1.

Salts - normal salts, acid salts

Salts are very important to us. Table 1 Example of salts Salt Use Ammonium chloride Torch batteries Ammonium nitrate Fertilisers Calcium carbonate Extraction of iron, making cement, making glass Calcium chloride Extraction of sodium, drying agent Calcium sulphate Making plaster boards and casts for injured limbs Iron(II) sulphate Iron tablets Magnesium sulphate Medicines Potassium nitrate Fertiliser, gunpowder Silver bromide Photography Sodium carbonate Making glass, washing powders, water softener Sodium chloride Making hydrochloric acid, food flavouring, hospital saline, making sodium carbonate Sodium stearate Tin(II) flouride Soaps Additive to toothpaste

Normal Salts A Normal salt is formed when all the hydrogen ions(H+) of an acid, have been replaced by metal ions or by the ammonium ions(NH4+), All the salts listed in table 1 are normal salts. Normal salts may be soluble or insoluble in cold water. all nitrates salts are soluble all common sodium, potassium and ammonium salts are soluble all chlorides salts all soluble except lead, silver and mercury all sulfates salts are soluble except lead, barium and calcium Table 2 Normal Salts Acid Type of salt Example Carbonic acid H2CO3 Carbonates Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 Sulfuric acid H2SO4 sulphates Sodium sulfate Na2SO4 Ethanoic acid CH3COOH Ethanoates Sodium ethanoate CH3COONa Hydrochloric acid HCl Chlorides Potassium chloride KCl Nitric acid HNO3 Nitrates Potassium nitrate KNO3

Acid Salts An acid salt is formed where not all of the hydrogen ions of an acid have been replaced by metal ions or the ammonium ions. For examples: Acids such as sulfuric acid and carbonic acid which have two hydrogen ions per molecule, when only one of the hydrogen ions is replaced with a metal ion, the salts formed still contain hydrogen ions. Table 3 Acid Salts Acid Carbonic acid H2CO3 Sulfuric acid HsSO4

Type of acid salt Hydrogencarbonate Hydrogensulfate

Example Sodium hydrogencarbonate NaHCO3 Potassium hydrogensulfate KHSO4

2.

Salts - preparing insoluble salts by precipitation

Tips: Before preparing a salt, find out if the salt is soluble or insoluble. A soluble salt is made from an acid. An insoluble salt is prepared by precipitation. Table 1 Soluble Salts and Insoluble Salts Soluble Salts All (group I) sodium, potassium, and ammonium All nitrates Most chlorides Most sulfates (sulphates) Most bromide and iodides Sodium, potassium(group I), and ammonium carbonates Preparing Insoluble Salts by Precipitation Example: Preparing insoluble barium sulfate salt. Barium sulfate salt is made of Ba2+ ions and SO42- ions. So, we have to prepare two soluble salts solutions of which one contains Ba2+, its positive metal ions and the other contains the SO42-, its negative non-metal ions. These two ions will react and form a precipitation as barium sulfate salt. Ba2+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) ---> BaSO4 (s)

Insoluble Salts

Silver chloride and lead chloride Calcium sulfate, barium sulfate and lead sulfate Silver bromide, silver iodide, lead bromide and lead iodide All other carbonates

The precipitate of barium sulfate salt (residue) is gathered using a filter funnel, rinsed with distilled water to remove any impurities and dried. The filtrate contains the spectator ions which remained unchanged in the reaction.

More examples of preparing insoluble salts: Table 2. Preparing Insoluble Salts Preparing + - ' insoluble ions ions salts Barium Ba2+ SO42sulfate BaSO4 Solution used Barium nitrate with Ba2+ Solution used Salt Spectator ions (no precipitation changes in reaction)

NaNO3 sodium nitrate soluble and remained unchanged as Na+ions and NO3- ions Reaction: Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2SO4(aq) ---> BaSO4 (s) + 2 NaCl sodium chloride soluble and remained unchanged as Na+ions and Cl- ions Reaction: BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4(aq) ---> BaSO4 (s) + 2 MgCl2 magnesium chloride soluble and remained unchanged as Na+ions and Cl- ions Reaction: BaCl2 (aq) + MgSO4(aq) ---> BaSO4 (s) + 2 NaNO3 sodium nitrate soluble and remained unchanged as Na+ions and NO3- ions Reaction: AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl(aq) ---> AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq) Lead Sodium Lead iodide NaNO3 sodium nitrate iodide with PbI2 nitrate with Isoluble and remained 2+ Pb unchanged as Na+ions and NO3- ions Reaction: Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + NaI (aq) ---> PbI2 (s) + NaNO3 (aq) Silver nitrate with Ag+ Sodium chloride with ClSilver chloride AgCl

