Hydraulic accumulators Hydraulic accumulators make it possible to store useable volumes of non-compressible fluid under pressure.

A 5-gal container completely full of oil at 2000 psi will only discharge a few cubic inches of fluid before pressure drops to 0 psi. The same container filled with half oil and half nitrogen gas would discharge over pressure dropped to 000 psi. Figures 1-1 through 1-4 show symbols used for different types of accumulators.Figures 1-5 through 1-8 are simplified cutaways showing construction of different types of accumulators.
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!2 gal of fluid before

All accumulators e$cept Figure 1-4 will have a pressure decrease as fluid discharges. A weight-loaded accumulator maintains pressure until all oil is used. %hen using an accumulator& it is necessary to install a manual or automatic function to de-pressuri'e all fluid before working on the circuit. (everal manufacturers make automatic discharge valves that work well. These automatic discharge valves are e$plained at the end of this section. )ost hydraulic accumulators are used in one of four applications* . (upplement pump flow in circuits with medium to long delays between cycles. 2. Hold pressure in a

cylinder while the pump is unloading or stopped. +. Have a ready supply of pressuri'ed fluid in case of power failure. ,. -educe shock in high velocity flow lines or at the outlet of pulsating piston pumps. The following circuit images show some circuits using accumulators for the operations mentioned in to , above. .ther accumulator circuits and information follow.

Using accumulators to supplement pump flow

(ome hydraulic circuits re/uire a large volume of oil for a short time0 for e$ample to move a large cylinder rapidly to clamp a part. After clamping& the circuit needs little or no additional fluid for period of time while curing takes place. %hen a circuit has e$tended dwell time& an accumulator can be used to downsi'e the pump& motor& tank& and relief valve. The cost of accumulators usually offsets savings on these smaller components& but downsi'ing saves on operating costs. The conventional pump& directional valve& and cylinder pictured in Figure 1-9 show horsepower and flow re/uirements needed for a 2.5 sec cycle time. The advance cycle re/uires full power& while returning the cylinder needs minimal force. -eduction of the pump and motor si'e is not possible if the cylinder cycles rapidly. However& if there was a ,5 sec wait between cycles& the pump and motor could be almost 102 smaller with an accumulator circuit.
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This reduced flow and horsepower are possible when using accumulators and the circuit shown in Figure 1-10. The e$tra e$pense of the accumulators offsets the reduced price for the power unit& but operating cost is less for the life of the machine. The directional valve and piping from the accumulators to the cylinder still has to handle the 25 gpm flow.
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4sing a gas charged accumulator in a pump supplementing circuit will increase ma$imum system pressure. The e$tend portion of the cycle needs at least 2000 psi working pressure& which re/uires filling the accumulators with fluid above 2000 psi so they can discharge oil and not drop below minimum pressure. The ma$imum system pressure should be as high as can be tolerated. The higher the ma$imum allowable system pressure& the smaller the accumulators. The drawback of high pressure is that the circuit is at this pressure when the cycle starts. 5f this higher pressure can cause damage or other problems& it should be lowered to a safe level. Accumulator circuits normally have flow controls because there is a volume of oil at elevated pressure that can discharge almost instantaneously. 6lacing a flow control at the accumulator outlet allows free flow from pump to accumulator and ad7ustable flow to system. The circuit in Figure 1-10 has a minimum pressure of 2000 psi and a ma$imum pressure of +000 psi. This pressure is the limit of most hydraulic components. A 22gpm pump driven by a ,0-hp motor now meets the force and cycle time specified. All

