

light passing to the

5.

under ones,

The flowers
;

of our forest trees are naostly incon-

spicuous

being wind-fertilized, thej^ have no need to

or,

put out advertisements for honey,

indeed, to offer

honey at
their

all,

for the sake of attracting insects to carry

pollen,

and,

being

inconspicuous, are

of

little

moment
number,
especially
of the

to

the

artist.

Yet there are some

of

which,

though not conspicuous, do nevertheless, by their great

affect
is

the

appearance

the

tree

more

this the case

with the large inflorescences

'

Sweet Chestnut and the Sycamore.

tree with consj)icuous flowers

common

in

The largest England is

the Horse Chestnut, though the Catalpa often becomes a large tree in this country.
trees of the

Then there are several Pea family whose flowers must be noted
;

the Robinia or False Acacia and the perhaps, the

is

Laburnum

are,

commonest

of

them.

Be^^ond these, there

a large group of the smaller trees belonging to the

of

Rose family having beautiful flowers worthy

the

study

the wild fruit trees, Apples, Pears, Plums, and Cherries,

Hawthorn and the bushes. Wild Roses and Brambles.

Holl}^, too, is often
is

The
of

almost covered with bunches

also

white blossom, as

the Privet, and in the

hedgerow we have the Guelder Rose, the Wayfaring

trees,

and the Elder.

So

that, as a rule, for flowers

it is it is

necessary to go to the smaller trees, and for these

of

no use to search

in close forest,

they must be sought

30

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

at the edge of the wood and in the hedges. Some trees have flowers that are both male and female, some

separate male and female flowers, and some have the

male and female flowers on

0.

different individuals.
of trees

The remarks on the flowers

trees.

apply largely
will

to their fruits.

The most conspicuous fruits

visible

be found

on the smaller
trees are
of

Nevertheless, the fruits of forest

more

than their flowers.

thick crop

acorns will give an

Oak
;

the appearance of being the fruits of the Sweet

;

studded with points of light

seeds of the

Chestnut dots the tree with spiky globes

the winged

Hornbeam, and the keys

of the Ash, the

ripening Beech nuts, the white

downy

seeds

of

the

Poplar are distinct features, as are the cones of the

Conifers.
all

Then, too, the female Yew is often studded over with pink or orange " berries," and the Spindle

tree

hung with

delicate pink

and

scarlet fruits that are

flower-like in form.
of course, bear

Trees that have only male flowers,

fruit.

no

The miniature apples

plums
of

of

the

Crab and the tiny

the Sloe,

the

little

wild cherries and the

Hawthorn
Wayfaring

berries, the
tree,

crimson and black fruits of the

berries of the Guelder

and the

Rose are

lovely features of the hedgerow that appeal as

their colour as their

much by
certainly

form

in

wood a dark green

berries

foliaged

Holly
these

laden
little

with

scarlet

does

yet

fruits are all beautiful in

form

and grouping.

The little cones on the Larch and the Alder form some of the most decorative features of

those highly decorative trees.

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

31

Besides the foliage, flowers, and fruits, the beauties of

trees, there are other distinctive features to

be noted
of

which are
forester

at

least

from the point

gardener

of

view

the

and

the

defects.

The

parasite

Mistletoe will sometimes be

foliage of the tree itself,

more

in evidence

than the

and

in winter will

make a
It

deciduous tree almost appear an evergreen.

grows

on many

of our broad-leaved trees,

though very rarely

upon Oak.
plant.

In the drawing given of Lime trees

may

be seen near the top of the right-hand tree a small

The

trees

in

Windsor Great Park are much

infested with Mistletoe.

of little twigs

On some

trees those

masses

known

as witches'

brooms are prevalent

Oak, which
tree,
is,

and are very conspicuous;

Cherries,

they most affect Birches,

and Hornbeams.

The

suffers

from more insect pests than any other

especially

when

pollarded, often heavily laden with bunches of

galls,

marble

and the

foliage of the
little

same

tree

is

some-

times so covered with the

spangle galls as to

appear red when the wind shows the underside of the

leaves.

The Oak apples

galls

are

generally too
to
trees
;

few and
the

the

Currant

too
tree.

inconspicuous

affect

appearance of the
be

On decaying
is

may

often

found large and conspicuous fungi

but these
them, as

show only when there

start out.

no

foliage to hide

they are almost always on the stem where the branches

Such, then, are the more salient features of trees to

which the attention

of the student should

be directed,

but beyond this he must consider their habits and

distribution.

32

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

Some
some

trees

demand a

great deal of light, whereas

will

endure a large ainoimt of shade, and these always carry others with them.
is

qualities almost

The

typical light-demanding tree

the Birch, which casts

but

little shadow itself and grows rapidly upwards when young its bark is very light in colour, throwing
;

off

the sun's rays, and where

it is

dark

it

becomes thick

for protection against

them.

The

typical shade-enduritself,

ing tree

is

the Beech, which casts a dense shadow

grows upward but slowly when young, and has thin

bark of dark colour.

The student may generally

feel

certain that a tree having the qualities of the Birch as

given above

is

a light -demanding tree that must be

represented as growing in the open, and one having

the qualities as giv^en to the Beech
tree,
is

a shade -enduring
place.

and may be represented

in a

more shady

Though having great powers of adaptation, trees yet demand a suitable soil if they are to flourish, and though they will live in a kind not natural to them
they
will

never be at their best in

in appearance.
its

it,

but

will

be stunted

and changed

So, too, each tree has

own

particular area
it

and

its

own

particular altitude in which

flourishes,

and even

at the extremes of such area

and

altitude will be found

much deformed by
of trees in general,

its

surrounding conditions.

All these points given in this chapter

must be studied
remains to

being the more salient features of

it

the tree system as

affects the artist

it

give under the heading of the separate trees a few

notes as to which are the principal features of each,

TREES AND TiiEE DRAWING.

33
llie

and how
In a

far each cnnfonns to.

oi-

tleparts from,

general rules.
little

book

like this it

is,

of

course, impossible
all

to deal with anything like all the varieties or even

the familiar trees.

Just a few of the commoner and

;

more typical ones only can be given

landscape painter
is

but as far as the

concerned, the

commoner kinds

are those which he will generally have to represent in

English landscape, being those that most frequently

grow wild in our woodlands

readily

and
to

it is

to be

hoped that
the

the particulars given of t3'pes of families will the more enable

the

student
of

understand

less

common members
across them.

those families

when he

couies

The

list

of

our native trees

is

but meagre, but we

have many that, though not native, have become more

typical of

our scenery than their relatives that are

actually indigenous.

Thus the common Elm, though an

far better
soil

introduced

tree,
is

is

known than
;

the

Wych

Elm, which
one of
the

native to the
typical
trees

indeed,

it

has become

of

England,

generally called the English Elm.

and is very The Romans began

number,
been of

the

work

of adding

new

trees to our limited

and

their introductions

have

in man}' cases

great value to the country.

greatest impetus the

After them, perhaps, the

in the seven-

work received was

teenth century,

when Evelyn did so much for forestr}', not only by the publication of his " Sylva," but by the
of,

study
Since

and addition
time

to,

the trees

of

the countr}-.

his

many new

kinds

have

been

intro-

34
(lucecl,

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

and many hybrids produced and established

the

as

permanencies, and
progresses.
It
will

multiphcation
observed,

of

kinds

still

be

however, that

the

majority of the new trees planted are but slight variations of those already

known, and

it is

hoped that the

have been

types here given will supply the key to the knowledge

of

most

of them.
it is

The main

principles only

given, as

not necessary for the landscape painter to

know

all

the plants that belong to one family, for their

identification

would need much more minute study,

and, as in the case of the Willows, the overcoming of

difficulties

which even the botanists find appreciable.

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

35

CHAPTER

III.

TREE DRAWING.

The
as

best

medium
is

for tree drawing,

whether

it

be for

studies

only or for producing drawings to be kept

pictures,

undoubtedly the lead

pencil.

Some

French masters have produced very beautiful pictures

of trees in charcoal,

but they are rather elaborated

indoor

productions

than

outdoor

studies,

and

are,

moreover, complete landscape compositions rather than

drawings of trees for* the tree's sake.

best a troublesome

Charcoal

is

at

medium out
difficult

of doors, being so easily

damaged and
drawings

so

to

carry.

Some

beautiful

of trees

have

also

been produced with pen

for example, that

and ink

by Alfred Parsons,
form and
of the

master

of plant

pen

but,

as a rule, they are

hardly satisfactory as representing trees.

the pen necessitates too

The

use of

many

conventions for the true

rendering of stem and branch and foliage,

line

and the
;

the pen makes

is

a line with sharp, hard edges

far

whereas the pencil

reason of
its soft

line is

edges,

more sympathetic by which make it more resemble

out of the question for most

the etched

line.

Chalk

is

tree work, as its point wears

down
it

so rapidly, caus-

ing a wide touch, and,

also,

cannot be properly

rubbed out.

On
tage
;

all

counts

it

seems that the pencil has the advansoft -edged

it is

sympathetic to the touch, makes a

36

TREES AN J) TREE DRAWING.

has a wide range of tone,
fhit

line, js easily effaced,

b}^

the

aid of (he pa))er ean uuike a

a

tint witliout hne, and,

thing not to

be forgotten

in

these dayn of

many

})ubhcations, can be beautifully reproduced.

Pencil, too,

has an indefinable charm of

quality,

its

own

in its

sympathetic

and to preserve that charm shoidd be the aim

of the student.

To

this
all

end he must
alterations

strive for absolute

directness, avoiding

and rubbings out

as far as

may

be, for all

its

smearing and changing robs

a drawing of

freshness.

He

should proceed from

the beginning with certainty and precision.

The materials
carried.

for pencil

drawing are very simple,

of

and have the additional advantage

being easily
is

AB

pencil will
is

do almost

all

that

required,

but the student

advised to carry with him also an

HB

and some
to

softer ones, say,

BB

and BBBB.

These

can be easily carried in a small pencil-case in the

pocket
;

carry pencils loose

is

very extravagant

because of the amount lost in broken points.

to

Be

sure

use only round pencils

are

many
for to

flat

and hexagon
line of

pencils

now

sold,

but the round ones only are

;

suitable for tree drawing

draw a long

the same thickness

all

through the pencil has to be

fingers,

very gradually turned in the

and any angles

this.

on the wood
pencil
it

will

be found to interfere with

The

draughtsman must always carry a penknife, and

must always be sharp

blunt knife wastes the

pencil

and produces but a poor point

so

that the

student should provide himself with a small serviceable

hone, not necessarily to take out with him, but to keep

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

haiid}^ at lioiiie, so that

6i

he

may
of

alwaj^s keep a
soft

keen

edge

on

his

blade.
list of
is

piece

white

rubber

completes the

necessary tools, always rememberlittle

ing that this last

to be used as

as possible.

With regard
some one
else.

to the paper to be

worked upon, one

kind ma}^ suit one person and another kind ma}^ suit

The

writer,

after

many

trials

and
140

experiments,

finds

hot-pressed A.C.M.
suitable.
;

paper of

pounds to the ream the most

It has a
it is

smooth

surface with yet sufficient " tooth "

hard, taking
it

a very light touch, yet bearing a heavy pressure, and

is
is

thick.

