Test One

Part 1
For questions 1-15, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0). Example:

0 R E M I N D E D

Buyers think twice about riverside houses

reminded The recent floods have (0) ............................. those living on the banks of beautiful rivers (1) ............................. the saying that houses and rivers are not always the (2) ............................. agreeable of companions. Many householders (3) ............................. this point in time will be wondering if their house is no longer saleable, while others, who have already had more than (4) ............................. of the trials and tribulations of ownership under these conditions and want to move away (5) ............................. soon as possible, are pinning their (6) ............................. on prospective buyers having short memories. But it goes without (7) ............................. that people attempting to sell this type of property in the next few months cannot help being afraid that it may be left on their hands.

The floods have understandably made prospective buyers much more aware (8) ............................. the risks. From a house agents point of (9) ............................. , the most optimistic attitude is to believe that they will regard the floods (10) ............................. a one-off occurrence, unlikely to recur in the near (11) ............................. , and provided no serious damage has been done, there is no reason (12) ............................. the house should not be put on the market. Nevertheless, (13) ............................. serious flooding does not often occur in England, only two years have passed (14) ............................. the previous floods, and as far more property has been affected (15) ............................. this occasion, people are bound to be nervous.

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Test One
Part 2
For questions 16-25, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Example:

I N S T R U C T O R

A Roman Liner
instructor One day last summer, a swimming (0) .......................... hunting for octopus in a bay off the coast of Sicily after a storm made a remarkable (16) .......................... . When he dived to the sea bed, he found a whole host of valuable items that had been lying buried in the sand for two thousand years. The local archaeology department told him that he had made one of the most (17) .......................... finds for years. The works of art that have since been revealed all came from a Roman cruise ship that sank in a storm and is now lying only a few metres from the shore at a (18) .......................... of no more than four metres.

INSTRUCT DISCOVER

SIGN

DEEP SECRET TOUR NEAR

Ever since then, archaeologists have been working in the utmost (19) .......................... to rescue the treasures, fearing that if their work became known to (20) .......................... at a (21) .......................... holiday camp, the site could be damaged. Roman aristocrats were fond of going for pleasure cruises in large ships that they constructed to impress their friends. They usually did so in calm weather but this early liner was (22) .......................... caught in a sudden storm and driven into the bay, which has a sinister reputation because of the (23) .......................... sands lying out of (24) .......................... under the water. Yet the sands that wrecked the vessel have also been the means of its preservation, and as the leader of the excavating team remarked, it is poetic (25) .......................... that a storm destroyed the ship and another storm has exposed it.

APPEAR SHIFT SEE JUST

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Test One
Part 3
For questions 26-37, read the two texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

Data you cant rub out

We all have secrets, but once we have filed them away with a (26) ....... saying Private stuck on the folder, we may imagine that is the end of the (27) ....... . Now that most of us working in offices have computers and are in the habit of committing our thoughts to the machine, we may imagine that pressing the delete key will be enough to destroy the (28) ....... . The fact is, however, that hitting delete does not actually destroy data; it merely removes the (29) ....... to it. If the data is ever recovered, this may have serious (30) ....... for an employee. An American judge argues that it is the intention that counts, and what you have deleted should not be held against you. But for the time (31) ......., you would be wise not to type your personal opinion of your boss into your computer!

26 27 28 29 30 31

A A A A A A

bill subject disclosure reference products now

B B B B B B

ticket matter identity direction effects meanwhile

C C C C C C

label topic evidence relation consequences being

D D D D D D

title argument indication source results present

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Test One

Take care of your Hedgehogs

Hedgehogs are those friendly little creatures mostly covered in sharp spines that (32) ....... up into a ball when they are threatened, which is enough to (33) ....... all but the most persistent predators. They are mainly nocturnal animals and sleep for most of the winter under (34) ....... of leaves or underneath logs so you may not notice them very often in your garden, but if you are lucky enough to have a family in residence, they are a very efficient, economical (35) ....... to pesticides. Hedgehogs eat a wide variety of pests and keep them under control. Unfortunately, they are often killed by (36) ....... when people thoughtlessly plunge a fork into leaves. If you want them to help you to keep your garden free from pests, leave an area of long grass unmown where they can live (37) ....... .