pump flow continuously goes to the circuit instead of being unloaded most of the time as in conventional circuits. As the cylinder cycles& the accumulators supply fluid at a rate set by the flow control. 6ump flow adds to accumulator flow to set the re/uired cycle time. 8ylinder cycling could be made faster than specified by increasing outlet flow from the accumulator. The fi$ed-volume pump in Figure 1-10 unloads through a special accumulator relief!unload!dump valve& which sends all pump flow to the accumulators and cylinder until the system reaches set pressure. After reaching set pressure& the valve opens and unloads the pump to tank at appro$imately 50 psi. The pump will continue to unload until the system pressure drops about 52. This pressure drop might be from leakage or at the start of a new cycle. Any time pressure drops& the pump will load and stay loaded until pressure tries to go above +000 psi. %ith this valve& stored oil in the accumulators automatically discharges to tank when the pump stops& which makes the circuit safe to work on shortly after locking and tagging off the pump.
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Figure 1-11 shows a variation of the accumulator circuit in Figure 1-10. Here a gpm fi$ed-volume pump and a 5-gpm pressure-compensated pump supply oil until the accumulators fill. A pressure switch& set at about 2300 psi& unloads the fi$ed-volume pump through a solenoid-operated relief valve. After the fi$ed-volume pump unloads& the pressure-compensated pump finishes filling the accumulators and holds ma$imum pressure without fluctuations and with minimal heating.

The accumulator dump valve in this circuit will stay closed as long as the pumps are running. %hen the pumps stop& this valve /uickly and automatically discharges the accumulators to tank.

Full-time pressure with fixed- olume pumps

(ome circuits need pressure at all times to hold position or maintain force. The circuit in Figure 1-1! holds pressure on the cylinders when they stop& but e$cessive heat generation makes it a poor choice. "low controls keep pressure in the circuit while a cylinder is moving.
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(ome designers use the circuit shown in Figure 1-1" to simultaneously reduce energy loss and maintain holding pressure. This double-pump circuit provides high flow 9to move the cylinders rapidly: and low flow 9for pressure holding:. %hile the system is at holding pressure& the high-flow pump goes to tank through an unloading valve. .nly the low-flow pump goes across the relief valve. Although energy loss is drastically reduced& it is still e$cessive.
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The circuits shown in Figures 1-14 and - 5 use a small accumulator to hold pressure on the actuators while unloading the pump at minimum pressure. This makes it possible to use a less e$pensive fi$ed-volume pump instead of a pressure-compensated pump& with little or no energy loss or heat generation.
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The pump in Figure 1-14 unloads through an accumulator relief!unload!dump valve. This valve sends all pump flow to the accumulator and cylinders until the system reaches set pressure. After it reaches set pressure& the valve opens and unloads the pump to tank at appro$imately 50 psi. The pump will continue to unload until the system pressure drops about 52. This pressure drop might be from leakage or it could be at the start of a new cycle. The pump loads again and fills the circuit until pressure tries to go above 2000 psi. %hile the pump unloads& the accumulator makes up for any leakage so pressure at the cylinders only drops about 52 ma$imum. The length of time the pump unloads depends on the si'e of the accumulator and the amount of system leakage. %ith the accumulator relief!unload!dump valve& stored oil in the accumulator discharges to tank when the pump stops. This makes the circuit safe to work on shortly after locking and tagging out the pump. ;otice the variation of the above pressure holding circuit in Figure 1-15. Here the pump unloads through a normally open& solenoid-operated relief valve controlled by a pressure switch. The accumulator and actuators fill from the pump until system pressure reaches 2000 psi. At 2000 psi& the pump unloads through a solenoid operated relief valve at appro$imately 50 psi. The main advantage of the circuit in "igure - 5 is that pressure drop is ad7ustable by more or less than the fi$ed 52 allowed by the unloading valve in Figure 1-14.

To have a safe accumulator circuit& it is necessary to have a means to discharge stored energy at shutdown. The circuit in "igure - 5 uses a high-ratio pilot-to-close check valve. The pilot ratio is about 200* & which means 25 psi in the pilot line can hold as much as 5000 psi in the circuit. )ost unloading circuits have at least 25 psi while unloaded& so this valve works well. %hen the pump shuts off& pressure drops to 'ero& the pilot-to-close check valve opens& and stored energy dumps to tank. Another way to automatically discharge the accumulator at shutdown is with a normally open& solenoid-operated& 2-way directional valve. This directional valve connects to the accumulator pressure line and on to tank. (tarting the pump motor also energi'es the solenoid on the normally open 2-way valve& causing it to close. As long as the pump runs& this valve blocks the flow path to tank. %hen the pump stops& the solenoid is deenergi'ed& and the valve shifts to port stored energy to tank. #$U%&'() $*+$,- #H.#/ $( $##U0U*$%'1 #&1#U&% F'1 21.--U1. 3.F'1. +'1/&(4 '( &%5 (.6.1 $--U0. %H. $U%'0$%&# U(*'$7&(4 -,-%.0 +'1/.7)

