Annotated List of Works Cited

Primary Sources
Documents Group Health Etc. v. King Co. Med. Soc. 39 Wn.2d 586. Supreme Court of Washington. 1951. Leagle. Leagle, Inc., 2013. Web. 10 Nov. 2013. Officially documented by Washington state Supreme Court Justice Frederick G. Hamley, the legal conflict between Group Health Cooperative and the King County Medical Society opened our eyes to the challenges which Group Health faced in its early years. This court case details the positions of various organizations in the court case and lists the various offenses with which Group Health charged KCMS. In addition, it delineates the various reasons why KCMSs deeming of Group Health as unethical violated the ban on monopolies in the Washington state Constitution. We uploaded this document for viewing on the Documents page of our website. Interviews Davis, Aubrey. Oral History of Aubrey Davis, 38-year member of Group Health Cooperatives Board of Trustees. HistoryLink.org. By Karen Lynn Maher. HistoryLink.org, 14 Dec. 2002. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. The late Aubrey Davis, Jr. was a founding member of Group Health, held a seat on the Board of Trustees for nearly 38 consecutive years, served 8 terms as Cooperative chair, and served 3 years as President/CEO. This interview conducted by Karen Lynn Maher of HistoryLink provided a chronological summary of Mr. Daviss perspective of Group Health throughout his years of involvement. In particular, we focused on his explanations of the benefits and advantages of Group Health, along with its poor relationship with conventional doctors during its founding. We uploaded the transcript of this interview for viewing on the Interviews page of our website. Print Davis, Aubrey, Jr. Foreword. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. 5. Print.

Walt Crowley accompanied his visually-rich Group Health Timelinewith this foreword by the late Aubrey Davis, Jr., who, as a founding member of Group Health, held a seat on the Board of Trustees for nearly 38 consecutive years, served 8 terms as Cooperative chair, and served 3 years as President/CEO. It briefly summarizes the goals and ideals of Group Health, especially quality medical care and physician and patient cooperation, along with the cooperatives endeavors to constantly innovate and evolve with the healthcare industry. Shadid, Michael A. Crusading Doctor: My Fight for Cooperative Medicine. Boston: Meador Publishing Company, 1956. Print. Dr. Michael A. Shadids later autobiography, Crusading Doctor, laid out the course of his life from the Middle East to Elk City, Oklahoma. However, the most important thing Dr. Shadid wrote in this book was the analysis of all the problems inherent in conventional medicine, including high fees, inadequacy of individual practice, lack of prevention, unnecessary procedures, etc. and how cooperative healthcare remedies these issues through physician cooperation and prepaid healthcare. As a result, chapter IX of this book, Medical Chaos and Ideas on Reform, aided us the most out of the entire work. ---. A Doctor for the People. 2nd ed. New York: The Vanguard Press, 1939. Print. As the autobiography which inspired the formation and foundation of Group Health Cooperative, A Doctor for the People serves as a nuanced discussion of Dr. Michael A. Shadids view of conventional medical practices during his time. Not only does he specify the motives of physicians, but he provides countless examples of incompetent doctors and unnecessary surgeries which he observed before his attempt at opening the first cooperative hospital in the United States in Elk City, Oklahoma. Specifically, we drew from chapters XV, XIX, and XXII, which detailed the elements behind successful prepaid, cooperative healthcare, along with the faults of the American Medical Association in providing proper healthcare to patients across the United States. Visuals [Addison Shoudy.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of Addison Shoudy, one of the first founding members of Group Health. We used this image on the A Doctor for the People page of our website.