This last

is

an advantage

if

a sketching folio

used,

and

exjjerience has proved this to be the

most

convenient appliance for the work.

pieces of paper
of

It will carry several

and drawings without rubbing, any one

A\'orked

which can be slipped beneath the frame to be

in a

on

moment.
folio
is

Except on a very small

luisuitable
for

scale,

the

sketching

thin

paper,

which

would not
tree

lie fiat

enough.

A camp

stool completes the

of
it

draughtsman's equipment, and the whole

be had
of

may

Messrs.

George Rowney

&

Co.

at a

small cost.
It is

presumed that the student who makes use

is

of

this

book

not

an absolute

beginner

in

drawing
of a

generally,

though he

may

be so with regard to trees.

He

is,

no doubt, able to make an accurate drawing

single leaf

he

should

now proceed
easilv'

to

make

a careful
it.

study of a small spray having a few leaves upon

If

he

has one tree more

it

within reach than

another,

would be

well that the twig should be of

38

TREES AND TKEE DRAWING.

that kind, so that after he has carefully

all

drawn

it

with

its

details,

he

may
and

readily pass to a study of a

foliage,

larger

branch having more

finally

then to one

ol

several branches,

one of the whole

size of nature,

tree.

The
he

first

spray should be drawn the

then
tree,

as he takes in more,

and moves farther from the

reduce the
scale.

will of necessity gradually

is

When

the whole series

complete, the character of the leaves

of the first twig should be recognizable in the rendering of the

whole

tree.

To go back
itself
is

to the beginning, in drawing the spray

a light line should be

drawn

to indicate where the twig

comes, and a slight indication of where each leaf

to be x^laced

may
.

be made by faint dots and strokes,

but nothing should be put

down

so strongly that
of

if

found afterwards to be outside the boundary

subject will necessitate the use of the rubber.

the

This

done, begin at the top left-hand corner and draw carefully,

putting in

all

that

may

be seen, and graduallj^

right.

working downwards and towards the

advisable because

This

is

by
;

so doing the working

hand

will

not smear the work

but on no account
rule, as

let

the student

become a
used
to
to

slave to

any such

hand-paper
it

may

be
is,

if it is

found more convenient, as

sometimes

draw the centre or some other part first. Try always draw so that what is drawn is complete, and. needing
it

no return to
as
all

later to
is

touch up, or tone down, or

alter,

retouching

apt to take away from the freshness

of the work.

In drawing the spray, keep the line light

for the light edges,

and use more pressure to accentuate

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

the darker.
delicately

39

Put
the

in also the principal darks,

and mark
complete

veining.

When
and
little

the sprig

is

and the form

stem
is

of the leaves

their setting

on to the

well learnt, go a

farther

from the tree and

as with the

try a branch, proceeding in the

twig.
scale
is

same way

In this study, the drawing being on a smaller

and the
;

artist further

from

his subject, less detail

all

possible

nevertheless,

put in

that

is

possible

considering the scale.

That which

is left

out has been

learnt in the first study.

there,

The student knows what is though he cannot, perhaps, see it, and though
not put
in,

he

may

he

will find

the knowledge a quite

tree.

wonderful aid to keeping the character of the

It

has been wisely said you cannot leave out correctly

unless

you know that which

joii leave out.

The

third

study, that of a group of branches, again reduces the

scale

and the amount

of detail,

and the same mode

of

procedure should be adopted.

Finalh^, in the study of

the whole tree, the knowledge and experience gained in

the earlier ones will enable the student to grasp at once

the character of the growth and of the foliage, but here

the subject has fresh points to investigate, the massing

of the foliage

and the grouping

first

of the masses.
its

The
on to

knowledge

of the

shape of the leaf and

lesson,

setting

the twig gained in the

and that

of the

method

of

branching learnt in the two following, shoukl

readily enable the student to grasp the arrangement of

the masses of foliage and the shape of their edges. addition to these studies, let the student

In

make a

careful

shaded drawing

of the trunk, striving after the texture

40

TREES AND TKEE DRAWING

if

of the bark, the shai)e of the fissures,

any, and the

rounding of the soHd mass.

The more

trees treated
if

in this progressive

manner

the better, and

done carefully and

sincerely, the

student will find that not only does he thereby store

up knowledge
trees

of the construction

and growth
also

of the

dealt

with,

but that

he

accumulates

collection of

studies

that will

be invaluable to him

afterwards as documents for reference.

For the drawing

found advisable.
while
it

of the spray a fine point will be

The work need not

therefore be light

may
made

be more delicate.

For the next two

effort

drawings a
should be

fine point

may

also

be used, and every

to copy

all

the forms that can be seen,

even at some
this

sacrifice of effect.

In the earher stages of

work

it will

be necessa^ry for the student to remind

is

himself that he
of

making these studies

for the sake

accumulating facts

of storing
it

up knowledge rather
be found that these
of

than making pictures.

studies can be certain details

Later

will

made

artistic

by the accentuation
of

and the omission

others

at first

the student

is

counselled not to think of this, but to put

if

down

everything, even

the result bs

little

more than
before

a diagram.

It is necessary to learn
flight.

grammar
be

attempting a poetic

After the facts have been

realized, a selection of those facts

may

made

but

not before.

The same

earnest study

is

necessary for the draw-

ing of the whole tree, but in that^ the foliage being

reduced to so small a

scale, it

has become impossible

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

to

41 to

draw

it

leaf

for

leaf.

It

has

therefore

be

represented by some generalizing touches or strokes,

and here
mechanical

arises
style.

the

great

danger

of

developing

The

earlier

masters of tree drawing were so wonder-

fully dexterous that

they often

lost

themselves in sheer

dexterity.

They

invented

" styles "

and

" foliage

touches"

one patent touch was to be used for one class

of tree, another for another class,

and they became

so

clever with these touches,

and

so

enamoured
of

of

them,

that the touch often became to

them

more importance

than the charactpr of the

tree.

And

as the touch
If

to be of a set pattern so did the tree.

came thev drew an

tree,

Oak,

it

must be an
was

old, partially

decayed

not an
in their

Oak

in its full glory

and prime.

The

old

Oak

dra,wings

as frequent as the

woman

in a red cloak

used to be in landscape painting.

This slaver}^ to style

at

and touch and

and
it

set pattern
if

must be avoided
will

any

cost,

will

be

the

student

concentrate

his

faculties

on representing the texture

as he sees
it.

of the tree before

him accurately

The actual shape

of the leaf

may

be seen as

it

cuts

against the sky on the margin of the tree, or where the

edge of a light mass overlaps a dark one

the touch must be of the form of the leaf
learnt in the earlier drawings.
in

here, then,

itself as it

was

But the

leaves seen are

varied positions and one set touch cannot represent

full

view and side view, bent and straight.

is

\'aried

touch

therefore absolutely necessary

if

the character

of the foliage is to be preserved

in

fact,

they must be

42
drawn.

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

It is the

more important that these marginal

leaves should be carefully drawn, as

of generalized

masses are suggested.

realizing

by them the leaves That is to say,

of

the

spectator

the

leaves

the

margin,

imagines those of the mass by suggestion.

Where the

leaves strike dark against light they

may

be drawn, but where they strike light against dark they

must be shown by drawing the spaces between and

around them.

The student

will

do well to give

this
it is

point his fullest consideration, for in tree drawing

largely the drawing of spaces,
find themselves.

and

so letting the leaves

Here, again,

it will

be readily undersizes,

stood that the spaces will be of

in one tree,

all

shapes and

even

and that no conventional touch can draw

them

all.

Nevertheless, the leaves are impossible to nujnber,

and therefore

to

draw.

The

foliage,

instead
it
is

of

number

of units,

becomes a mass, and

only by

suggestion that

it is

possible to indicate that the masses

are really leaves.

well-covered tree

The spaces betAveen the masses in a are too many and too small to draw-

one by one, so these, too, can only be suggested. This being the case, some generalized " surface description " *
is

absolutely necessary, and

it

was
so

this fact that caused

the

invention
out,

of

the foliage

touches.

As has been
and another

pointed
pattern

these

became

mannered that one

came

to be accepted as one tree,

* "

Society, is used here as the

Surface description," the registered phrase of the Royal Drawing most apt expression.

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

43

!5

/M/

>

4'
OAK LEAVES.

f /#

UIVKT LEAVES.
l^'igs.

ami

n.

44
as

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

another
tree
tree,

regardless

of

the real character of

all

the

portrayed,

and

ignoring

accidentals,

state of things that

coidd not have existed but for

ignorance
of

the

general

profound
" surface

tree

form.

A
be

generalizing

description,"

then,

must

used, but

it

must he a'' surface description " made

tree.

for each

dr airing of each

In beginning a drawing of a

tree,

take a typical piece,

is

copying as nearly as
will

may

be that which

seen,

and

it

be found that as from this piece the hand passes

it

over the next

acquires a

method
This

of suggesting the

forms by what, for want of a better word,

called a kind of scribble.
" scribble "

may

be

must be
let it

kept always intelligent, always a servant obedient to

each fresh impression gathered by the eye.

Never
of

become a master, but subservient to the student's

knowledge
leaves
of

construction,
shoots,

of

the

grouping
of

the

on the

and the shape

the leaves

themselves.

With the

attention concentrated on these

of the masses, let the
it will

forms, and on the forms

as freely as possible,
httle

hand work
folloAv

and

be found that after a

the

while

the

latter

will

instinctively

working

of the

mind.

In commencing with a typical piece as suggested,

the pencil should have a fine point, and as
it

wears
is

down, the student

suitable to the

will

find

that

one stage

just

To keep the point at slightly roll it in let him thickness, this suitable it will be found that by this means the his fingers
work
in hand.
;

])oint

can be kept in the requisite state for a con-

TKEES AND TREE DRAWING.

siderable
tiiuc.

45
point

Directly,

liowever,
it

the

no

longer responds in the

same way,

should be cut,

as naturally a thicker ])oint cannot continue the

same
been

strokes in the "surface

description"

that have

made by

a hner one.
large-leaved trees

In the case of

finer

])oint

is

generally needed, as the larger leaves need

more

definite

suggestion of their form, whereas the difference of one

small-leaved tree from another
of the
selves.
lies

more

in the character

grouping of the leaves than

of the leaves

them-

Light shows form and shadow hides

best seen in the half tones. often

it,

but form
of light

is

The masses
that
is,

may
any

have to be
it

left

white,

without

markings upon

to indicate foliage.

The dark masses

all

may have

to be flat shading without detail, but where

the dark masses meet the light, and in

half tone, the foliage
of course,

the parts in

must be suggested.

Care must,

be taken that the masses of light and dark

it

be neither too large nor too empty, and

must always
flat surfaces,
is

be borne in mind that the

way
come

in

which

whether

of light or dark,

to represent foliage

by the accuracy
by the way
in

of their outlines, or, in other words,

which the dark breaks into the edge

edge of a dark mass.

of the light or the light into the

Here comes
farther

in
the

again
spaces

that

important point made

the
.

back

between

leaves

are

to

he

drawn

rather than the leaves themselvef^

On

a grey day
of detail all

a tree will show

over, or, at least,

much

the same

amount

the detail will be

much more

evenly

40
distributed

THIOKS

AND TREE

J)HAWJNC3.

on the surface

of the tree

than

is

the case

The same evenness of detail may, however, be fomid on a sunny day on some of the Hght-fohaged trees, more especially if the sun
on a day
of

bright sunshine.

be directly behind the

artist.

For instance, the Black

in

Poplar will sometimes seem to hold the light

wonderful

way without a

single

dark

of

any depth.
the

When

this

evenness of texture exists, care must be

flat
;

taken not to allow the drawing to become

darks and lights
the

may

be somewhat accentuated, and

main masses

insisted on, while

some

of the detail

within them

may

be omitted.

