Manifolds and Maps

Notes for GR-I - CCD

Topological Spaces
Consider a set M , and T , a family of subsets of M . We will normally think of the elements of M as points. The pair (M, T ) is a topological space if the following are true: Both the empty set, , and M are members of T . The union of any selection of elements of T is also an element of T . The intersection of any nite number of elements of T is also an element of T . The family T denes a topology on M , and the elements of T are termed the open sets of M. Suppose we label elements of T by an index , with A, with A being the set of all these indices, and write these elements as U . Then if N is some subset of M , the family T = {U N }A (1)

forms a topology on N , and is termed the induced topology on N . A neighbourhood of an element p of M is a set U (p) containing an open set of which p is an element. A topological space M is said to be connected if it is not possible to write M = A B where A and B are elements of T having A B = . Thus if M cannot be written as the union of two elements of T which do not themselves have a non-empty intersection, then M is connected. If a topological space M is connected and any two distinct points of M can have non-intersecting neighbourhoods, then M is Hausdor. This is is sometimes described by saying that any two distinct points of M can be separated by neighbourhoods. A family {U }A of (open) subsets of M forms a (open) covering of M if M can be written as the union of the elements of {U }, that is: M=
A

(2)

c Charles C. Dyer

A covering R is a nite covering if {U } contains a nite number of elements. It is a locally nite covering of M if any point p M has a neighbourhood which intersects at most a nite number of elements of R. A topological space M is compact if it is Hausdor and any open covering R contains a nite covering R of M . It is paracompact if for any open covering R there is a locally nite covering R for which every element of R is an element of R.

Maps of Sets
Let U and U be two sets, and suppose there is a map from U to U which assigns to each point p U a unique point p U , the image of p. If we call this map f , we will use the notation: f : U U (3) and to show the mapping of the point p U to its image p U under the map f , we will write: p p = f (p) (4) The set f (U ) := {f (p) : p U } is the image in U of U . The nature of the map f : U U can be classied as: If the map f is such that for every p f (U ) there is at most one p U that maps to p , the map f is said to be injective or one-to-one. Note that there can be elements of U which are not the image under of f of any element of U . If f (U ) = U the map f is said to be surjective (it maps U onto U ). Thus for every element of U , there is at least one element of U which is mapped under f to that element of U . If the map f is both injective and surjective, it is bijective, that is, one-to-one and onto.