[AMA propaganda condemning President Harry Trumans call for universal health care.] Photocopy. Envisioning the American Dream. N.p., 2013. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. This is a photocopy of AMAs propaganda protesting the introduction of National Health Insurance, which encourages American citizens to take their healthcare into their own hands. These advertisements were published in major magazines, claiming that socialized medicine would lead to low-quality care, higher taxes, and other negative effects. We used this image on the Conventional Doctors page of our website. [Annual Membership Meeting in the Olympic Hotel's Spanish Ballroom in the late 1950s.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 36. Print. This is a photograph of a Group Healths Annual Membership Meeting in the late 1950s. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health membership meetings on the Membership Meetings page of our website. [Application of Crystalline Sulfanilamide in an open wound on the forearm.] Photograph. FM 21-11, First Aid for Soldiers. WW2 US Medical Research Centre. WW2 US Medical Research Centre, 2014. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. This is a photograph of the application of Sulfanilamide, a new compound innovated in World War II which aided in dressing wounds. We used this image on the Post-World War II page of our website. [Bill Jordan took member card #1 in 1946.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of Bill Jordan, the first member of Group Health. We used this image on the Membership Meetings page of our website. [Combat medics tend to the wounded at the Battle of the Bulge.] Photograph. SaltofAmerica.com. N.p., 2013. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. 3

This is a photograph of medics at the Battle of the Bulge tending to a fallen soldier. We used this image on the Post-World War II page of our website. [Cooperative chair Hilde Birnbaum (center) joined City Councilmember David Levine (left) and County Commissioner Dean McLean (right) to break ground for the Northgate Clinic in March 1957.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of the Hilde Birnbaum, a Group Health chair, breaking ground with a city councilmember and a county commissioner for Group Healths Northgate Clinic. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health facilities on the A Bright Future page of our website. [Cover of Shadid's biography and program for cooperative care.] Photocopy. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 10. Print. This is a photocopy of the cover of Dr. Shadids A Doctor for the People, the book which inspired the founding of Group Health. We used this image on the A Doctor for the People page of our website. [Decades of planning culminated in the opening of the Eastside Hospital and Specialty Center in 1977.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of the former Eastside Hospital and Specialty Center from a birdseye view. We used this image in our title banner. [Dick Powell (left), Tom Bevan (center), and Addison Shoudy (right) planning Group Health Cooperative's sales.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: 4

Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of Dick Powell, Tom Bevan, and Addison Shoudy, members of existing cooperatives, unions, and granges and three of the first founders of Group Health, planning the cooperatives sales. We used this image on the Group Health Cooperative page of our website. [Dr. Alfred Magar (front right) stands with Group Health Cooperative director Dr. John Kahl and the medical staff in 1957.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of Dr. Alfred Magar, Dr. John Kahl, and the medical staff. We used this image in our title banner. [Dr. Charlotte Bansmer (far right) checks a member of the Hemmen family, a virtual cooperative in itself, in the early 1950s.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of Dr. Charlotte Bansmer and the massive Hemmen family, which benefited from Group Healths family membership plan, during the early years of Group Health. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health doctors and patients on the Home page of our website. [Dr. Daniel Arst (right), pictured with a with a patient, served as chief of staff from 1962 to 1964.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print.

This is a photograph of Dr. Daniel Arst, Group Health chief of staff from 1962 to 1964, conversing with a patient. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health doctors and patients on the Home page of our website. [Dr. Harry Kraft, DDS, examines one of the Dental Co-op's first patients.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of Dr. Harry Kraft, DDS examining an early dental patient at Group Healths original Dental Cooperative. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health doctors and patients on the Home page of our website. [Dr. MacColl examines a patient.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 35. Print. This is a photograph of Dr. William Sandy MacColl examining a patient. Dr. MacColl was a doctor at the Medical Security Clinic who, along with Jack Cluck, proposed the marriage of the clinic and Group Health. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health doctors and patients on the Home page of our website. [Dr. Michael A. Shadid.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of Dr. Michael A. Shadid, the founder of the first cooperative hospital in the United States and a key player in the founding of Group Health and the defeat of unethical conventional medical practices. We used this image on the A Doctor for the People page of our website. [Dr. William "Sandy" MacColl.] Photoraph. Cooperative Hall of Fame, n.p. Group Health Cooperative Part 1: Planting the Seeds, 1911-1945. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. HistoryLink.org. HistoryLink.org, 13 Nov. 2005. Web. 11 Nov. 2013.