When
light

possible, a sunlight effect of

broad masses of
as

and

shade
allow
of

should
bold

be

chosen,

the

strong

contrasts

treatment,

and the variety

possible to put

caused by the light reflected from the variously turned

upper sufaces

of the leaves

makes

it

more sparkle
the effect
is

into the drawing.

;

In the tree in sunshine

in a grey effect,
it

there to be copied

has to

be created by sufficient exaggeration of light and dark,

of detail

and empty space.

tj^^pical piece,

To

return to our
it is

drawn

as

an absolute

likeness,

done before the hand has found the

method of description of the surface of the particular tree, and before the pencil -point has reached its state of best expression of that method therefore it is likely to be a little tight and hard, a little tentative, and lacking
;

the certainty of the later work.

For

this

reason

it

should be placed where

it

can most conveniently be

lost in its surroundings, or it

may

be done on a separate

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

piece of paper, provided
it

47

be of exactly the same kind.

of this first piece is

The unsympathetic quahty

due not

only to the searching for method and

point, but to the fact that the student

suitable pencil-

had not then got

all

into touch with his subject.

Feeling enters largely into tree drawing, as into

other forms of art,

get the right

and sometimes

it

will

be possible to
after

methods at once, at others only

several attempts.

On

one day the tree grows rapidly and

sympathetically under the hand, on another slowly and

with a bitter struggle

instinctively

at one time

mind and hand

at

seize
is

on

all

the essentials,

another

all

labour and slow-paced progression.

Sheer hard work

and keen concentration are always necessary, but there

are days
it

when the harness

fits

easily

and others when

feel discouraged,

galls,

and therefore the stages

;

of progress are sure

to be unequal

but the student need not

for b}^ perseverance the

happy hours
trees,

will

soon far out-

number the hours

of struggle.

In summer, in full-foliaged

the branches are

case
it is

sometimes quite unseen.

When

this is the

always worth while to walk under the tree and look up

at the branching, provided, of course, that the tree per-

mits of doing
will

so.

The grouping

of the foliage
if

masses

always be better understood

the angle at which

the

main branches spring from the stem, and how they

it is is

divide and subdivide, be known, for

to

always easier

draw what

is

understood than what

of the

merely seen.

In some trees short portions

branches are seen in

places through the screen of foliage,

and

it

may

be

4S
thought that

TUEKS AND TREE DILWVINC;

in siicli a

vhhv

it

is

not iicct'ssary
I'his is a

1(j

Nlutly
;

the growth of the w

liolc })raii('li.

mistake

the

poitioiis seen are parts of

a whole, and nuist be so drawn

as to suggest that they join the other portions, or the

stem, in a
the tree.

manner

consistent with the natural growth of

The

limited size of this

manual makes

it

impossible

to give both the

summer and
is,

Avinter aspect of the trees

represented
garb.

they have been drawn in their sunnner

however, strongly urged to study

The student

the

naked

trees for himself, that

he

may

thoroughly

understand their construction.

the

He

should proceed in

manner suggested
life size,

for the foliage,

drawing

first

small twig
tree,

then a branch, then a portion of the

tree,

then the whole

and, in addition, a study of

the stem.

He

will also find it of great use to

side,

draw a

branch in several positions, from the

from above
angles

and below, and foreshortened in a position directly

pointing
at

him.

He

should

study

the

of

growth, the placing of the buds, and the texture of the

bark.

In drawing a branch, a
it,

fine

line

has to

mark
is

each side of

and the utmost care and patience

needed in drawing the httle branches as they cross each

other.

When

a light branch crosses in front of a dark

;

one, its path has to be left clear

the dark must not be

allowed to break through

crosses a light one,
it is

its outline.

When

a dark one
it

much
work

simpler matter, as
It

may

be simply drawn through.

in pencil

must be always
must be
left,
is

remembered that

all lights

as they cannot be taken out afterwards.

If

a mistake

TREES AND TREE DRAWESTG.

made, no attempt to remed}'
re-drawn.
of their
it

49

with the rubber should

))e

be made, but the whole passage should

taken out and

When
bj^

the branches are too small to allow

being drawn with a double outline, and so have

to be

drawn

one

solid line, the stroke should

always

be commenced at the tip of the branch, letting the

thickening of the pencil-point graduate the thickening
of the branch.

This thickening can be regulated to a

nicety

by the turning of the pencil in the fingers. The student must always bear in mind the
forget

limita-

tions of his

material and keep within them, and he

must never

that

tree

drawing demands keen

concentration, j)atience, and hard work.

50

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

CHAPTER

IV.

THE TREES OF BRITAIN.

It has been pointed out that though the Ust of native
trees
is

but a small one, there are

kinds that are more or less

many introduced common in our scenery.

that
is

There are also

many

others

are

grown

in

our

gardens, a knowledge of which

becoming more and

more necessary,

as the cult of garden painting increases.

handbook to deal with all or even a large proportion of these. It must suffice to give some particulars of the more usually met
It is^palpably impossible in a small
Avith kinds,

and a bare mention

of a

few others that are

already a good deal planted,

leaving out altogether

numbers that are

less common. The vegetable kingdom is divided

into

four

sub-

kingdoms by the botanists, in one

This sub-kingdom

of which, that of the

flowering, seed-bearing plants, all our trees are included.

is

again divided into two divisions,

all

that of the fruit-bearing plants, in which are found

our trees, except those that are popularly

known

as Firs;

and that

of the

naked seed-bearing plants, in which are

including

found these

latter,

the

Yew.
of

Both these
and orders
these sub-

divisions are again subdivided into classes

and

families.

The botanical

definition
It

divisions need not trouble the artist.

may

be roughly

TREES AND TEEE DRAWING.

stated that
trees

51

some twenty odd

of

families contain all our

and shrubs

any

size.
:

Of the fruit-bearing families are the following

1.

two

The Lime family

{Tiliacece) inchides three

kinds

of

Lime, differing chiefly in the

size of their leaves,

of

which are possibty indigenous.

2.

The Holly

[Aquifoliacece) is a native.

3.

The Spindle

tree

family (Celastraceoe)

includes

the Spindle tree, a shrub found in our hedges, and the evergreens Euonymus, so
4.

common

in gardens.

The Buckthorn family [Rhamnacece)

Buckthorns.

includes our

tw'O
5.

The Maple family

{Aceracece),

which includes not

only the Maple and Sycamore, but

trees
6.

many

cultivated

and shrubs commonly planted in our gardens.

The Horse Chestnut

{Hippocastanacece), with white

or pink flowers.
7.

The Pea family

[Leguminosce), to which belong

all

the Locust tree, the Laburnum, the Wistaria, and

the peas and vetches of meadow, hedgerow, and garden.

8.

The Rose family

trees

{Rosacece), to Avhich belong not

only the Strawberry and

many

a lowl}-

flower,

but

numerous small

and shrubs common

in our

wood-

lands that form essential items of

many

foregrounds.

The Roses and Brambles and fruit trees, Spireas and" Laurel, the Hawthorn and the Rowan are all included.
9.

The Ivy

{Araliacece),

sometimes a bush but almost

always a climber, figures largely in the hedgerow, and

whose dark masses

of foliage, high

up

in the bare trees,

form a conspicuous feature

in winter.

52
10.

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

The Dogwood family

name.

{Cornaceoi) includes

many

shrubs of our gardens, besides the couirnon hedgerow

])ush of that
11.

The

Honeysuckle family {Cayrijoliacece) nmst

be noted, not only for the Honeysuckles, but for the

Elder, the Wayfaring tree,
of Avhich are
12.

and the

(hielder Rose, all

coinmon.
family
{Ericacece).

The Heath

Though

the

Heaths are too small shrubs for our present subject,

the Arbutus, a
13.

member

of this family,
(Oleacece)

must be noted.
and the
Fig

tree

The Olive family and the Manna Ash, The Nettle family

embraces the Ash

as well as the Ijilac

Privet.
14.

{Uiiicacece) includes the

and the Hop and the Nettles, but boasts

Elms.
15. 10.

also of the

17.

The Box {Buxacem), a native tree. The Plane (Platanacece), of three kinds. The Walnut {Juglandacece) has man}^

foreign

cousins cultivated in gardens.

18.

The Mast-bearing family

{Cupulifercp), the

most

important group

of all, including, as it does, the Chest-

nut, the Oak, the Beech, the

Hornbeam, the Birch, the

[Salicacece),

Alder, and the Hazel, with all their varieties.

19.

The Willow family

in

which are

included both the Poplars and the Willo^^'s.

Of the naked seed -bearing families are :

1.

The Pine family

[Pinacece),

in

which are the

natives the vScots Pine and the Junix^er, and the

foreign Conifers.

many

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

2.

53
itself.

The Yew

{Taxacece),
tree

which has a family to

{GingJcoacece)

The
of the

Maidenhair
it is

may

also
is

be

referred to, as

being more planted now, and

trees grown.

one

most interesting
of

These families contain, then, the trees and shrubs a

knowledge
artist.

which

will

be found most useful to the

.Some are, of course, of far greater importance

it is

than others, and of the most important

deal with

proposed to

some

detail.

Departing from the order in

notice,

which botanists place the plants under

recognizing that no arbitrary division of

and while them can make

peculiarities,

them
it

into groups that

have no overlappmg
here
to take

will
:

be

convenient

them
is

in

three

classes

Trees with conspicuous flowers, that

that

to say, trees in

might

be
;

preferably

painted

the

fl()\\ering

season

Deciduous trees with inconspicuous flowers

Evergreens.
It

and

may

be mentioned that the illustrations given are

of trees

chosen to illustrate their characteristics, and not

either as perfect specimens of their kind, or as eminently

picturesque examples.

The
It

KoiiSE C^hestxut {Msculus Hippocastanum).

said that the reason the

was once

Horse Chestnut
does not lend

has been so
itself
tf)

little

painted

is

because

it

the ordinary methods of the landscape painter

it

but needs drawing, and

is

(piite

true that

its

stiff

54

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

#r#.^^^'"'^

.if'

HORSR GHESTNT7T.

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

55

upright spikes of flower must be very carefully indi-

cated

if

the character of the tree

is

to

be preserved,

and

its

leaves are too large

and too

easily recognizable

to permit of their being leaves

massed

in the

way

smaller

may

be treated.
this tree

There seems some doubt as to when

first

was

grown

in England, but it

was probably introduced

It
is

from Asia
park than
for

Mnor

about 1550.

rather a tree of the

is

of the wilder

woodlands, and
its

only planted

ornamental purposes,
or no use.
fairly

timber and fruit being of

a good height,

little

The stem grows

diminishing
limb.

straight
it

to

noticeably
is

where

throws out a large

The bark

smooth when young,

scaly. It

becoming

in age furrowed

and somewhat

has sometimes

young shoots

starting

from the base

of the trunk.
is

Although the branching

of the final twigs

horizontal,

the tree in winter has a rather clumsy appearance from the

way

in

which the main branches,

the

after first rising,

dip considerably and then turn upwards.

feature in winter
is

noticeable

number of large buds which catch the light, being protected by balsam-coated scales. The leaf (see Fig. 5) consists of from three to nine The leaflets, radiating from the end of the leaf stalk. The largest is leaflets are broader towards the end. the smallest are the two that in a line with the stalk turned back towards the tree. The long leaf stalks thrust the leaves well out to the light, spreading them horizontally, though when young they droop, looking The leaves are arranged in like a half-closed parasol.
;

56
pairs,

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

forming four rows on the branch, those springing
largest.

from the underside being generally

The
stalk
;

flowers,

which are many, branch from an upright

they are irregular, white with pink spots, and

springs

the

inflorescence

from the terminal bud

of

the branch.