$ccumulators used for fast response and o er-pressure control of pressure-compensated pumps
<ecause most pressure-compensated pump circuits have closed-center or two-position directional valves 9such as the one shown in Figure 1-18:& they stay at full-pressure& no-flow until a valve shifts. After any directional valve shifts to start an actuator=s movement& pressure in the circuit starts to drop. %hen the pump sees a pressure drop& its internal mechanism starts shifting as fast as possible to start fluid flowing. 6ump shifting times vary& but no matter how fast they shift& the actuator=s initial response will be slowed down.
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%ith an accumulator installed& as shown in Figure 1-19& the pump is still at no-flow when the circuit is at rest. However& there is a ready supply of oil at pressure available. As a cylinder starts to cycle& as seen in Figure 1-18& fluid flows directly to the actuator from the accumulator and pressure starts to drop. This pressure drop causes the pump to go on stroke& but now pressure drop is minimal. The cylinder takes off /uickly and smoothly& and the pump has time to respond to the flow need.
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.n the other end of the cycle& if the pump is at full flow and all valves center or all the actuators hit the end of stroke& the flow re/uirement suddenly drops to 'ero. The pressure-compensated pump is still flowing at the ma$imum rate and pressure starts

to climb. The pump will continue at full flow until pressure reaches #0-3#2 of the compensator setting. There has been 'ero flow needed for some time& but the pump does not know this until pressure is near ma$imum. %hen pressure reaches compensator setting& the pump starts to shift to no flow. All pump flow during shifting time has no place to go& so this e$cess flow generates a pressure spike of five to ten times the compensator setting. This pressure spike can cause premature failure of the pump& plumbing& and actuators.
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A common fi$ for this pressure spike is to add a relief valve near the pump outlet& set 50 to 200 psi higher than the pump compensator 9as shown in Figure 1-18:. This relief valve should reduce the pressure spike& but it does not lower it as much as it appears. A relief valve remains closed until pressure reaches 30 to 3#2 of its setting. .nce the relief reaches ma$imum pressure& it starts to open& but by the time it actually relieves& the pressure may be !2 to + times its set pressure. This reduced spike is better& but still is not as good as what an accumulator could provide. .ther problems can occur with relief valves. "or e$ample& if the relief valve setting is at or near the pump-compensator setting& the pump can start oscillating on-off flow. As the pump nears its pressure-compensator setting and starts to compensate& the relief valve starts to relieve. A flow path is created when the relief valve begins to open& so downstream pressure drops& causing the pump to go back on stroke. The drop in pressure allows the relief valve to close& so downstream pressure builds up again. This oscillation cycle repeats rapidly& causing damage to the pump and possible line failure

due to shock. 5n another e$ample& if the relief valve setting is lower than the pump compensator& all pump flow goes to tank at relief pressure& generating e$cess heat. To avoid these problems& use the correct procedure when setting pressures on a relief valve used to reduce pressure spikes. An accumulator absorbs e$cess pump flow with minimal pressure override or shock. %hile fluid from the pump compensates from full flow to no flow& as seen in Figure 119& it has a direct path to the accumulator. <ecause the accumulator has a compressible gas in it& it takes in the small amount of e$cess flow produced while the compensator is reacting. 6ressure increase from this additional fluid is imperceptible.
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To si'e an accumulator for fast response of the circuit& plan to have somewhere between and 5 sec of actuator flow before pressure drops below the minimum it takes to move it. A rule of thumb is to have gal of accumulator for every 0 gpm of pump flow.

Using an accumulator as an emergency power supply

A conventional hydraulic system will not operate unless the pump is running. (ome machines must be able to cycle to a safe condition after a power or pump failure. 4se an accumulator to store enough energy to move the actuators to a safe condition after the pump /uits. The operator or setup person can manually cycle the machine into a safe condition by using the stored energy.