This is a photograph of Dr. William Sandy MacColl, a doctor at the Medical Security Clinic who, along with Jack Cluck, proposed the marriage of the clinic and Group Health. We used this image on the Medical Security Clinic page of our website. [An early flyer touts Group Health's facilities and services after the Medical Security Clinic merger.] Photocopy. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 23. Print. This is a photocopy of an early Group Health flyer, released soon after the purchase of the Medical Security Clinic. We used this image on the A Hopeful Sign page of our website. [Early Group Health leaders confer in 1945.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 12. Print. This is a photograph of early Group Health leaders gathering to discuss the formation of a medical cooperative in Puget Sound. We used this image on the Group Health Cooperative page of our website. [An early Group Health membership card.] Photocopy. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photocopy of an early Group Health membership card. We used this image on the Membership Meetings page of our website. [Early members were seated according to community at the 1950 Annual Membership Meeting.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 16-17. Print.

This is a photograph of a Group Healths Annual Membership Meeting in 1950, when members were seated according to their area of residence. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health membership meetings on the Membership Meetings page of our website. [The first chief of staff Dr. John McNeel (front row, center) poses with his medical staff in 1946.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of Dr. John O. McNeel, Group Healths first chief of staff, with his medical staff. These doctors and the cooperative suffered under the exclusion and propaganda of the King County Medical Society. We used this image on the GHC v. KCMS page of our website. [Gertrude Dawson joined Group Health's staff as its first African-American nurse in 1956, and later helped to design and direct the Family Health Center.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of Gertrude Dawson, the first black nurse at Group Health, which experienced multiple racial controversies during employee recruitment. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health medical innovations on the A Bright Future page of our website. [Group Health Annual Membership Meeting, ca. 1970.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 40. Print. This is a photograph of a Group Healths Annual Membership Meeting in 1970. A banner hangs in the meeting which reads the cardinal principle of Group Health Cooperative is member participation. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health membership meetings on the Membership Meetings page of our website.

[Group health Bellevue Medical Center.] Photograph. Archinnovations. Cadtopia, 2011. Web. 9 Feb. 2014. This is a photograph of Group Healths new medical center in Bellevue. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health facilities on the A Bright Future page of our website. [Group Health corporate counsel Jack Cluck (seated center) and Cooperative officials discuss strategy, ca. 1950.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 23. Print. This is a photograph of Jack Cluck, Group Health lawyer, engaged in conversation with other Group Health officials regarding strategy around the time of the court case against King County Medical Society. We used this on the GHC v. KCMS page of our website. [Group Health expanded in the 1990s with construction of a specialty center in Tacoma.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 73. Print. This is a photograph of the Group Healths specialty center in Tacoma. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health facilities on the A Bright Future page of our website. [A Group Health flyer advertises its family health plans at the new Renton Clinic.] Photocopy. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photocopy of an early Group Health flyer, released soon after the opening of the Renton satellite clinic. We used this image on the A Hopeful Sign page of our website.

[Group Health leaders break ground for a new multispecialty medical center in Bellevue.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 84. Print. This is a photograph of the Group Health leaders breaking ground for the latest multispecialty medical center in Bellevue. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health facilities on the A Bright Future page of our website. [A Group Health member expresses her views on abortion while waiting to enter the Tacoma Dome for the 1985 annual meeting.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of a Group Health member raising a pro-abortion sign which reads My Body, My Life, My Choice before Group Healths Annual Membership Meeting in 1985 at the Tacoma Dome. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health medical innovations on the A Bright Future page of our website. [Group Health opened its Eastside Hospital and Specialty Center in Redmond in 1977.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 51. Print. This is a photograph of Group Healths Eastside Hospital and Specialty Center in Redmond, which was later removed with the establishment of new facilities in the area. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health facilities on the A Bright Future page of our website. [Group Health staff and supporters at ground breaking for expansion of St. Luke's Hospital, 1950.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological

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Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 26. Print. This is a photograph of Group Health staff and other supporters at the groundbreaking for the expansion of St. Lukes soon after Group Healths purchase of the Medical Security Clinic. We used this image on the A Hopeful Sign page of our website. [Group Health's Capitol Hill facilities expanded from the tiny St. Luke's (foreground) into a major hospital-clinic complex.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of the Group Healths Capitol Hill facilities after significant expansion from the original St. Lukes Hospital. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health facilities on the A Bright Future page of our website. [Group Health's caution with the first batches of Salk polio vaccine may have spared many children accidental infection in the mid-1950s.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 34. Print. This is a photograph of two nurses administering the polio vaccine to children soon after its introduction to the healthcare industry. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health medical innovations on the A Bright Future page of our website. [Group Health's first nursing staff poses in the lobby of St. Luke's Hospital in 1947.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 24. Print. This is a photograph of St. Lukes Hospitals nursing staff near the time of Group Healths purchase of the Medical Security Clinic. We used this image on the A Hopeful Sign page of our website.

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[Jack Cluck.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of Jack Cluck, Group Healths first lawyer. He played a crucial role in the purchase of the Medical Security Clinic and the court case against King County Medical Society. We used this image on the Medical Security Clinic page of our website. [Kate Berens and baby Lily return to visit Group Health Family Beginnings and Chief of Maternity Services Dr. Jane Ann Diimer in Seattle in spring 2004.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 48. Print. This is a photograph of a Dr. Jane Ann Diimer, Group Health Family Beginnings and Chief of Maternity Services, with a baby patient and her mother. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health doctors and patients on the Home page of our website. [Ken Cameron {front row, center}, here pictured in 1980, chaired the Cooperative as it negotiated its alliance with Virginia Mason Medical Center in 1993.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of a Ken Cameron, a negotiator of Group Healths alliance with Virginia Mason, during a Group Health meeting. We used this image in our title banner. [Mass pilot production of penicillin.] Photograph. Life Sciences Foundation. Life Sciences Foundation, 2014. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. This is a photograph of pilot production of the revolutionary antibiotic penicillin around the World War II era. We used this image on the Post-World War II page of our website.

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[Medical Security Clinic physicians Dr. John McNeel (left) and Dr. George Beeler (right).] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 22. Print. This is a photograph of Dr. John O. McNeel, a former Medical Security Clinic physician and Group Healths first chief of staff, with Dr. George W. Beeler, a former Medical Security Clinic physician and Group Healths first executive director. We used this image on the Medical Security Clinic page of our website. [Members affirm reproductive rights at the 1986 Annual Membership Meeting.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of a Group Healths Annual Membership Meeting in 1986, where members voted in favor of reproductive rights, especially concerning abortion. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health membership meetings on the Membership Meetings page of our website. [Midwife Chris Convery examines Bobbie Garner at the Olympia Medical Center.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of a Group Health midwife examining a pregnant patient at the Olympia Medical Center. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health doctors and patients on the Home page of our website. [Most of Medical Security Clinic's nursing and clerical staff shifted to Group Health Cooperative in 1946.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.:

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Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of Medical Security Clinics nursing and clerical staff near the time of Group Healths purchase of the clinic. We used this image on the Medical Security Clinic page of our website. [New medical technologies improved treatments in the 1990s.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 77. Print. This is a photograph of two surgeons using advanced medical technology to operate on a Group Health patient. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health medical innovations on the A Bright Future page of our website. [Northgate Clinic on a breezy day in 1958.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of the Northgate Clinic. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health facilities on the A Bright Future page of our website. [Nurse Elise Cook and Dr. Sandy MacColl show off the first Group Health babies (from left to right): Trygve Erickson, Wendy Lou Hougen, Joanna Marie Jenner, and Roger Paulsen.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of the first four babies born under Group Health, soon after the purchase of the Medical Security Clinic, along with their nurse, Elise Cook, and their doctor, William Sandy MacColl. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health doctors and patients on the Home page of our website.

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[Patients in the Medical Security Clinic's downtown waiting room.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 20. Print. This is a photograph of patients in Medical Security Clinics waiting room. We used this image on the Medical Security Clinic page of our website. [Protecting and promoting children's health in Washington and beyond remains a special passion for Group Health.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 92. Print. This is a photograph of a doctor and a baby patient at Group Health today. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health doctors and patients on the Home page of our website. [A rare quiet moment at the hospital admissions desk in the 1950s.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 32. Print. This is a photograph of the hospital admissions desk in the 1950s. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health doctors and patients on the Home page of our website. [Ruth Brown serves a customer at Group Health's original downtown pharmacy.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of Ruth Brown serving a customer at Group Healths first downtown pharmacy. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health doctors and patients on the Home page of our website.