The fruit the well-known " conker " boy needs no description. The prickly

of the school-

globes

may

be
of

seen, but

can hardly be called conspicuous features

the tree.

good specimen

will

grow to a height
varieties,

of sixty feet,

with an oval pyramidal mass of foliage and flower.

There are several cultivated

purple, or double flowers.

having red,

The example drawn shows how the branches

grow right down to
cattle.

will

the ground

where there are no

The Locust Tree and the Laburnum.

The Locust tree, or False Acacia {Robinia Pseudand the Laburnum {Laburnum vulgare) belong
a
subdivision,
Papilionacece,
of

acacia),

to

the

large

family

Leguminosoe, another subdivision of which includes the

Judas
of

tree,

sometimes found in gardens, and yet another

which the Acacia and the Mimosa are members.

The Locust
teenth

tree

was introduced early in the sevenit

is

century,

though
It

was

much more

freely

planted about 1820.

of a light, graceful growth,

with long, slender branches, Jong, narrow compound

TREES A:ND tree DRAWING.

leaves,

57

having sometimes as
.a final

many
one,

as twelve pairs of

opposite leaflets with

and pendant flowers

but white.

resembling those of the Laburnum,

seed -pods hang

The

down from the twigs right through the winter, and, when plentiful, form a noticeable feature of the tree when bare of leaves. The stem, which in old
trees has very

rough and corrugated bark, has a great

power

of sending

up shoots from

its

base.

The

tree
old,

attains sometimes the height of eighty feet.

When

the ends of the upper branches, especially near towns,

are apt to project dead
of foliage.

and

leafless

from the main mass

seldom
seeds

The Laburnum
freely,

is

much

smaller tree, and

is

seen outside the park or garden, for though

it

and readily germinates,

of

it is

said that the

young
are

plants are in the open always eaten

by

rabbits,

who

very fond

its

bark.

fifteen to thirty feet.

Its general height is from The branches go upwards, but

often

bend and droop at

their ends.

Its

growth

is

described as " fountain-like," because from the middle

of the branches shoots
like a squirt of water.

go straight up to again bend down

The

leaf (see Fig. 5) is a

com-

pound
of

one, having three leaflets radiating

leaf stalk.

from the end

the

The

flowers

are

pea-shaped,

and

grow

in

pendant

clusters,

many
is

branching smooth.

from a

common

flower stalk.

The bark

The Wild Fruit Trees and the Hawthorn.

The Rose family is a large one, and only a few of its members can be dealt with. Of the subdivisions,

58

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

;

Prunae includes the Plums and Cherries

Rubeae, the

Brambles

Roseae, the Roses

trees
;

Pyrus, the Pears,

Rowan
Black-

and Service

and Crataegus, the Hawthorn.

of the Prunae is the Sloe or

The commonest
best

thorn {Prunus spinosa), a native wild plum, one of the

known
of

features of our hedgerows, where in

March
It is

numbers

white blossoms on the black barked twigs

appear, notwithstanding frosts and cold winds.

but a small

tree,

with a mass of small branches growing

at a wide angle,

and therefore crossing and re-crossing

each other, and

many

spines.

The

leaves,

which come
fruits,

out after the flowers, are simple, and the

cluster

which

round the branches, are miniature dark plums,

In Cornwall, where
it

having a beautiful grey bloom.

is

very plentiful, the stem and branches are often

much
bark,

covered with lichen.

The

BuUace [Prunus

institia)

has

brown

straight branches,

and fewer

spines.

The

petals of the

flowers are broader,

larger,

and the plums are a good deal

either black

and may be
and

or yellow.
in

This

is

also a native,

fairly

common

some parts

of the

country.

The Wild Plum [Prunus

domestica)

is

the tree from

It
is

which the orchard plums are derived.

not so
it

common, but is found be known by its larger

in the hedgerows,
fruit

where

may
is

and by being

spineless.

Of the Wild Cherries the Gean [Prunus

avium)

the largest, growing to a height of nearly seventy feet,

and when in the open becomes a

covered as
it

fine

tree,

almost

sometimes

is

with bunches of drooping

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

white
stout,

59
short

blossom.

Its

branches

are

mostly
It
is

and
tree.

with an upward tendency.

a native

The stem has smooth bark, showing

horizontal lenticels.

When

it

gets old the

bark at

its

base becomes thick and

rugged, with longitudinal furrows, which, dividing

panels, as
it

up

were, of horizontally lined

smooth bark,
appearance.

gives the tree stem a

somewhat

artificial

The Wild Cherry

as ^vitches'

is

more subject

to the disease

known

brooms than any

leaves are simple

tree,

except the Birch,

which
bark.

it

also resembles in its lenticels

and thin peeling

The

and drooping, the flowers

black
or
red,

white with five rather papery petals, and have long

stalks.

The

fruit

is

either

and very

glossy.

The Bird Cherry {Prunus padus)

also a native,

is

a smaller tree,

which grows only to between ten and

Its

twenty

feet.

leaves are

more

elliptic,

its flowers,

which are much smaller, hang by their stalks from a

common
flower,
it

stalk,

making the

inflorescence
is

spike

of

more

especially when, as

sometimes the case,

stands erect.

In the spring, when the leaves are

and the dark branches hung with white blossoms, this tree has a very pretty and highly decorative appearance. There are
still

in their pale, vernal green,

are

other forms of Cherry cultivated, with pink and double

flowers,

and some that are mere bushes throwing up

many

suckers from their roots.

Laurel and the Portugal Laurel are

The Garden evergreen members of the

is

Cherry group, while the Almond, which

so generally

known,

also belongs to the

Prunus

division.

60

TREES AND THEE DRAWING.

:>^^

I;(t^
'''^

^
^^^

.^.

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

61
of the Pyru.s

The most frequently met with member

group
masses
spring.
is

the (Vab Apple {Pyrus malus), the tree whose

of
It

pink blossom beautify our hedges iu the

sometimes becomes a tree

of thirty feet in

height, with s])i-ea(ling branches that

large that
it is

make

the head so
is

often wider than the tree

is

high.

Its
in

often crooked stem

covered with brown bark, and

winter the head

is

a tangled mass of twigs.

Its flowers

are pink, an inch in diameter,

and

its fruits

are minia-

ture apples.

It is a native wild tree,

though doubtless

many

in our hedges

may

be escapes from cultivation.

is less

The Wild Pear {Pyrus communis) the Crab, and is only to be found
of Britain. It

connnon than
ta

in the southern half

of

grows to a height
is

from
in

t^^^enty

sixty feet,

and

more pyramidal

form,
it

having
nearly

generalh^ a definite stem running up through

The simple leaves are variable, Wild Apple. The flowers are white, and the
to the top.

as in the
fruits are

miniature pears. It grows well in groups on dry plains.

The Rowan

or

Mountain

Ash {Pyrus ancuparia)

It
is

reaches a height of from ten to thirty feet.

native \vhose natural place

is

on the

hillside,
it

growing
l)e

in vScotland at a height of 2,600 feet, but

seems to

very indifferent to place and

soil.

It

has a straight stem,

and smooth grey bark showing horizontal lenticels. Its branches have an upward tendency. Its com] x )u nd leaves have some six pairs of kniflets, with an odd terminal one.
and
its

inflorescences are

flat -topped

bunches

of tiny

cream-coloured flowers, which open in

are followed

May

or June,

and

by

clusters of scarlet fruit.

62

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

of

The example drawn shows the drooping nature some of the branch ends, which under the weight
fruit in

of

September

will

bend

still

more.

The Service
is it

tree [Pyrus sorhus) is not a native, nor

it

very common, but

grows well in Cornwall and

Worcestershire.

It resembles the

Rowan
the

a good deal,
latter

but

has

larger

flowers

and

fruit,

being

greenish-brown in colour, and

its leaflets

are broader.

is

The White Beam {Pyrus aria) is indigenous, and an erect, graceful tree that grows to a height of

forty feet.

The bark

is

smooth.

The branches have

leaves are

a strong upward tendency.

The
Its

broadly

oval in shape, strongly ribbed, with a dusty appearance,

and

light

cottony undersides.

flowers are white

It frequently

in dense clusters,

and

its fruit is scarlet.

varies in its form, sometimes having

of a bush.

more the character

another
It

The wild Service

differs

tree {Pyrus torminalis)

is

native, growing wild as far north as Lancashire.

from the others

of the

group by having deeply

lobed leaves.

The Medlar {Pyrus germanica) is a doubtful native, it was culivated here before 1596, and grows wild in the hedges of south and central England. It is a much-branched tree, like so many of its relatives, and
but
has spines.
It

grows to from ten to twenty feet high.

It has large simple leaves

Its

and

solitary white flowers.

brown Almost

fruit is
all

well-known.

our cultivated fruit trees belong to the

of

Prunus or Pyrus groups, and,

course,

cultivation

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

alters their

63

appearance to a large extent, almost always

increasing the size of the fruit,

and doing away

^^'ith

the defensive spines of the wild tree.

^^t^
z:;^

"a
Jt'-

^'-~f-

S?^^">'.-.^

K
\

0i^\
The
which

^'
.

^vK-r^!oi

HAWTHORN.
third group that concerns us
is is

the Crataegus,

represented
{Cratcegus

Hawthorn

by the well-known indigenous oxyacantha), whose masses of

64

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

white scented blossom are so conspicuous a feature of

our

hedges
fruit

and commons
is

in

May and
Its

June,

and

whose

ruddy

in

autumn.

rugged trunk

and tangled mass

but

of twigs

and spine sometimes are

kinds of forms, and

allowed to become a tree of some thirty feet high,

is

found broken or cut into

all

perhaps more often than any as a hedge plant.

peculiarity

One

must be noted

the stipules, or

little leaflets,

that grow at the foot of the leaf stalk are large, are

shaped
trees
in a
;

like a leaf,

and do not
size.

fall off

as in so

many

other

they are quite noticeable enough to be indicated

of

drawing

any

There are red and pink and double varieties

vated,

culti-

and the Glastonbury Thorn has a

peculiarl}"

rugged growth.

The drawing given

is

of

a specimen

having rather pendant branches,

There are several other flowering trees and shrubs
that

remain

to

be

mentioned.

{Euonymus
for its fruit

europceus) will be

The Spindle tree drawn and painted more

than

its

flowers, for while the latter are

small and of a greenish white, and so not conspicuous,

the former are one of the

autumn

glories of the

woodland
is

and hedgerow.
of

A
:

w^ell-ladened Spindle tree

a thing

great beaut}^

the purplish pink fruits gradually

open into four

divisions,

showing within the

brilliant

orange berries, and

make

a colour note like nothing else,

is

more

especially when, as
fallen.

often the case, the leaves

have already

The growth of the tree is also curious branches, twigs, and leaves all grow in pairs. It is a native of Britain, but rarer in Scotland and

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

Ireland than in

65
it is

England, and though

will

often a

mere hedgerow bush,

feet

grow into a

tree

up to twenty

high, with a straight

stem covered with smooth

grey bark, which after a few years becomes furrowed

longitudinally.
of its family,
It
is

the only indigenous representative the evergreen

but

its relative,
is

Euonymus
all

{Euonymus
gardens,
right

japonica),
in

found in almost

town

and

southern

England

is

often

trained

up the houses. The two Buckthorns lend themselves well to drawing, being of a quaint and decorative character. They are both natives, and are found in the hedges. The Alder
Buckthorn {Rhamnus frangula)
it is

hardly a thorn, for

has no spines.