The hopper gate cylinder shown in "igure -20 must close in case of a power failure. 5f the gate stays open& the entire hopper could overflow the truck under it& then dump on the ground. This circuit uses a pressure-compensated pump that maintains pressure with minimal heating during normal operation. An accumulator F stores the first pump flow& check valve D stops accumulator back flow& and normally open directional valves C isolate the accumulator from the cylinder and tank during normal operation.
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The gate cylinder needs at least 500 psi& so the pump compensator is set for 2000 psi. This ensures that the accumulator has enough fluid to e$tend the cylinder when necessary. <ecause the solenoids on valves C are energi'ed by the pump start command& the accumulator is completely isolated from the cylinder and tank as long as the pump runs. %hen solenoid B of the ,-way directional valve shifts 9as seen inFigure 1-!1:& the gate opens as fast as the pump moves it.
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%hen solenoid A shifts the ,-way directional valve& as seen in Figure 1-!!& the gate closes as fast as the pump moves it. %hen the power is on& the cylinder e$tends or retracts partially or all the way at the operator=s command.
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5f the gate cylinder is partially or completely open and power fails& the circuit automatically goes to the condition shown in Figure 1-!". 5n this condition the pump stops& the ,-way directional valve centers& and the normally open 2-way shutoff valvesC open.
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%hen power fails& the accumulator has a direct path to the cap end of the cylinder while rod-end oil flows to tank. The cylinder will e$tend and close the gate using the stored energy in the accumulator. 2lace warning signs at the gate indicating this e:uipment can operate at any time without operator inter ention5 %hen using an accumulator for emergency power supply it is difficult to automatically drain it during normal operation. Automatically draining the accumulator would defeat its purpose as an emergency power supply. Add a manual drain valve E& withwarning signs to tell maintenance persons to manually drain the accumulator ;efore wor<ing on the gate circuit5 (i'e emergency-power accumulators to hold enough oil to move all actuators to the home position before pressure drops to dangerous levels. )ost manufacturers provide formulas in their catalogs and offer several offer e$cellent computer programs to si'e accumulators for emergency-power supplies.

Using accumulators for lea<age ma<eup

(ome hydraulic circuits& such as in laminating presses& need to hold at pressure for long periods. A pressure-compensated pump could maintain pressure& but energy loss from pump leakage generates heat. Another way to hold pressure for long periods is with a fi$ed-volume pump and an accumulator. Figure 1-!4 shows a press cylinder that must stay e$tended under pressure for several minutes.
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Tee small accumulator D into the cylinder cap-end line through flow control C. "low control C allows the accumulator to fill /uickly but discharge slowly when directional valve A centers or shifts to retract the cylinder. "low control C should pass enough flow to let the accumulator discharge /uickly without system shock when directional valveA shifts to retract the cylinder. Any oil left in the accumulator when the directional valve centers will make the cylinder e$tend a small amount. Tee dump valve B into the cylinder cap-end line to automatically discharge the accumulator when the pump stops. Tee pressure switch E into the cap-end cylinder line to set pump load and unload pressure. 6ressure switch E sets high and low pressures to control ma$imum and minimum tonnage.
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%hen the pump starts& Figure 1-!5& backpressure check valve F gives 15 psi pressure& closing accumulator dump valve B and supplying pilot oil for solenoid pilot-operated directional valve A. %hen directional valve A shifts& the cylinder starts to e$tend&Figure 1-!8& at whatever pressure it takes to overcome the counterbalance valve. The signal to the e$tend coil of directional valveA goes through the normally closed contacts on pressure switch E. <ecause gas pre-charge pressure in the accumulator is appro$imately #52 of working pressure& no fluid will enter it yet.
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%hen the cylinder contacts the work& Figure 1-!9& pressure increases and oil fills the accumulator. 4pon reaching the ma$imum working pressure set by pressure switch E& the normally closed contacts open& de-energi'ing the solenoid on directional valve A. ?irectional valve A spring centers& the pump unloads& and oil stored in the accumulator maintains pressure while making up for cylinder and valve leakage.
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<ypass at the cylinder seals and!or valve causes pressure to drop slowly to the lowpressure setting of pressure switchE. This low-pressure setting is normally ad7ustable but must be high enough to keep the parts firmly together. 4pon reaching the lowpressure setting& pressure switch E shifts& allowing the normally closed contacts to shift directional valve A to refill the accumulator. 4pon reaching ma$imum working pressure& directional valve A again spring centers to unload the pump& while the accumulator holds its pressing force and makes up for leaks. A pilot-operated check valve in the cap-end cylinder line between the directional valve and the pressure switch would have less leakage than the blocked port of the spool valve. %ith a pilot-operated check valve and resilient seals in the cylinder& it is possible to maintain pressure for 2 to 5 min or more. 4se an all-ports-open directional valve with the pilot-operated check valve. This accumulator circuit maintains pressure in the cylinder while unloading the pump. 5t also conserves energy while using an ine$pensive fi$ed-volume pump.