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[Senior Caucus convenes, 1985.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 60. Print. This is a photograph of the Senior Caucus of Group Health. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health membership meetings on the Membership Meetings page of our website. [St. Luke's Hospital is shown shortly after its expansion in 1950.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. By Walt Crowley. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. This is a photograph of St. Lukes hospital after its expansion. We used this image on the A Hopeful Sign page of our website. [U.S. Congressman Hugh Mitchell addresses an early Group Health Annual Membership Meeting.] Photograph. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 27. Print. This is a photograph of Hugh Mitchell, American congressman, speaking at an early Group Health Annual Membership Meeting. We used this image in the slideshow of Group Health membership meetings on the Membership Meetings page of our website. [Virginia Mason Clinic, ca. 1925.] Photocopy. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 8. Print. This is a photocopy of a drawing of Virginia Mason Clinic in its early years. Virginia Mason physicians allied with Group Health against the unfair practices of the King County Medical Society. We used this image on the GHC v. KCMS page of our website.

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[While treating the sick, Group Health constantly evangelized for preventive medicine.] Photocopy. Group Health Archives, Seatac. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. By Walt Crowley and HistoryLink Staff. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. 34. Print. This is a photocopy of a preventive medicine pamphlet from Group Health, which outlines its efforts to treat illness before it becomes severe. We used this image on the Group Health Cooperative page of our website.

Secondary Sources
Essays Crowley, Walt, and HistoryLink Staff. Group Health Cooperative Part 1: Planting the Seeds, 1911-1945. HistoryLink.org. HistoryLink.org, 13 Nov. 2005. Web. 11 Nov. 2013. This essay by Walt Crowley focuses on the ideologies and motivations that caused the founding of Group Health. It emphasizes Dr. Michael Shadids role in the cooperatives creation, referencing his talks and speeches those that would later become the founders of Group Health. This article also tries its best to be unbiased; it acknowledges that Shadids speeches were more preaching to the choir than actually converting people, but it nonetheless provides an excellent and in-depth account of the circumstances of Group Healths founding. ---. Group Health Cooperative Part 2: Open for Business, 1946-1950. HistoryLink.org. HistoryLink.org, 28 Nov. 2005. Web. 11 Nov. 2013. This essay by Walt Crowley follows Group Healths acquisition of the Medical Security Clinic and also gives some background on the cooperatives affiliation with the grange. It also delves a little into the cooperatives conflict with the King County Medical Society, mentioning the anti-socialist propaganda they used to deter potential Group Health members. The detailed account that this article presents was useful to us because it delineated a lot of the political motivations and machinations in the cooperative itself during the clinics acquisition. Interviews Foster, Willie. Personal interview. 5 Feb. 2014. We conducted and recorded a personal video interview with Willie Foster, the current Group Health historical archives manager regarding the nature of the formation of Group 17