Sodium Barium sulfate with sulfate SO42BaSO4

NaNO3 (aq) Barium Ba2+ SO42- Barium Sodium Barium sulfate chloride sulfate with sulfate BaSO4 with SO42BaSO4 Ba2+

NaCl2 (aq) Barium Ba2+ SO42- Barium Magnesium Barium sulfate chloride sulfate with sulfate BaSO4 with SO42BaSO4 2+ Ba

MgCl2 (aq) Silver Ag+ chloride AgCl

Cl-

Lead iodide PbI2

Pb2+ I-

Pictures of insoluble salts:

White precipitate silver chloride, AgCl

Creamy precipitate silver bromide, AgBr

Yellow precipitate silver Iodide, AgI

White precipitate barium sulfate, BaSO4

Yellow precipitate lead iodide, PbI2

3.

Salts - preparing soluble salts

There are 4 methods of preparing soluble salts: 1. Acid + metal (MAZIT metals) ---> salt + hydrogen 2. Acid + carbonate ---> salt + carbon dioxide + water 3. Acid + alkali (soluble base) ---> salt + water 4. Acid + base metal (insoluble base) ---> salt + water Preparing Soluble Salt using Acid + metal (MAZIT metals) ---> salt + hydrogen Steps: dissolve >> stir >> filter >> evaporate >> crystallize In the reaction, hydrogen ions from the acid gain electrons from the metal atoms to form hydrogen gas. 2H+ + 2e--> H2 (g) hydrogen ions(from acid) + electrons (from metal) --> hydrogen gas Metals more reactive than hydrogen will reacts with acid to form a salt and hydrogen gas.

Reactivity Series of Metals Most metals react with a dilute acid to form a salt and hydrogen gas. However, this method is not suitable for calcium and alkali metals (elements of Group I in the periodic table) because they react violently with acid. (Alkali metals react violently with water, halogens, and acids) lead because it reacts too slowly with acid. copper, silver and gold because they do not react at all with acids. This method is used with less reactive metals - the MAZIT metals. Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron Tin Most commonly used dilute acid are: dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute nitric acid and, dilute sulphuric acid Salt produced are: metal chloride, metal nitrate, metal sulphate (sulfate)

Examples of Metal + Acid (dilute) Chemical equations: Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid --> Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) --> MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) Magnesium + Sulfuric acid --> Magnesium sulphate (sulfate) + Hydrogen Mg (s) + H2SO4 (aq) --> MgSO4 (aq) + H2 (g) Magnesium + Nitric acid --> Magnesium nitrate + Hydrogen Mg (s) + 2HNO3 (aq) --> Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + H2 (g) Zinc + Sulphuric acid --> Zinc sulphate (sulfate) + Hydrogen Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) --> ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g) Aluminium + Hydrochloric acid --> Alumiuim chloride + Hydrogen 2Al (s) + 6HCl (aq) --> 2AlCl3 (aq) + 3H2 (g) Iron + Hyddrochloric acid Fe(s) + 2HCl (aq) Tin + Hydrochloric acid Sn(s) + 2HCl (aq) --> Iron (II) chloride + Hydrogen --> FeCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) --> Tin (II) chloride + Hydrogen --> SnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Magnesium chloride often used as anti-icing on the roads in winter, nutritional supplement, also as coagulant in the preparation of tofu from soy milk, storage for hydrogen and so-on. Magnesium sulphate often used to as bath salt, agricultural nutrient, making tofu and so-on.

Preparing Soluble Magnesium Chloride salt Steps: dissolve >> stir >> filter >> evaporate >> crystallize

dissolve Pour some dilute hydrochloric acid into a test tube or beaker. Add a small amount of magnesium ribbon to dilute hydrochloric acid solution stir Keep adding the magnesium ribbon and stir it until it is in excess( Excess magnesium is added to ensure dilute hydrochloric is fully reacted).

Observation: effervescence due to production of hydrogen gas

magnesium strap in hydrochloric acid Test: lighted splinter explored with a 'pop' sound, it's hydrogen gas.

filter Remove the excess(residue) metal by filtration.

evaporate Evaporate slowly the solution (filtrate) till crystallisation point or saturated.

Test for saturation: dip a cold stirring rod into the hot concentrated solution. If the solution is ready to crystallize, salt crystals would form at the end of the stirring rod). Saturation meaning: solution that contains as much solute as can be dissolved at a particular temperature. If the salt solution is evaporated in high heat, only powder would form. crystallize Leave the saturated solution to cool and crystallize at room temperature. Dry the crystals on a piece of filter paper or tissue paper. Summary of Preparing soluble Salt Steps: dissolve >> stir >> filter >> evaporate >> crystallize