It

is

generally of bush-like habit,

catharticus)

while the
is

Common Buckthorn {Rhamnus

is

armed, and

sometimes found as a tree twenty feet

of

high.

The shoots

both are straight

the

Common

Buckthorn somewhat resembles the Blackthorn, but that the leaves are more bunched at the end of the
twigs.

In both the small greenish-white flowers grow

axils
of

in the

the leaves,

and both they and the

succeeding berries have a curious appearance from their

position.

One of the commonest shrubs in our hedges is Dogwood {Cornus sanguinea), usually a bush. It
occasionally
Its

the
will

become a small
opaque white
in

tree of six to fifteen feet.

straight shoots with opposite leaves topped with

of

bunches

flowers in June,

and with
it

bluish-purple berries

September,

make

a most

useful plant to the artist.

66

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

The Elder {Sambucus

best

nigra)

is,

perhaps, one of the

it

known

of

our trees, affecting as

does the way-

side rather

than the hedge.

are

Its large flattened

its

cymes
and
but
all

of
its its

creamy scented blossom,

purple

berries
features,
is

compound
England,

leaves

its

principal
It

grey corky bark should be noted.

found

over
to
is

seldom

reaching

higher
is

than

twenty
:

thirty feet.

Its habit of

growth
after

curious

it

weej^ing

tree,

the branches,

reaching upwards,

from

bend over and droop, and it sends up strong shoots its base after the manner of a bush.
Belonging to the same family are the two Viburnums

the

Wayfaring

tree

{Viburnum lantana)

and the

(xuelder

Rose {Viburnum opulus). The Wayfaring tree is a shrub with broad, simple
white flowers and
that
like

leaves that have a whitish, dusty appearance, rounded

head
It

of

fruit,

first

resemble
jet.

coral beads
is

and afterwards become

south of Yorkshire,
best on chalky ground.

beads of

wild
its

and

fairly

common,

being at

The Guelder Rose, though also found in the hedgerow, will grow in the copse. Its leaves are lobed and paired, and its fruit bunches of translucent red berries. The flowers are in rounded heads, like the
Wayfaring
tree,

but have this peculiarity, that while

fertile,

the inner ones are small and insignificant, but

the outer ring are large and
sterile,

being merely adver-

tisements to attract the insects to the inner ones.

This

gives the inflorescence an appearance of being merely

a ring.

In the Ciuelder Rose, or Snowball tree of the

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

garden, the inner
fertile flowers

67

have been cultivated

cannot bear

out of existence, and the whole head consists of a globe

of white, sterile flowers, so that it
fruit.

The
is

i\.rbutus,

or Strawberry tree
is

{Arhutus unedo),
planted

indigenous in Ireland, and

It

a good deal

in England.

seldom exceeds ten to twelve feet in

with
its

height.

Its twistsd stem,

reddishj scaling bark,

often assumes a beautiful bloom of

Its leaves, large

waxy

character.
of

and

leathery, give the impression

forming rosettes.

The

flowers are pendant sprays of

tree
this

bells, and may be seen upon the time same as the crimson globular fruit, as at the latter takes more than a year to ripen.

creamy coloured

There are three kinds of Lime tree {Tilia platyphyllos),

of

which two are possibly indigenous, while the

is

third,

which

the

Common

Lime,

is

believed

to

be

an
the

introduced

tree.

From an

artist's

point of

view, the
size of

main
leaf.

difi:erences

between them are in the

The small-leaved
;

tree does not attain so great

a size as the others

bark,

the large-leaved kind has rougher

while

the
size,

Common
is

Lime,

having
of

leaves

of

intermediate

the beautiful tree

our parks,
of

and

also

the

much
of

clipped and trained tree

our

gardens.

The bark
shoots from

the stem (see Fig.

is

corrugated, and
its

often entirely hidden

lower portion,

is rough and by a mass of which form large bosses

3)

on the trunk, as
cut.

may
are

be plainly seen
long
Its

when they
(see

are

Its

branches

and

tapering, having
Fig.

a
5)

sharp

upward

tendency.

foliage

68

TKEEvS ANJ)

TREE DRAWING.

>y^(iY'^''-^'

,>a<S?.

rr^^ni

-yj

^^^

slip--

':",f^^?s:^-.

'^-

'i

-^

i/.:'v-

'""^'

--

'-t-

LIME THEE.

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

69

forms beautiful broken masses of pale green, not as

stiff

as the Sycamore, but less defined,

light.

more feathery,
at its best,

and holding more

gives

The

flower,

when
little

a pale golden colour to the tree,

Its seeds,

but

is

not

conspicuous.
at the

two or three
stalk,

pea-like nuts
latter

end

of a thin

pendant

which

grows

from a

leaf -like bract, often

hang on the

tree late into

the winter.

The Lime grows best

approaching
five

in

good loam, and reaches a

height of eighty to ninety feet, and lives to an age

hundred

years.

The two
of

trees

drawn

are fairly old,

and show some signs

the wear of time,

more

especially the one

on the
the

right.

There

are
in

many members
country,
of

of

the

Maple

family

grown

this

garden plants,

number being which the commonest are the Norway

greater
is

Maple, which has bunches of greenish-white flowers

showing while the tree

yet bare of leaves, and the

Box
trees

Elder, noticeable for its irregular

compomid

leaves,

which are often variegated.

of

But the two most grown

the family are the

Common Maple and

is

the

Sycamore.

The Common Maple {Acer cmnpestre)

tree,

a native

very commonly found as a bush in the hedgerow,

feet.

but also as a tree of twenty -five to thirty-five

bark
is

Its

scaly,

and

it

is

rough when j^oung, getting

smoother afterwards.

Its branches spread a

good

deal,

and the twigs multiply greatly at a small distance from

the outhne of the tree.

The

leaves (see Fig.

5)

are

simple, but deepl}^ iobed, with several blunt points.

The

70

rUEES AND TJIEE DRAWING.

/^i^:--^^-;

'-^.^

-rly

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

flowers are inconspicuous.

71

The winged

seeds in pairs are

only noticeable enough for a decorative draughtsman.

It is

found as far north as Durham, and also in Ireland.

foliage

The

forms

rounded

masses

fairly

strongly

defined, as

may

be seen in the tree illustrated.

tree,

The Sycamore {Acer pseudo-pla amis) is not a native but was introduced in the fifoeenth century, so
it

that
the

may

be safely introduced into historical pictures,

of

incident

which

dates

back
Its

as

far
is

as

the

middle of the sixteenth century.

with grey bark, which flakes
off in

stem

covered

small patches, showing

the fighter coloured bark beneath, but not to the extent a Plane does.

The lobed
of

five-pointed leaves are larger

of the Maple.
Its large

and darker

in colour

than those
flowers

pendant bunches
though green, and

are

noticeable

features,
also.

later its

winged seeds are so

feet.

The Sycamore grows

and twist a great
somewhat.

to

a height of sixty

Its

branches leave the stem at an acute angle, but bend

deal, the lower ones often

drooping

The

foliage

assumes rounded forms, the

masses being strongly defined.

very shapely and dignified.

not one of our handsomest trees, in

Though in winter it is summer it is often

the
"

The Ash [Fraxinus

Woods,"
is

excelsior),

Queen

of

the
It

one of our most graceful native

of a

trees.

grows to the height

hundred feet.

Its

stem is covered

by a

beautiful grey bark.

Its branches, long

and tapering
short, sharp

as they are, are apt to be broken in line

by

curves

their final twigs are

and the buds are

somewhat few and thick, dead black. The leaves (see Fig. 5)

72

TREES AKD TREE DRAWING.

^M^'P^^-^:':

W.

^W.
1<

SYCAMORJi.

TREES AKD TREE DRAWING.

73

''}:

f^

:^^^^St^:%
^:></^
-:?:/

i|
'^

^^^^i
^
,

^ .^^^^^^:r
;^-

-jh- I r

.^r:^;

'A.-

-v*fy^%^

74
are

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

compound, having four

the
flowers

pairs of opposite leaflets

and
the

a final one, and the foliage generally has a light, feathery

character
;

are

inconspicuous,

but

bunches of keys or winged seeds are often quite a marked

feature of the tree in late summer, a heavily laden tree

sometimes losing

all its foliage.

The root system

therefore

of the*

Ash
deep

is

deep and

large,

and
of

it is

limited to

soil.

It favours the north

and east and

sides of hills,

and grows at an altitude

Little will

1,350 feet in Yorkshire.

its

grow beneath
soil, will

its drip,

fibrous roots,

by draining the
it.

starve other trees growing near

Its foliage

comes

late

and goes

early.

The Ash

of the copse

and hedgerow throws up remarkably strong

in

shoots from the stump, which are straighter and thicker

than almost any other tree commonly found

situations.

such

The Ash has garden

Lilac.

relatives in the Privet

and the

The Nettle family claims as members of it two large the Common Elm and the Wych Elm. The Common Elm {Ulmus campestris) has become known as the English Elm, and is almost typical of English xDastoral scenery, but it is not a native. It was
trees,

introduced by the Romans, so has had time to get

accUmatized, but even now,

fertile seeds.

it

seldom,

if

ever, produces
its

It

makes up

for this

by

very great

power

of

throwing up suckers.
altitude,

It will

siderable

but prefers

grow at a conbecomes It valleys.

Its

often a tree of great size, sometimes reaching a height

of

one hundred and twenty

feet.

stem

(see Fig. 2)

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

75

%
-ii^
^^'

**';l-f.

76
is

TREES AMD TKEE DRAWING.

covered with rough bark.
Its great

branches ascend

at a sharp angle,
at their

and the twigs multiply considerably

its

outward extremity, making

winter outline

fairly distinct.

The

leaves are small, rough,

and simple,

the foliage forming large solid clumps and masses.

flowers
of

The

coming before the leaves give the tree a glow

seeds
are

crimson in the early spring, though individually

flat

they are quite small, and the

spicuous.

incon-

its

The Wych Elm {Ulmus montana), notwithstanding name, does not affect mountains more than the
Elm.
It
is

Common
of

a native
;

tree,
is

growing to a height
generally broader in
its

one hundred and ten feet

the crown, and has more spreading branches than

relative.

It also differs

from the

latter in

having

larger'

leaves
istics

and more pendant growth, which two characterare

noticeably exaggerated

in

the

cultivated

Weeping Elm. The fohage masses are less solid, and in some trees very much smaller. Many Elms with " silver," " gold," and variegated
foliage are cultivated in gardens.

The Plane

is

pre-eminently the tree of towns.

its

Its

way

of

shedding

bark as the new

bark forms
it

beneath, and the easily Avashed leaves, enable

to

bear the infliction of soot and dust better than any

other tree.

of the Oriental Plane,

this
its

The London Plane {Platanus acerifolia) is a variety and is the commonest kind in
country
is
;

though

it

has been
Its

known

for

200 years,
covered

origin

unrecorded.

stem

(see Fig. 4) is

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

/i^^'

v^' -^K
"

:*\

v;:

:^.?^

^1^-

v^:

'^:

ji
WYCH
ELM.