Using accumulators as shoc< a;sor;ers

Accumulators can reduce damage from shock in some circuits if correctly applied. 5n other applications& an accumulator may add shock by releasing stored energy too /uickly. The top half of Figure 1-!8 illustrates one way shock is produced. "low velocity in a hydraulic circuit may be 25 to +0 fps and not cause any problems. However& if oil flow stops abruptly& as seen in Figure 1-!8=s middle e$ample& damaging shock can rip out tubing& blow seals& and split pump housings with ease. A column of moving fluid has a lot of energy that can get out of control.
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The third e$ample in Figure 1-!8 shows a small accumulator teed into the line at the shut off that stops flow suddenly. An accumulator spreads the shock energy over a short period of time and eliminates the potential for damage. To absorb flow shock& the accumulator is usually pre-charged at about 10 to #02 of system pressure. At this pre-charge pressure& only a small amount of fluid enters the accumulator subse/uent to a shock situation. There is also little fluid transfer to take away from or add to the normal pump flow. %hen it is necessary to stop a heavy load& such as shown in Figure 1-!9& try using an accumulator and a hydraulic cylinder. The accumulator=s pre-charge pressure holds the cylinder e$tended& thus making it ready for the advancing mass. %hen the load contacts the cylinder& it mechanically forces it to retract. As the cylinder retracts& fluid flows into the accumulator and gas pressure increases. As pressure increases& the higher resistance slows the mass more. After the load decelerates& the cylinder might try to push the part away. Add valves between the accumulator and the cylinder to control the shock absorber after it finishes decelerating the load.
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(ome large& slow-turning piston pumps send a shock wave into the circuit every time a piston discharges oil. .n the left of Figure 1-"0& the piston pump does not have an accumulator at the discharge port. 6ressure at the gauge will fluctuate from less than system pressure to well above it without an accumulator.
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.n the right side of Figure 1-"0& adding a small accumulator reduces discharge flow and shock damage. A portion of the sudden discharge flow from an advancing piston goes into the accumulator and discharges smoothly while waiting for the ne$t stroke. The pre-charge pressure for this type of accumulator circuit is about >0 to 152 of ma$imum system pressure. Accumulator manufacturers have formulas in their brochures to calculate any situation mentioned here. (ome suppliers have computer programs that do all the math after asking for circuit parameters.

2ump supplementing circuit with full pressure when wor< is contacted

5n some cases& a pump-supplementing accumulator circuit can speed up cylinder e$tension and!or retraction without having to go above working pressure. ;ormally in a pump-supplementing circuit& the relief valve is set as high as possible above the working pressure to store ample fluid. As the cycle progresses& oil from the accumulator and pump move the actuator /uickly& but circuit pressure drops steadily. 5f pressure drops below the actuator=s need& the pump must refill the accumulator before the cycle finishes. To overcome this problem& a larger pump and!or more accumulators are necessary.