32 33 34 35 36 37

A A A A A A

roll entangle bunches substitute hazard unmolested

B B B B B B

fold deter piles exchange accident unspoilt

C C C C C C

gather intercept knots replacement luck uninhibited

D D D D D D

turn prevent stocks alternative fate inconvenienced

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Test One
Part 4
You are going to read an article. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (38-44). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

Of Myth and Mounted Policemen

The Canadian province of Saskatchewan is more than two and a half times the size of the United Kingdom and is home to just over a million people. It is off the holiday tracks usually favoured by Europeans but it possesses the most glamorous police force in the world, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. It was in Saskatchewan that the Mounties laid the foundation of their history and powerful myth. 38 All this springs from the defining event in Mountie history, the expedition known as the March West. You can follow the track of it today. Highway 13 across the southern prairie is called the Red Coat Trail and follows, more or less, the path of the expedition. 39 As it happened, the expedition ran into trouble and nearly ended in disaster. Nevertheless, it achieved its purpose of bringing law and order to the frontier. And it established the legend of the Mounties as fearless peacekeepers. They emerged as the heroes in scarlet. 40 44 Jauntiness was soon eroded by heat, mosquitoes and a lack of water. The handsome horses, raised in the east of Canada, could not eat the prairie grass. The men walked to spare them, and they themselves were parched and hungry. When he camped near Roche Percee, 275 miles (440 km) from his starting point, Colonel George French, the force commander, saw his March West in danger of becoming a humiliating retreat. The image of the Mounties suffered during the Depression-era troubles, in bitter clashes with strikers and the unemployed. Yet the legends live and the scarlet coat remains a powerful image. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police long ago ceased to be a force mounted on horseback, but when it was suggested that the Mounted should be dropped from the name, Canadians would not hear of it. 41 He sent part of it 900 miles (1,500 km) north to Fort Edmonton. This in itself was a three-month epic. The rest of the men marched on. It was a wretched journey. The men fell ill and their uniforms grew tattered. As the weather grew colder each man was told to give up a blanket to cover a sick horse and walk to save the animals strength. 42 The Mounties were soon busy policing the westward advance of the transcontinental railroad. They had rugged views of justice and lived up to their motto: Maintiens le Droit (Uphold the Right). A man who made a point of law to his Mounted Police judge and prosecutor was told: We want justice in this country, not law. 43 In the popular imagination, a lone Mountie performs prodigious feats. In one story, a large force of American soldiers hands a group of 200 Indian warriors over to a few mounties. But there are only four of you, says the astonished American officer. Thats so, comes the reply, but were Mounties.

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Test One

Hollywood added to the legends. Mountie films became a genre. The first was made in 1909 and the most famous was Rose Marie. Tom Mix, Gary Cooper and Alan Ladd were among many stars who donned the scarlet tunic. Nowadays, television takes up the story with the series Due South, though this is a good deal less respectful than the movies. But at last the Mounties reached their goal, ran up the Union flag, and declared the arrival of law and order. They built Fort Walsh (today reconstructed as a museum), the first of many outposts constructed throughout the Canadian wilderness. The city of Calgary, for example, began as a Mounted Police fort in 1875. The immediate aim of the March West was to stop American whisky traders ruining Canadian Indian tribes with liquor. The larger purpose was to establish the authority of the infant Canadian government in the vast wilderness of the north-west. Although the danger of American expansion across the border had by then receded, Canadians nevertheless felt they would not be taken seriously if they failed to assert their presence and sovereignty there. Right from the start the Mounted Police wore scarlet jackets. Some thought at the time that the red tunics were inappropriate dress for the prairies, but they made the Mounties distinctively different from the American frontier forces. Officers were sworn in as

justices of the peace so that the Mounties were complete and self-contained, the law on horseback. E No police force in the world enjoys such iconic status. The Mountie is part of Canadas public face, up there with the Rockies and the Maple Leaf. And in the popular idea of the Mounties foursquare, moral, conciliatory many Canadians fancy that they see a reflection of their own identity. The image of the Mountie in his familiar red coat is on posters, postcards, key rings, whisky, beer, jam, toothpaste and toys. French knew that if he did not change his plans, many of his men would not survive. He still had a long way to go. So he divided his force. Living up to these precepts, they managed the Yukon gold rush with a firm hand, determined that there would be none of the saloons of the American frontier. In the Arctic, they learned from the Eskimos, whom they admired, how to travel, hunt and survive. And so their legend grew. In July 1874, 275 officers and men set out from Fort Dufferin, south of Winnipeg to march 800 miles (1,300 km) to the whisky traders settlement. With over 100 wagons and ox carts and hundreds of horses and cattle, their jaunty stride was accompanied from the fort by the music of Auld Lang Syne.

H D

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Test One
Part 5
You are going to read an article about people who discover and develop perfumes. For questions 45-50, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