78

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

.>^.-*V^

""^.^^ "^"^^

'>.

""'
fc.

rv^'-'>^A,

C^-^

l^

-4:

-ms^'

TREES A^D TREE DRAWING.

with thin bark which flakes
off

i\)

freely.

Its

branches

have a strong upward tendency.

large
balls

Its leaves are

very

and are

lobed.

Its

flowers are

round
fruits,

spiked

on a long pendant

stalky

and

it

which

answer the same description, but that the balls are

larger,

form a very decorative feature

of the tree in

winter.

The Oriental Plane

itself

has more subdivided and

its leaves,

more sharply pointed lobes to

of foliage are

and but rarely

bears more than one seed-ball on a stalk.

The masses
and have a
caught by the

much broken

in appearance,
light being

flashing character,

due to the

large flat leaves.

The Occidental Plane

with.

is

not very frequently met

The Walnut [Juglans

of its family

regia),

the only representative

common

in this countrj^,

was probably

introduced here in the middle of the fifteenth centur}-.

Its

stem

is

covered with bark of a cool gre}^ colour,

its

corrugations assuming a beautiful net-like character,

though

in

old

trees

becoming

very

rugged.

The

branches shoot upwards from a soon divided stem,

and are long and tapering, with many bends.

leaf
is

The
size.

compound, with some four pairs

of

opposite

leaflets

and a

final

one,

and

is

of

considerable

The

flowers are inconspicuous, the male being in green

little

catkins and the female a

tiny flowers
visible
;

bunch

of

two or three
is

a plentiful crop of nuts

in

naturally a

feature

September.

The

tree

has

a wide

crown, the masses of whose foliage are of

some\\'hat

broken character.

80

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

of our great forest trees,

The great Mast-bearing family includes almost all and is consequently the most
all

important of

groups to the painter of forest scenery,

and to the
different

tree

draughtsman.

It will

be well here to

reiterate the fact that a tree in dense forest is very

from the same

tree in the open, for the reason

ot

that

the

semi-darkness

the close-growing

wood
and
fact,

causes the trees to stretch

upwards to the

light

to lose all their lower branches

they become, in
it

high poles with leafy crests.

is

In this work the tree

considered growing in the open, but

must be

remembered that
indicated

in forest they undergo the change

of the

by cause

changed conditions.

become almost a symbol of England, the tree whose timber, built into ships, was for centuries the country's main defence, and which was therefore

The

tree that has

the tree of greatest consequence, shall be

taken

first.

The
its

tree,

the

Oak

{Querciis robur), enjoys a very

Isles are

wide In
but

area, of

which the British

but a portion.
it is

northern

limits, or in bleak,

exposed places,
it

a dwarf, but in favourable situations

becomes a

giant,

being one of the greatest and longest-lived of

denizens of our woods.
It

all

the

grows to

its

greatest height

in close forest, with a tall, straight baulk of timber,

which in the open

limbs, often

is

replaced

by a somewhat
its

short,

thick stem, from which spread at right angles

mighty
of

making

its

crown as wide as the height

the tree.

The stem (see Fig. 4) bark, and it spreads out at

is

coated with thick, rough

base to
its lateral roots,

its

as

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

81

m0

82
it

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

spreads out above to
is

its aerial
;

system

both deep and massive

The root the enormous strength

branches.

of its great descending lateral roots enable it to with-

stand the strain of the gale on

its

vast head of foliage.

Most

trees

compromise with weight and wind, by either

sending their branches upward or letting them droop,

but the Oak often seems to scorn

its

all risk,

and sends
of
strain.

branches out horizontally,

the failure of the leading

regardless

bud an Oak branch is often found to bend sharply off to right or left, making the "elbows" so much sought by shipbuilders: this is more especially noticeable in the hedgerow Oaks. The Oak leaf is simple, but deeply lobed. The foliage
grows in tufts
(see Fig. 6) rather

From

than long sprays from

the buds, being clustered closer together towards the

end

of the twig.

The

flowers are inconspicuous,

little

affecting the ai^pearance of the tree,

though a heavy
quantity

crop of male catkins

feature.

when

full
is

out are quite a noticeable

When

the tree

bearing a large

of acorns it
little

has the appearance of being studded with

its

points of light, considerably altering

surface

texture.
tions,

The Oak

will live in various soils an:l situa-

but grows best in deep sandy loam.

There are

three varieties of the

Common Oak

the pcJunculate,
;

which has stalks to

the
sessile
;

its

acorns, but not to its leaves

its leaves,

which has stalks to

but not to

its

acorns

and the intermediate " Durmast," and acorns.

which has

The first is most usual in England, the second in Wales, and the The fact of third is onlv found in a few locahties.
short stalks to both leaves

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

83

fefc: V-.

>^&-V

-'

^T^>-'

^'

"^.j>.

'". *^

C*- /^,.i

V---

84

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

having stalks to the leaves makes the foliage more

easily stirred

painter.

by the wind, a feature to be noted by the The pedunculate form is found more in the
soil,

moister lowland

and

loses its leaves before winter,

whereas the

sessile

Oak grows
its leaves,

higher on the hillsides,

and

will often

keep

which are

thicker, risht

through to the following spring.

The Oak develops a second crop of shoots in one season, so that it is not wrong to represent a tree with young leaves at midsummer, and in some cases where
the tree has been stripped of
its foliage

by the
it will

larvae of

certain moths, as sometimes happens,

the same

season put on an entirely

new

vesture of foliage, and

of spring.

have once more the appearance

The Oak is more attacked bj'- insects than any other tree, and of these the gall insects affect its appearance
in varying degree, as described in

Chapter
are

11.

Several other kinds of

Oak

grown, the most

important

of

which

is

the Turkey Oak, which has a

spiny acorn cup and sharper points to the lobes of the

leaf.

Some

varieties of

Oak have

foliage that takes a

is

crimson hue late in the summer, and there

Scarlet Oak.

also a

There
{Quercus

is,

besides these,

the

Holm, or Holly Oak

is

ilex),

an evergreen form that

fairly

common.

It has small, shiny, simple leaves of

little,

dark green, and

short stem and

long-shaped acorns, and from

its

large head has frequently the appearance of a vast bush.

The Cork Oak

with
in this

is

also an evergreen,

but not

much met

country.

TRKES AN J) TREE DRAWING,

85

&^"SiSter-ii^?.-:

S()

rilKKS

AM)

riiKE DliAVVIiNii

"''W .>1-.**^

-^f^:...

K^

..^iM'

sV-r^' ^Sr^r^^-v^-^^ ,-.<-^.>

^r'A.!:5

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

87

The Beech

{Fagits sylvatica)

is,

perhaps, the next most

it

important tree of this group,

being native,
in

very

common
an area.
for the

in our landscape,

and growing
it

most places
wide

where the Oak grows, though

It is

has not

(juite so

very commonly planted as a nurse tree

it is

Oak, but
is

well

known

that

if it

be not cut

in time, but
will

left

to

grow with the Oaks, the wood

There are two reasons
shade
of

soon become pure Beech.

this.

for

Nothing

will

grow in the

the

Beech, and the Beech roots being shallow and spreading,

absorb
it

all

the moisture

and food

of

the

soil

before

can sink to the deeper roots of the Oak.

The stem of the Beech (see Fig. 3) is covered with smooth grey bark it spreads out towards its base
;

to its shallow lateral roots (see

Fig.
Its

1),

and

in

the

open branches
droop
if

fairly

low down.

branches have
of

an upward tendenc}^, though the ends

slightly,

them may

especially the

lower branches, which,

there be no cattle or other animal to injure them,

lie

will

upon the

earth.

The branches The

are

long

and

thin,

very thin for their length, and are round,

leaves (see Fig. 7)
in

having a snake-like appearance.

are simple,

and grow along the twigs

feathery sprays

rather than in tufts, Uke in the Oak.

The
the

flowers are

inconspicuous, as are also the fruits

of these latter will,

however, often

empty husks be conspicuous when

;

the leaves have fallen.

The Beech

is

the typical shade -enduring tree.

its

It

grows upwards but slowly in

thin bark of dark colour,

early years.

It has

and

it

casts a

shadow

so dense

88

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

^-^:

T*^-"^>-^lP

i^-''Jff-

J^'^^^^
^A^,

'-^:S'-^\'

:*/-'

HORNBEAM.

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

as to
live

89
to

make

it
it.

practically impossible for anything

beneath

The Purple Beech

that of claret.

is

a well-known garden variety

that has foliage ranging from the colour of copper to

The

illustrations are taken,

one from some distance,

the other from almost under the tree.

The Hornbeam {Carpinus

superficial resemblances
is

hetuhis)

from some

slight

often popularly called Beech,

its

but the artist will do well to note more carefully

pecuUarities.
It
is

indigenous,

and grows much where

low ground

Beech

will

grow, as far north as North Wales, though

hillside, preferring

not quite so far up the

and

rich loam,
feet.

where

it

will

reach a height of some

2)
is

seventy

The stem

(see Fig.

covered by a
is

dark coloured thin bark

like the

Beech, but

varied by
itself is

flashes of lighter, silvery colour,

and the trunk

it

much more

divided, especially where

Its leaves are

spreads out to

its lateral roots.

much

the same shape as

the leaves of the Beech, but more ribbed and not so

glossy
;

they,

too,

are

arranged

on feathery twigs

The branches are long and thin, growing horizontally. with an upward tendency, but with somewhat eccentric bends and quirks. The flowers are not conspicuous,
though the males are in a
fruits

fair-sized catkin,

but the

are quite different to Beech-mast, and, indeed,

unlike those of any other tree.

They

consist of bunches

of single small nuts partly concealed

like bracts,

and a

fully laden tree,

each by when the

three leafleaves are

faUing, sometimes assumes a golden

hue in the sunshine,

90

TltKKS

AND

TKKIO DliAWINC.

from the colour

ance of the tree
its foliage

of these growths,
filbert.

which arc

tikiji

to the

outer leafy covering of a

is

The general appear;

a lighter version of that of the Beech

or less

in

more
and

horizontal strata like that

tree,
its

but without the outstanding sprays that break

outline,

generally

in

lighter

and

thinner

layers.

It will

be as well here to refer to the Hazel {Corijlus

avellana),

which

is

a near relative of the Hornbeam.

It is a native, generally a bush,

though occasionally a
It

tree

of

some
Its

thirty
is

feet

high.

has large simple

leaves.

bark

smooth and glossy brown, with

Its

horizontal lenticels.

male flowers are in catkins,

which are formed in the previous summer, remain

closed
till

January, when they open and become what

call "

the children

lambs' tails."

decorative feature of the leafless

They form a The bush.

plentiful,
is its

distinctly
fruit,

the

well-known nut,

is

also,

when

easily

seen.

The

feature of the Hazel to be noted

capacity for

sending up strong straight shoots from

its base.

Another nut -bearing member

attain a height of ninety feet.

of the

same group

is

the Sweet Chestnut {Castanea sativa), a tree which will

It
is

not indigenous,

but was introduced by the Romans, so

as a
Its

it

may

be painted

background

for

any episode
latter

of

English history.

stem

(see Fig. 3) is

covered with thick bark having

deep

fissures,

which

almost always twist round

the tree in the manner of a screw.

In the open

it

branches fairly low down, even sometimes drooping

its

terminal twigs on to the ground.

The

leaves are

TREES AM) TREE DRAWING

large,

91
ribbed,

handsome,

simple

ones,

strongly

and

with sharpty toothed edges.