The ne$t circuit shows an accumulator arrangement that provides high volume to move the cylinder rapidly with the relief valve set at working pressure. The accumulator and pump supply volume to fill the large bore cylinder as it e$tends. The cylinder then moves to working pressure while a check valve isolates the accumulator. @ike all accumulator circuits& there must be time for refilling between cycles& as shown in Figure 1-"1. 6re-charge the accumulator to a pressure slightly higher than it takes to retract the cylinder. The cylinder will then retract when directional valve A and normally open& solenoid-operated relief valve H shift. 9Also see Figure 1-"4.: The large piston rod reduces the return volume& although retract pressure will be higher. %hen the cylinder fully retracts& pressure climbs and the accumulator starts to fill through check valve E and the bypass check valve around flow control C. 6iston-type accumulators are best for this circuit because they can have a low pre-charge pressure and a high final pressure without internal damage. The accumulator can discharge a large volume of oil because the pressure in it is not important when the cylinder needs full tonnage.
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%hen pressure in the circuit reaches 2000 psi& pressure switch G de-energi'es the solenoid on normally open& solenoid-operated relief valve H& unloading the pump to tank.

%hen directional valve A and normally open& solenoid-operated relief valve H shift&Figure 1-"!& pump flow and accumulator flow provide a large volume of oil to /uickly stroke the cylinder to the work. <ecause accumulators can discharge at a very high rate& use flow control C to set the desired advance speed. 6ressure in the circuit will fall as the cylinder e$tends and will be well below working pressure before the cylinder meets the work.
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%hen the cylinder contacts the work& Figure 1-""& check valve F keeps pump flow from going to the accumulator. The pump will continue filling the cylinder and pressure will build to whatever it takes to do the work. 8heck valve F blocks flow to the accumulator to isolate it during the high-pressure work stroke.
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%hen directional valve A shifts to the retract position& "igure -+,& pump flow goes to the cylinder rod end. The accumulator pre-charge is high enough to force all pump flow to the cylinder& causing it to /uickly retract.
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Figure 1-"1 shows the cylinder reaching the top of the stroke. The accumulator now accepts all pump flow through check valve E until pressure switch G unloads the pump.

%wo other pump-supplementing circuits with full pressure when wor< is contacted
Figures 1-"5 and 1-"8 depict two more ways to use an accumulator for volume and still have immediate high pressure for doing work. Aither circuit works e/ually well with the two pump types shown.
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These circuits would normally re/uire a piston-type accumulator. ;otice the precharge is less than one-third of ma$imum pressure. The large pressure difference would s/uee'e the bladder in a bladder-type accumulator so much that holes caused by chafing would allow the nitrogen gas to leak. The minimum pressure in the circuit could be even lower than shown here. 5f the actuators can move at +00 psi& then use 50 to 200 psi pre-charge.
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The circuit in "igure -+5 uses a pressure-compensated pump and a normally open& poppet-type& 2-way directional valve. All flow goes directly to the accumulator& filling it to ma$imum pressure with the pump operating. %hen the cylinders start to cycle& flow from the pump and accumulator move them rapidly. %hen the cylinders contact the work& pressure is well below the re/uired amount. To get full force& energi'e solenoid C1. This stops pump flow to the accumulator and raises the cylinders to full pressure. ?e-energi'e solenoid C1 when the cylinders finish their work to allow the accumulator to refill. Anergi'ing solenoid C1 when the actuators are moving is possible with a correctly designed poppet valve. ;otice the blocked position of the valve has a check valve symbol& meaning it only stops flow to the accumulator. This type of poppet valve provides accumulator volume to the actuators when pressure is low. However& ma$imum pressure is immediately available when the cylinders meet resistance. ?eenergi'e solenoid C1 at the end of the cycle to refill the accumulator. (ome poppet-type

directional valves have a very high pressure drop when flowing through the closed check valve. 4se a brand designed for low pressure drop in this circuit. The circuit in Figure 1-"8 has a fi$ed-volume pump with a normally open&& solenoidoperated relief valve and pressure switch to unload the pump at ma$imum pressure. )inimum system pressure for this circuit is 500 psi. Therefore& it is important to set the se/uence valve in front of the accumulator to this pressure. (et the pressure switch to unload the pump at 100 psi. Then set the normally open& solenoid-operated relief valve at appro$imately 300 psi. <ecause no oil can go to the accumulator if the system pressure is below 500 psi& the actuators will always have ma$imum force anytime they meet resistance. %hen the cylinders are moving to and from the work& pump and accumulator flow can combine to give rapid movement at reduced pressure. "low from the accumulator can always go to the cylinders through the bypass check valve. "luid only goes to the accumulator when pump flow is greater than the system re/uires. This circuit fills the accumulator anytime the cylinders stop or anytime re/uired volume is less than pump output. There will be some heating of the oil while the accumulator is filling until system pressure reaches 500 psi or above. .ne advantage is that no control circuitry is necessary& even while the accumulator fills anytime actuator volume is less than pump flow.