The Perfume Hunters

Tired, scratched and soaked with sweat, the hunters begin to think about turning back. Theyve slogged up and down the steep paths of this Madagascan forest since dawn. Time is running out. Dusk is falling and they still havent caught sight of their quarry. Suddenly they stop. One of the men lifts his head and sniffs. He scans the undergrowth in the deepening gloom, and suddenly he spots what theyve been looking for. There, hidden beneath some leaves at nose height is a tiny spike of flowers, the whole bunch no bigger than a thumbnail. Within minutes, the hunters have set their trap. All they have to do now is wait. Next morning, there in the trap is a rare catch, a new sort of smell. For the men in the Madagascan forest are perfume hunters. And instead of rifles they are armed with nothing more sinister than a few glass jars, a couple of pumps and some silicone tubing as they search for new and exciting fragrances to make our lives smell sweeter. Perfumers have to keep abreast of changing fashions. These days they have several thousand ingredients to choose from when creating new scents, but there is always demand for new combinations. The bigger the palette of smells, the better the perfumers chance of creating something fresh and appealing. Even with everyday products such as shampoo and soap, kitchen cleaners and washing powders, consumers are becoming increasingly fussy. And many of todays fragrances have to survive tougher treatment than ever before, resisting the destructive power of bleach or a hightemperature wash cycle. Chemists can create new smells from synthetic molecules, and a growing number of the odours on the perfumers palette are artificial. But nature has been in the business far longer. Last October, Quest International, a company that develops fragrances for everything from the most delicate perfumes to cleaning products, sent an expedition to Madagascar in pursuit of some of natures most novel fragrances. With some simple technology and a fair amount of ingenuity, they bagged 20 promising new aromas. The technology allows the team to gather fragrances as they waft from a flower or leaf, capturing the mixture of volatile molecules that make up the smell while leaving the plant itself undisturbed. But capturing the smell is just the start of a long process. Back at the laboratory, the chemists must identify the component chemicals and then try to recreate the original odour from materials closer to hand. First, though, you must catch some likely new odours. Each day the team trailed up and down paths and animal tracks, exploring the thick vegetation up to 10 metres either side of the trail.

With most flowers or fruits, the hunters used a technique originally designed to trap and identify air pollutants. The technique itself is relatively simple. A glass bell jar or flask is fitted over the flower. The fragrance molecules are trapped in this headspace and can be extracted by pumping the air out over a series of filters which absorb different types of volatile molecules. Back home in the laboratory, the molecules are flushed out of the filters and injected into a gas chromatograph for analysis. If it is impossible to attach the headspace gear, hunters fix an absorbent probe close to the source of the smell. The probe looks something like a hypodermic syringe, except that the needle is made of silicone rubber which soaks up molecules from the air. After a few hours, the hunters retract the rubber needle and seal the tube, keeping the odour molecules inside until they can be injected into the gas chromatograph in the laboratory. The moist mountain forest is a far cry from the perfume houses of Paris or Manhattan, but the sweat and insect bites paid dividends. Those tiny Dichapetalum flowers discovered in the dusk had a peachy, coconutty smell. Higher up the mountain, the hunters found an even fruitier fragrance. It came from a green golf-ball-sized fruit, very popular with the local lemurs. The fruits were from a large Chrysophyllum tree. And the smell? It was like some supercharged pear. Analysts showed that the fragrance contains many of the same ingredients as a pear, but with a lot of extras. Some of the most promising fragrances were those given off by resins that oozed from the bark of trees. Resins are the source of many traditional perfumes, including frankincense and myrrh. The most exciting resin came from a Calophyllum tree, which produces a strongly scented medicinal oil. The sap of this Calophyllum smelt rich and aromatic, a little like church incense. But it also smelt of something the fragrance industry has learnt to live without, castoreum, a substance extracted from the musk glands of beavers and once a key ingredient in many perfumes. The company does not use animal products any longer, but it was wonderful to find a tree with an animal smell. Before the odour-seekers left the forest, there was one other fragrance they were determined to capture. Montagne DAmbre is famous for its waterfalls. The Grande Cascade drops some 80 metres from a green lake past lushly vegetated cliffs. Like everything else in the forest, the falls have a distinctive smell. To a group of fragrance hunters, this was a new challenge. Could they capture the essence of a waterfall? Using the same technique, the team were able to identify some of the odorous ingredients. There were familiar materials, mainly from trees and plants upstream, with resins, leaves, bark and moss from the plants growing around the falls.

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Test One

45

The perfume hunters were equipped to catch A B C D animals. plants. flowers. scents.

46

What was the object of the hunters search? A B C D A new combination of scents found in a flower. Increasing the range of scents perfumers can choose from. A flower with a scent strong enough to withstand modern chemicals. A natural product to substitute for artificial odours they had created.

47

How do the hunters obtain what they are looking for? A B C D By identifying the plant producing the odour and sending it for analysis. By picking plants on either side of the path or using pins to release their odour. By trapping the plants in a glass jar or pricking them with a rubber needle. By conveying the scent to a receptive surface or using a tool that sucks it in.

48

The bunch of flowers referred to at the beginning A B C D had a scent that smelt like a fruit and a nut. had a stronger smell of fruit than any other. was about the size of a golf ball. smelt rather like a pear.

49

The hunters were particularly interested in the Calophyllum tree because it A B C D smelt like the presents two of the Three Kings gave the baby Jesus. could be employed to prepare incense for use in church. had a smell like an ingredient no longer available to them. could replace a substance at present taken from animals.

50

What gave the waterfall its distinctive smell? A B C D The lake above it. The vegetation on the cliffs beside it. Material from the lake combined with the surrounding vegetation. Plants floating in the water.

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