Health Cooperative and historical background and impact surrounding the cooperative. She allowed us to tour the Group Health archives and aided us in searching for and accessing materials in the archives. Print Crowley, Walt. To Serve the Greatest Number: A History of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. N.p.: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. Print. Walt Crowleys To Serve the Greatest Number constitutes both the most comprehensive and recent treatment of Group Healths history. Written in 1998, he juxtaposes the older efforts of Group Health and the King County Medical Society with more attempts at reform, providing a panoramic, chronological view of the landscape of healthcare from the 1950s to the 2000s. His focus on Group Health makes evident the influence of the cooperative over the last fifty years. Though he does not analyze its motivations and the consequences of its actions as thoroughly as some of the other sources in this list, his work still proved an invaluable source to the creation of this website. We frequently referred to the first five chapters of this book, which concerned events from the time period of 1944 to 1951 related to Group Healths past. Crowley, Walt, and HistoryLink Staff. Group Health Timeline: A Chronological Overview of 60 Years of Group Health History, 19472007. N.p.: HistoryLink, 2007. Print. Walt Crowleys Group Health Timelineprovides an easily comprehensible, chronological summary of Group Healths history, just like its title implies. Though a majority of the information in this text was studied more in-depth in To Serve the Greatest Number, this book offered a wealth of images and data, including photographs of Group Health patients, employees, and facilities, total enrollment numbers throughout the 20th century, and dates of establishment of various Group Health facilities. Published in 2007, Group Health Timelineand its high quality-visuals played a crucial role in the construction of our website by providing images and data which we organized into slideshows and graphics. Though we utilized information located throughout the book, we focused on the first two chapters, which encompassed the time period from 1911 to 1951 in Group Healths past. Holden, John Phillip. Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound: An Institutional Study of a Unique Medical Service Organization. N.p.: University of Washington, 1951. Print. Written during the final days of Group Healths case against the King County Medical Society, Holdens masters thesis gives a contemporary account of the landscape of healthcare in the Puget Sound. Evidence of the effects of Group Healths condemnation is 18

evident in his text, which refers to in order to emphasize the cooperatives struggle with the King County Medical Society. Holden analyzes the cause of Group Healths effectiveness relative to other healthcare institutions at the time, giving powerful insight into the intricacies of cooperative-branded medicine as well as the more archaic fee-forservice model of the time. We found both this analysis as well as the primary sources he embedded into chapters I, III, and IV particularly useful, as they revolved around the historical background of Group Health and its conflict with established medicine. Howard, Alma, comp. We knew we could do it: An Oral History of the Origins and Early Years of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. Seattle: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, 1983. Print. This oral history compiled by former Group Health historical archives manager, Alma Howard, features quotes from many key players in the cooperatives founding and later expansion and development, including leaders, physicians, and members. For example, the oral history often features Addison Shoudy, Dr. William Sandy MacColl, Jack Cluck, and other important figures. Howards overview of Group Health specifically emphasizes its struggle to rise as a healthcare provider due to factors such as funding and competition, along with factors which contributed to its eventual success, such as group practice and physicians contracts. Tompkins, Jonathan Rae. Consumer Participation in the Delivery of Health Care Services: An Organizational Study of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. N.p.: University of Washington, 1981. Print. Tompkinss doctoral dissertation provides greatly detailed context and insight into the history of Group Health, delving into the motivations for its founding, its financial concerns and internal conflicts, as well as its acquisition of hospitals and the competition it faced from medical societies. This detailed and mostly unblemished account of the cooperative in Chapters I and II proved invaluable to our research, and we found his inclusion of numerous primary source quotes especially valuable. Video Group Health Cooperative. Advertisement. Youtube. Group Health Cooperative, 13 March 2013. Web. 11 Nov. 2013. This is a modern advertisement made by Group Health which reflects upon the progress of the cooperative in expanding and improving upon their services since their founding. We thought that this presented a good contrast between their original goals and modern circumstances, serving as a testament to their tribulations, development, and innovation. 19

We used an excerpt from this video on the Group Health Cooperative page of our website. Web Group Health Cooperative History. FundingUniverse. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2013. Funding Universe provides a cursory description of Group Healths history from its inception. It incorporates the historical context of its birth, referencing public aversions to the emergence of so-called socialist medicine as well as several other medical cooperatives similar to Group Health established during the same era. We liked the context it provided because it presented a broader picture of the reform efforts in healthcare at the timesimilar organizations like the Kaiser Group were also striving towards Group Healths goals. Though we were mostly unable to elaborate on this aspect of the topic, we still appreciated the insight that this website gave us into it. About Group Health. Group Health Cooperative. Group Health Cooperative, 2013. Web. 11 Nov. 2013. This is Group Healths official statement on its history, dating back to its inceptions rooted in Michael Shadids A Doctor For the People. Though it was historically accurate, we tried to take the views expressed in this article with a grain of salt, as Group Health has complete control over its contents and would probably endeavor to remove any damaging, but true information. Still, we appreciated this source because it lent us valuable insight of how the cooperative sees itself.

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