(on-in asi e way to chec< accumulator pre-charge

5t is important to check accumulator pre-charge pressure at regular intervals. 8heck a new installation each shift for a few days to see if there is a gas-pressure loss. 5t the gas charge is holding& check pre-charge pressure weekly for the ne$t month. 5f all is well at the end of a month& then monthly checks should be more than satisfactory. The normal way to check pre-charge pressure is* 9 :. (hut down the system. 92:. Attach a gauge and charging kit to the accumulator. 9+:. .pen the gas valve and check the pressure reading. However& this procedure is time consuming& allows some gas to discharge& and may damage the charging valve& which can result in a continuous leak. .utlined below is a simple& non-invasive way to check accumulator pre-charge pressure to see if gas is leaking.
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Figure 1-"9 shows a partial accumulator circuit. This figure shows an operating hydraulic system& 7ust as the pump stops. At this point& the accumulator relief!unload!dump valve is open& draining pressuri'ed oil stored in the accumulator. As fluid in the accumulator discharges& pressure at gauge PG1 starts dropping. By controlling the flow with a fixed orifice or a flow control, press re deteriorates slowly when there is oil in the acc ! lator.
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%hen all fluid is out of the accumulator& Figure 1-"8& pressure at gauge PG1 will suddenly drop to 'ero. 8arefully note gauge pressure when it suddenly drops. The pressure seen at the sudden drop is the present pre-charge pressure of the

accumulator. This reading is only as accurate as the gauge and the person reading it. 5t is not a perfect reading& but will be close enough to see if a full-fledged check is needed.
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5f there is more than one accumulator on the machine& as in Figures 1-"9 and 1-40& this test will show the lowest pre-charge pressure. %hen a low pre-charge pressure shows up& check each accumulator individually until finding those at a lower pressure than re/uired.
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Another way to check pre-charge pressure is to note the gauge=s pressure reading when turning on the pump. %ith an accumulator in the circuit& the first pressure reading

should be pre-charge pressure. 5t is difficult to obtain an accurate reading this way with glycerin-filled or orifice-dampened gauges in the circuit. The gauge should also be at or close to the accumulator to keep line losses from adding to the reading.