The

flowers are as nearly

conspicuous as any forest tree of this country, for a

plentiful crop of

male catkins, when

fully opened, not

its

only give the tree a golden hue, but quite change

surface
texture.

The

fruit

also

is

quite

noticeable

when

plentiful,

being spinj^ balls that are in strong

contrast with the surface of the large leaves.

The

tree

grows best in the south of England, and in deep, porous

loam.
Its general aspect in winter is a little
its

clumsy,

from

large branches ending rather suddenly in small

twigs, but in
trees,
its

summer

it is

one of the most beautiful

foliage

somewhat
is

tufted

forming irregular

and broken masses.

The

tree that
all
is

very generalh^ considered the most

graceful of

belongs also to this group.

The Birch
It

{Betula alba)

a native tree, having a wide area, which

includes the length

will

and breadth

of these islands.

grow

at a great altitude, endure great heat

and

cold, live

on dry heaths or marshy moors, but

of light.

it

must
which

have plenty,

The stem

(see

Fig.

2),
is

runs fairly straight to the top of the tree,

coated

with thin peeling bark, with horizontal

a very lighi colour.

lenticels,

and

of

Near the

base,

and

in

places

higher up, are dark patches of thick corky bark, which

spread as the tree gets older.

The

root system

is

weak

and shallow, the leaves are simple, broad at the base

and pointed at the end. The flowers are catkins, the male
ones pendant, the female ones erect.

The

fruit, also in

catkin form, remains hanging on the tree for months,

92

'REES

AND TKEE

Dl^AVVLNO

:#-

i.,'

\m w^

TREES AND TREE DRAWtNG.

after
its

93

ripening

in

the
is

late

autumn.

The whole
both in
of a tree in

appearance of the Birch

winter and summer.
the fullest of
its
;

light

and

graceful,

The drawing given is summer foliage, when the

leaves form

pendant masses
yellow,
twigs,

but perhaps when the leaves turn

and are sparsely scattered on the brown hanging and the fruit catkins are seen amongst them,
the tree's most exquisite period.
several varieties, the differences being
of the bark, of

then

is

The Birch has

mainly in the browner or whiter colour

hanging down, and the course
the ends droop, making

the angle of the leaves, whether held out horizontally or

of the branches,

whether

running upwards as they start from the stem, or whether

it

a " weeping "

infested

tree.

This tree

is

often

much

with the disease

so,

known

as " witches' brooms,"

of

more
it is

in fact,

than
the

any other

our trees, though

common on

Wild Cherry and the Hornbeam.

The Birch

is

the typical light-demanding tree.

its

It

grows upward with great rapidity in

Its bai-k is light in colour, to

early years.

throw

off

the heat of the

sun, or where
it,

it is

dark,

is

thick as a protection against

and

it

casts but little

shadow
tree

in

all

these points

differing strongly

from the Beech and Hornbeam.

this

Considering

that

being

native,
it

and
grows
not

therefore has always been with us,

practically everywhere,
it is

and that
it

curious that

was so long
it
it
is

ignored by our landscape painters, though

surprising that having once been represented
highl}' popular.

became

94

TREES AM) TREE

1)RAW1>J(:!

*><fe>i:

"

*,^

f*

i^

yu

Vi"

'

-<;;

w^
-r^ig^f'

'-J-

'^^t-'^ii

^;^'^^^ %=^-'^.. vf t<-

^"^

-^^-^t.'"

i..^'i^-Cl^"<^^-<^s^.-^^;:-^
BLACK POPLAR.

^-^-f ..^;^.

TKEES AND TREE DRAWING.

95

One more
in lowlands

tree of this

group remains to be mentioned,

the Alder (Alnus ghitinosa), an indigenous tree

as far north as
it

common
likes

Caithness.

It

the

water-side, where
to forty feet.

will

grow to a height
is

of

from thirty

Its

stem

coated with rough, nearly

5)

black bark.

Its leaves (see Fig.

are simple, oval,

cleft

with the broader outer end slightly

ribbed.

and strongly

The

flowers

open

in

February or March, the

male catkins having been formed during the preceding

sunnner.

The

fruits

resemble

little

cones.

The main
of a

branches leave the stem at a wide angle and with crooked

bends and curves, and the sudden ending branch

in a

thick

number

of thin twigs gives the tree a quaint

its foliage,

appearance when stripped of

still

which

is

made
loose

more

striking

bunches of

by the hanging catkins and the little empty cones.

the Mast -bearing
its

Very
group

different to

family

is

that

members the Poplars and Willows, being as a class more lightly foliaged and smaller trees, of shorter life, more rapid growth, and
that

has

for

softer

wood.
five are

Of the Poplars,

connnon

in our

woodlands,
three are

though not

in our woods,

and

of

the

five,

natives of this country.

The Black Poplar {Populus

though the date
is

nigra)

is

not indigenous,

but has been known in the coiuitry for some centuries,

of its introduction is unrecorded. It

the largest of the Poplars, but rarely exceeds one hunin height.

dred feet

It
,

has a deeply descending root

hoiizontal roots that throw
u[)

system, and also shnllow

96
suckers.
Its

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

stem
is

clad with thick bark, furrowed

ot

longitudinally,

and has the power

Its

throwing out

many
all

shoots.
off

branches are long

and tapering,
leaves
(see

which throw

smaller branches and twigs at intervals,

;

having an upward tendency

and

its

Fig. 5) are simple,

wide at the base, and tajoering to a

they are joined to the twigs by

rather elongated tip;

long

leaf stalks, flattened laterally,

which allows them

side to side.

much freedom
The
sex being

of

movement from
different tree.

flowers of the Black Poplar are unisexual, each

upon a
if

In the early spring,

its

before the leaves appear, the male tree opens

catkins, and,
plentiful,

crimson

they

give the tree a striking

off,

appearance, and as they drop

having done their

work, they colour the ground beneath.

In

like

manner,

when the female catkins have developed into fruit and

ripened, in

May
till

or June, they open

all

and

scatter white
is

downy
Being
casting

seeds

the ground beneath the tree

covered as with snow.

of
little

rapid

growth,
it

having rough bark,

and
a

shadow,

has the characteristics of

light-loving tree.

Its general appearance, especially in

sunshine,

is

light

and

sparkling.

The

large

leaves,

waving

in the slightest breeze, reflect each its ray of

light like a

moving

mirror, and, as

may

be seen in the
of contrast,

illustration, it
its

has no dense shadows by

way
the

very darks quivering with reflected

light.

variety

of

the

Black Poplar

is

Lombardy

Poplar {Popidus

fastigiata), its
its

rough-barked stem being

almost hidden by

branches, which grow up parallel

TREES AXD TREE DRAWING

07

'

-ixfwK^'^.

^^..v^?i\J4v>*^^^i^1^^?^^

<g?
LOMBARDV POPLAR.

08
to the
all

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

main stem, having the most

trees.

vertical branching of

deciduous

It

was introduced

into

England

in

1758,

and

it

grows to a height of from one hundred to

fifty feet, preferring

one hundred and

moist situations.
all

As the

trees introduced

were apparently

males,

it

never produces fruit here.

The Aspen {Populus

root system
is

tremula)

is

a native tree.
Its

Its

shallow and spreading.

stem

is

coated
its full-

with smooth bark, which only becomes rough in

grown

state.

It will

grow
soil,

to. a

height of eighty feet,

far north as

preferring moist, light

and be found as
smaller

Orkney.

The

leaves

are
;

and rounder than

stalks,

those of the Elack Poplar

in place of the

they are on long

but

waving

of the latter in a breeze, the

movement
shivering.

is slighter,

giving almost the appearance of

Both the male and female catkins have

less

a reddish appearance, but are smaller, and the female

ones scatter their cottony seeds in

the Black Poplar,
is

profusion than

The

general appearance of the tree

light

and graceful

in winter, while in

summer the
if

twigs seem to be bending under the foliage as

the

masses were too heavy for them.

The White Poplar

smooth and
till it

or Abele

{Populus alba)
in its bark,

differs
is

very much from the foregoing

light in colour,

which

and has horizontal

life.

lenticels,

becomes rough in
in the leaf

later

It also varies

very

much

from the other Poplars, having leaves generally (though not always) lobed, and with white
Its

undersides, that change the light effect of the tree with

every breeze.

male catkins are large and

of

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

99

purple colour, while the female ones show yellow stigmas.

Its fruits

are cottony seeds.

The Abele grows very

branches grow strongly

rapidly, reaching in favourable soil the height of one

hundred upwards
of

feet in forty years.

till

Its

they curve towards their ends.

full of light.

The masses
indigenous,

foUage are broken and

The Grey Poplar [Popuhts

but
is

canescens)

is

believed to be a hybrid of the

Its
its

Aspen and the

Abele.
as

stem

(see Fig. 4) resembles that of the latter,

do

leaves,

though

their

undersides are greyer.

It is

beheved to grow wild only in the south-east of

England.

There are other Poplars occasionally met with,

of

which

may

be mentioned the Black ItaHan Poplar,

of all Poplars,

which has the most rapid growth

and the

Balsam Poplar, which

leaves.

is

slender and has egg-shaped

Of Willows there are many, but for the

differences

artist

the

between them, that are often so

slight as to

puzzle botanists, need not greatly trouble him.

his

For

purpose there are three main kinds, the Willows

that grow upwards, the

Weeping Willows, and the

Like the Poplars, the Willows

broader-leaved WiUows.

are dioecious, having each sex on a different tree.

are light-demanding trees, of rapid gro^\i;h,

They They
fluffy

and they

generally favour the waterside or moist places.

all

have simple leaves, flowers in catkins, and

seeds.

Of the upright Willows the Crack Willow {Salix

fragilis) attains

the greatest

size,

as

it

will

sometimes

100

TREES AND THEE DRAWING.

^V<t

im^;;^

\^

^^&^:/^i;^
,.-..

\>..^

TREES AND TREE DRA^YING.

reach a height of neady ninety
feet.

101
is

It

usualty a

tree of about forty feet, having a

stem coated with

rough

furrowed

bark,

branches
in

ha\dng
yellow

an

upward

tendency,

and

ending

long

shoots.

The

leaves (see Fig. 5) are long

and narrow,

like a lance
is

head, and the flowers open

when the

tree

in leaf,

and are therefore not so conspicuous

Poplar.
It. is,

as they are in the

as its

therefore not

grown

so

name implies, verj^ brittle, and is much for basket-making as some

other kinds, or, in other words, the artist will not so

often find
it

in the pollarded form.

The White Willow

white undersides to
in colour

{Salix

alba)

differs
it

in

having

its

leaves,

causing

to

change

and tone

in the breeze.

Its twigs are

more

olive in colour.

The Weeping Willow

tree
of

{Salix babylonica)

is

a familiar
It

comparatively recent introduction.

much

resembles the foregoing trees, except for the bending of

the branches, and the pendant position of the long final
shoots and the leaves.

The Weeping Willow has often

;

much

heavier look than the others

foliage,
;

it

has apparently

denser

which frequently entirely hides the

in

branches

but some, as in the tree drawn, are divided

more into clumps, between which are hollows,

which

may

be seen the form of

or

its

limbs.
will
is

The Sallow
into a tree of

Goat Willow {Salix caprea)

of

grow

some

thirty feet in height, but

more
differs

often

met

with in the form

a bush.

It

considerably from the other Willows in having oval

leaves
of

roughish

texture, in

flowering

before

the

102

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

^' ir
^<?''i.

