ATOM and ITS STRUCTURE

Atom has basically two parts, nucleus and electrons. Nucleus is located in the center of atom and electrons are rotating around nucleus with high speed. 2. Subatomic Particles Today it is well known that atoms have subatomic particles, called protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom, and denoted by p. Neutrons are neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom, and denoted by n. Electrons are negatively charged particles placed around the nucleus of an atom, and shown by e . Protons and neutrons almost have the same masses, but electrons have negligible mass with respect to protons and neutrons. Neutral atoms have the equal number of protons and electrons. Electrons are rotating in certain places called orbit, energy level or shell. Energy levels are represented by letters, K, L, M, N, Oetc, or numbers, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. Each shell can hold a certain number of electrons calculated by the equation of 2n2 where n refers to number of shell. The electrons located in the outermost shell of atoms are called valance electrons. st 2 In the 1 shell, No. of e = 2x1 = 2e nd 2 In the 2 shell, No. of e = 2x2 = 8e rd 2 In the 3 shell, No. of e = 2x3 = 18e th 2 In the 4 shell, No. of e = 2x4 = 32e Example 1 Show the electron configuration of 6C and 13Al atoms. Solution 6C: 2) 4) 13Al: 2) 8) 3) 3. Isotopes Isotope atoms have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Example 2 Example 3

atoms are isotones. Each have 16 neutrons but 15 and 16 protons respectively. Isotone atoms are completely different atoms, they have different chemical and physical characteristics. 4. Ions Electrically charged atoms are called ions. When an atom loses electrons it becomes positively charged ion, called cation. When an atom gains electrons it becomes negatively charged ion, called anion. Charge of an atom, q , can be found with q = p - e.

Example 4 Find the charge and ion type of atom. Atom Fe Al O P Cl Solution Atom Fe Al Proton 26 13 8 15 17 Electron 24 10 10 15 18 Charge +2 +3 -2 0 -1 Ion Cation Cation Anion Neutral Anion Proton 26 13 8 15 17 Electron 24 10 10 15 18 Charge Ion

atoms are isotopes. All they have 6 protons but 6, 7 and 8 neutrons respectively. They have similar chemical properties but different physical properties. Isotones, atoms with the same number of neutrons, but different numbers of protons.

O P Cl

Example 5 +1 +2 +3 +4 Li , Ca , Al , Pb are cations. -1 -2 -3 F , O , P are anions.

Solution +2 = p 28 p = 30 A = 30 + 35 A = 65 Example 8 +3 Cr ion has 21 electrons and its atomic mass number is 52. What is the number of neutrons for Cr ? Solution 3 = p 21 p = 24 52 = 24 + n n = 28 THE PERIODIC TABLE Introduction Dmitri Mendeleev is the father of periodic table. He arranged elements in a table according to atomic masses. He discovered many elements and left blank spaces for the undiscovered ones. Henry Moseley solved the puzzle of periodic table after the discovery of noble gases. He arranged elements in his table according to atomic numbers. After his study the modern periodic table appeared. It is arranged according to increasing atomic numbers. Horizontal rows are called periods. There are 7 periods beginning with a metal and ending with a noble gas. Vertical columns are called groups or family. There are 8A and 8B groups. The group 8B contains 3 columns. A groups are called main or representative groups. And B groups are called transition metals. The periodic table and Electron configuration The elements which have almost similar chemical and physical properties are put in the same groups. They have similar electron configurations as well. Valance electron configurations of the elements in the same group are the same. Their physical properties gradually change. Periods There are seven periods of which three are short, two are medium, and two are long. In the first period there are 2 elements, both of them are gases. He is inert and put among noble gases. Groups There are two types of groups, A and B. 1A and 2A groups belong to s-block. 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, and 8A groups belong to p-block. The elements of group B belong to d-block, transition metals.

5. The Atomic Terminology 1. Atomic Number, Z Atomic number = Number of Protons Each type of atom has different number of protons. For a neutral atom, Atomic number = Number of protons = Number of electrons Z=p=e 2. Atomic Mass Number, A Atomic mass number = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons A=p+n Example 6 Fill in the blanks in the table below. Atom Ti Al S Br Solution Atom Ti Al S Br p 22 13 16 35 n 26 14 16 45 Z 22 13 16 35 A 48 27 31 80 16 p 22 14 16 45 35 n Z A 48 27

Example 7 What is the number of protons and atomic mass number of Zn.