I.

Mobile orginated call

Mobile originated means the person placing the call (in other words, dialing the phone number) is using a mobile phone. Mobile terminated Mobile terminated means the person you are calling is using a mobile phone. 1st Generation Cellular Systems First-generation cellular systems have been around for a few decades now, and we expect them to remain in place for some time because of the significant infrastructure investments made by operators. All of these systems support circuit data services and may be utilized for various forms of mobile VPN, albeit not without difficulties. This section provides a high-level overview of the air interfaces utilized by most widely deployed 1G systems. AMPS All 1G cellular systems rely on analog frequency modulation for speech and data transmission and in-band signaling to move control information between terminals and the rest of the network during the call. Advanced Mobile Phone System is a good example of first-generation analog technology mostly used in the United States. AMPS is based on FM radio transmission using the FDMA principle where every user is assigned their own frequency to separate user channels within the assigned spectrum (see Figure 3.2). FDMA is based on narrowband channels, each capable of supporting one phone circuit that is assigned to a particular user for the duration of the call. Frequency assignment is controlled by the system, and transmission is usually continuous in both uplink and downlink directions. The spectrum in such systems is allocated to the user for the duration of the call, whether it is being used to send voice, data, or nothing at all.

As with other 1G technologies, in AMPS a circuitrepresented by a portion of spectrumis allocated to the user and must remain available for this user, similar to the telephone copper pair used for voice communications. Similar to the analog wireline connection, a modem is also used for data access (see Chapter 4 for more on this). Error correction protocols used by wireless modems tend to be more robust than their landline counterparts, because of the necessity of

dealing with a more challenging physical environment with inherently higher interference and signal-to-noise ratios than copper or fiber. The peak data rate for an AMPS modem call under good conditions is usually up to 14.4 Kbps, and as low as 4.8 Kbps under poor conditions. It can take anywhere up 20 seconds or more to establish an AMPS data connection.

2nd Generation Cellular Systems Second-generation (2G) digital cellular systems constitute the majority of cellular communication infrastructures deployed today. 2G systems such as GSM, whose rollout started in 1987, signaled a major shift in the way mobile communications is used worldwide. In part they helped fuel the transition of a mobile phone from luxury to necessity and helped to drive subscriber costs down by more efficient utilization of air interface and volume deployment of infrastructure components and handsets. Major geographical regions adopted different 2G systems, namely TDMA and CDMA in North America, GSM in Europe, and Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) in Japan. Figure 3.3 depicts the worldwide subscriber numbers for major 2G cellular systems. It effectively shows how the GSM system has been successful and why it is now being adopted in geographical areas other than Europe (such as North America, China, the Asia-Pacific region, and more recently, South America). CDMA, which originated in North America, has also proliferated in South America and later in the Asia-Pacific region. TDMA remains to be widely deployed in North and South America regions, but it is expected to decline mostly because of the decisions taken by few major North American carriers to convert their TDMA networks to GSM.

FACULTY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

IAS 3373 TELECOMMUNICATIONS

ASSIGNMENT (2)

PREPARED FOR : AZLINDA BINTI ABDUL AZIZ

PREPARED BY : YUSUF OLAKUNLE YAKUBU 4101022971 BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SC (cs) (HONS)

DATE OF SUBMISSON :