^^^-.M

^^
^

r-

'

'

VV-

i^m^hf

-H'lil,
.4

if-:

^^^r^s^fesv.

a
WEEPING WILLOW.

TREES AND TEEE DRAWING.

leaves open,

103

and

in the absence of those long shoots

that are used

by basket makers.
its

The Sallow

is

more

often found in the copse

and even dry hedgerows than

flowers being quite a feature
is

the narrow-leaved kinds,

in

some of our hedges, and it Palm Sunday by people who

is

much

gathered about

call it

palm.

catkin

golden

with
is

pollen-cOvered

anthers
silvery.

The male when

full out,

the female

more slender and

the

The Larch {Larix

bearing
group,

europcea) belongs to the great Coneis

but

only one of that group

is

commonly met with

green.
It is

in this countr}^ that

not ever-

sometimes the embodiment

it is

of grace of the

and

elegance, while at others

an example
Its

rugged

and battered picturesque.

continuous to
it
is

stem

is

straight

and
;

its top,

a true stem like

all

the Conifers

coated with thick dark grey and reddish bark,

is

which
lateral,

deeply fissured.

Its root

system
its

is

mainly

causing the stem to splay at

base and en-

abling the tree to live on rocky ground

of sending

by

its

power

down
It

root branches at
its

some distance from

the tree

itself,

and
is

branches leave the tree at an

obtuse angle.

the tree with the most

downward
are

growing branches

of

any

of

our

trees.

Its leaves

The male flower is yellow and the female purplish. They are placed on the downward -growing final twigs. The fruits are small
cones, which, although growing
straight

" needles " growing in tufts.

on the twigs that hang

down, always point upwards.

The

tree

is

not

a native of England, but was introduced before

1628.

The winters

of this

country are not long or severe

]0J

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

'^^^
7^k
^>^:-:.
i'-i:L^.ii~

:<;a^:~r
,.crJ

LARCH

TEEES AND TREE DRAWING

105
it is

enough to make

its

timber of the best quahty, so

it

not so generally planted here as

might otherwise have

grows on
it

been. It will, however, sometimes pass the height of one

hundred

feet,

and, though a mountain tree,

it

various soils and situations, provided always that

has

plenty of
loving tree

light.

It

has

all

the character of a hght-

thick bark, rapid growth when young, and

little

thin foliage that casts but

shadow.

The general appearance

decorative, with
its

of the

Larch in winter

is

highly

upright stem and

downward tending

branches, which, rising again towards their outer ends,

are

hung with long pendant

;

twigs, studded with tiny

it

cones

but

it is

in the early spring that

becomes the
itself

wonder

of the

woodlands,

when
it

it

covers

with a

miraculous green mist of needles, a green so vivid as to

have nothing that approaches

on the

palette,

but that

can only be suggested by juxtaposition

It is

of other tints.

much

attacked by disease, and often loses branches

less dilapidated, as

and becomes more or

in

may
is

be seen

the

accompanying

drawing,

but

it

always

picturesque, even

when showing many

scars.

The
of.

great Cone-bearing family, with the exception

the Larch, and some foreign trees rarely

all

are

evergreens.

There are

many
;

of

met with, them grown in

this country,

but few natives

indeed, there are but

two

the Scots Pine and the Juniper.

It

The Scots Pine {Pinus sylvestris) grows occasionally to one hundred and fifty feet, but usually does not
quite reach one hundred feet.
will

has a wide area, and

grow at a great

altitude,

but in the extremes

106

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

SCOTS PINE.

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

Its

107

becomes but a dwarf. on the upper portions

stem

is

clothed

mth

reddish bark, which peels off in flakes, more especially

of

the branchless stem.

Its

root system consists of a deep descending

main

root,

that branches laterally, so that

soil.

it

can

live

on sandy

The branches have an upward tendency and grow regularly, but in the trees usually met with the branching has lost
foes
its regularity, for

the Scots Pine has manj^

and but small power of repairing injury or replacing The leaves are " needles," from lost limbs and buds. one to two inches in length, arranged in pairs. The flowers are unisexual, the male being yellow and
quite small
into
three.
;

the female, which are also small, develop

of

pendant cones, generally in clusters

of the tree

two or

The general appearance

strong, a straight

is

rugged and

stem crested with twisted branches

of foliage,

and dark green masses

tint as the light plays

which take a grey

upon them.

When

the tree

is

in flower the yellow pollen

from the male blossoms

ialls

to the

ground in large quantities, collecting

in hollows,

and

noticeable to such

an extent as to bring forth the

letters

which sometimes appear in the papers relating

Conifers

to showers of sulphur.

The other
Larch

growing in England must

be

dealt with briefly.

They resemble the Scots Pine and the

power
of

in their sinall

repairing injury, but

having perhaps fewer enemies, and being planted where

there are fewer adverse circumstances, the specimens
generally seen are

more perfect

in their

growth and

108

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

in their ap])earance,

more formal

and they

are,

perhaps
painter.

for these reasons, less favoured

by the landscape

They

differ

from the foregoing Conifers in the length

of their needles, the size

and grouping
their cones,

and position

of

and the angle

of branching.

The
tufts.

Silver Fir [Abies pectinata) has all its

evergreen

needles solitary, arranged spirally on the twigs, not in

It is a large tree, rarely reaching a
feet,

height of

two hundred
remain
intact

and

in the

open

its

branches will

almost

to

the

ground.

The Spruce

{Picea excelsa) shares with the Silver Fir the arrange-

ment of its needles, but its branches have a more upward tendency. Though its remains are found bjgeologists in the

upper beds

of the tertiary formation,

it it

apj)arently

must have died out

is

in this country, for

was re-introduced, about the fourteenth century.

form when young
of

Its

well

known, owing to the number

It preserves its

young

trees sold for Christmas trees.

pyramidal form for very

many

years in the open.

The

cones of the Spruce are pendant, but those of the Silver

Fir are erect.

The Douglas

Fir (Pseudotsuga douglasii),

its

another great tree, reaching in

height of three hundred
solitary
feet,

American home a
has
its

also

needles

and

spirally
laricio),

arranged, whereas the

Corsican

Pine [Pinus

whose needles are some three or

four inches long, has

them arranged
also

in pairs, as

has

also the Cluster Pine {Pinus pinaster).

The Weymouth
but
in
of the

Pine

{Pinus strobus)
five,

has long needles,

bunches of
in tufts of

and the short needles

Cedars are

many.

These varieties give different textures

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

to the trees.'

109
is,

Of their form the Chister Pine

perhaps,

generally the most irregular, the others being of formal

build, with a straight

stem and more or

less

regular

rings of branches.

The Cedars,
have
[Cedrus
lihani)

of

which three
form.

are

fairly

distinctive
is

The

Cedar
tree,

of

common, Lebanon
wide-

flat-topped
;

with

spreading horizontal branches

the Deodar, or Hima-

layan

Cedar

{Cedrus

deodar a),

has

branches
the
final

with
shoots

downward tendency, and

;

often

pendant
has

branches that have

of
all

and the Atlantic Cedar {Cedrus atlantica) a sharp upward tendenc3\

three are erect and somewhat
flat-

The cones
topped.

The Jumper {Juniperus communis), our second native

Conifer, is
thirt}'

a shrub, occasionally a tree of twenty to

feet in height,
It

and

in

many

places has

many

shapes.

has reddish bark, narrow evergreen leaves,

;

arranged on the branches in whorls of three

male and

female blossoms usually on separate individuals, both

tiny,

and

its fruits

are little purple " berries."

is

Of our British Evergreens none

better

known

or a

greater favourite than the Holly, with its glossy leaves

and
found

coral
all

berries.

The Holly

{Ilex

aquifolium)

is

through these islands.

fifty feet in

It reaches a height of

from forty to
is

favourable positions.
Its

Its

stem

coated with smooth grey bark.

branches have a

slight

upward tendency and

,

its

leaves are glossy, thick,

simple,

and wav}^

On

the lower part of the tree the

hard border of the

leaf develops into spines,

but above

110

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

is'

the reach of cattle, where this protection

not needed,
of

the leaf

is

a simple oval, without spines.

The flowers

the Holly are small and white, but they are often so

numerously clustered round the twigs as to be quite the

feature of the tree.
berries,

The

fruits

are the well-known

generally

scarlet,

though sometimes yellow.

As may be judged from its bark and from the strong shadow it casts, it will endure a good deal of shade, and

may

be painted in a wood,
is

Another well-known evergreen

semper vir ens)
;

the
as

Box
it is

{Buxiis

but

it is

known more

seen in

gardens clipped into hedges and fantastical forms than

as

a small tree.

It

only grows wild in

is

some few

southern counties, and

in

seen at

its

best on

Box

Hill

Surrey.

It

seldom reaches more than twelve to

Its

eighteen feet in height.

yellowish bark.

stem

is

covered with thin

The branches have an upward tendency, but at various angles. It is thickly branched, and the final twigs are often pendant. The leaves are small, oval, and leathery, and the flower and fruit small and
inconspicuous.

A
the

word may be said here common climber, though

Its

of the
its

Ivy {Hedera

helix),

many forms cannot

is

be

enumerated.

stem, which will grow

to the great

thickness of over ten inches in diameter,

coated with

a bark that seems to possess in some degree the power

of

assuming the appearance

of that of the tree it climbs

upon.

When
it

slender,
it

the stem throws out rows of

rootlets,

by which

fixes itself to its support,

clings.

but as

it

gets stouter

no longer

Its leaves are

deeply

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

lobed where
above, on
oval.
it

Ill
tree,

is

growing against wall or

but

its free

branches, they are of a simply pointed

Its flowers,

which are
Its
fruits
is

balls of

green blossoms,

open in October.
curious urn shape.

are

black berries of a

It

a very conspicuous object on

a naked tree in winter,

its

masses

of

dark glossy f ohage

telhng strongty against the sky

yards,

The Yew (Taxus and owing

is

baccata)

is

associated with churchits

to the poisonous character of

fields

leaves

seldom allowed to grow in

It is

where

cattle
is

may

be.

found

fairly plentifully in

woods, and

much
from
is

growii in gardens for hedges

is

and ornament.

Its

stem, which
its

often

much

increased in size

by shoots
it,

base which have in course of time fused with

covered with thin reddish flaking bark.

starting

Its branches,

though

from

the

trunk

with
its

an

upward

tendency, grow at
fir

many

angles,

and

leaves are Uke

needles broadened and flattened.

The male and

;

female flowers are upon different individuals

the males,

thoughinconspicuous
able

little

globes, are sometimes notice-

because of their number,

and when

ripe

they

burst and scatter their pollen in great quantity, making

the ground beneath golden.

The female

tree has

still

smaller flowers, but in October

may

be studded
of

all

over

with

its

dainty

jewel -like

berries

pink or

orange.

The drawing used

for a frontispiece represents the

Yew

in Selborne Churchyard, of
It

which Gilbert White

is

wrote some 150 years ago.

a male
old,

tree,
is

and
still

though

reckoned

to

be

1,300

years

112
full

TREES AND TREE DRAWING.

of

vitality

and flowers

plentifully.

It

measures

25 feet 9 inches ground.

round the stem at three

feet

from the

The

Irish

Yew, a native

of Ireland

but

much

planted

in England, resembles the

Common Yew

except in the

upward growth
perpendicular.

of the branches,

which are practically

By Appointment

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in one, cloth,

7/6

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