Hydraulic type accumulator dump al es

%hen using an accumulator& there must be a way to discharge stored oil before safely working on the circuit. Aven when using the accumulator for emergency power supply& install a manual drain valve for safe operation. A manual drain valve with a gauge near it is the best way to ensure a safe operation. )ark the manual drain valve and place warning signs at all hydraulic component locations indicating there is an accumulator in the circuit and to open the manual drain before performing maintenance. A common way to discharge stored energy is to use a normally open& solenoidoperated& 2-way directional valve teed into the pressure line with its outlet hooked to tank. %ire the solenoid on the 2-way valve to close when the pump is running. Any time the pump stops& the 2-way solenoid valve de-energi'es and discharges stored oil to tank. A solenoid-operated valve works well in most cases but can cause problems. "irst& if the valve fails to close or only partially closes& oil dumps across it& generating heat and making it operate sluggishly or not at all. (econd& if the valve fails to open when the pump stops& the circuit is unsafe. This is a safety ha'ard for an ine$perienced person who might not detect the problem. Third& additional wiring creates additional costs. 5f the circuit uses a fi$ed-volume pump as shown in Figures 1-41 through 1-44& use an accumulator relief!unload!dump valve for most applications. This valve has an integral ad7ustable 2-way unloading valve A to unload the pump when reaching set pressure. Also& there is a pilot valve to close shut-off B that stays closed while the pump is running and opens any time the pump stops. 5solation check valve 98: keeps accumulator oil from back flowing to the pump when it stops.
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5n Figure 1-41 the pump has 7ust started& so pressure 7umps to accumulator precharge pressure and all flow goes to the accumulator through check valve C. 6ilotoperated 2-way shut-off B pilots closed when the pump is running. The pilot-operated& ad7ustable-spring shut-off Astays closed until set pressure is reached. 6ressure continues to climb until the accumulator is full& as seen in Figure 1-4!. %hen pressure reaches that set on 2-way ad7ustable-spring valve A& it opens& unloading the pump to tank at low pressure. Aven while unloading there is enough pressure to keep pilot-operated 2-way shut-off B closed.
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%hen pressure in the circuit drops appro$imately 52& Figure 1-4"& unloadvalve Acloses& again forcing oil to the circuit and accumulator. The pump will load and fill the system any time pressure drops about 52. This pump load pressure is nonad7ustable so it will not work for all circuits. (ome manufacturers offer an accumulator relief!unload!dump valve with an ad7ustable differential setting. (etting these valves= load-unload pressure by more or less than the 52 differential is possible.
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%hen the pump shuts off& as in Figure 1-44& pilot pressure to 2-way valve B drops& allowing it to open. ;ow all stored fluid from the accumulator has a path directly to tank. The accumulator will /uickly discharge& making it safe to work on the circuit.
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Hydraulic-type accumulator dump al es >continued?

%hen using an accumulator with a pressure compensated pump& the packaged dump valve shown works well. 9(ee Figures 1-45 through 1-48.: A pressure-compensated pump maintains pressure while flow changes to meet the needs of the circuit. %hen the first actuator in the system starts to move& there is no flow for it until pressure drops. As pressure drops& a pressure-compensated pump will go on stroke /uickly but there will be a slight pause before flow actually starts. The addition of the small accumulator shown in Figure 1-45 nearly eliminates the startup pause. This enhances system response while reducing cycle time and pressure fluctuations.
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.n the other end of the cycle& if the pump is at full flow and all the valves center or all the actuators hit end-of-stroke& flow re/uirement suddenly goes to 'ero. The pressure compensated pump is still flowing at ma$imum and pressure starts to climb. The pump will continue at full flow until pressure reaches #0 to 3#2 of the compensator setting. There has been 'ero flow needed for some time& but the pump does not know this until pressure is near ma$imum. %hen pressure reaches the compensator setting& the pump starts to shift to no-flow. All pump flow during the shifting time has no place to go& so this e$cess flow makes a pressure spike of five to ten times the compensator setting. This pressure spike can cause premature failure of the pump& plumbing& and actuators. An accumulator as shown will take in this small volume of oil to minimi'e the spike. As with any accumulator installation& safety is important. %hen shutting a circuit down for maintenance& always drain the accumulators. A manual drain valve works& but the automatic drain shown on the facing page is better. %hen the pump starts -and as long as it is running -- a pilot valve closes check valve B to block the drain port. 8heck valve A isolates the pump from accumulator back flow when it stops or fails. There is no electrical wiring needed& so the accumulator dump valve is invisible to the control circuitry. The pump is 7ust starting in Figure 1-45& so pressure immediately climbs to accumulator pre-charge pressure. "low continues until the accumulator is full and system pressure is at its ma$imum. 6ilot-to-close check valve B blocks the drain path to tank when the pump starts. The drain path stays closed as long as the pump is running.
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Figure 1-48 shows flow while the circuit is working. Accumulator and!or pump flow will go to the actuators to /uickly start them and move them through their cycle. ?uring the working part of the cycle& the accumulator smooths out flow fluctuations& while reducing pressure drops and spikes. %ith the system at rest as shown in Figure 1-49& pump flow is 'ero and the accumulator is full and ready for another cycle.
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Figure 1-48 shows how the circuit responds when the pump stops. 8heck valve Acloses to stop back flow and pump motoring. 6ressure to pilot-to-close check B drops out& allowing it to open. All accumulator volume now has a path to tank through an orifice that keeps flow at a reasonable rate. 5n a very short time the accumulator=s stored energy dissipates& making it safe to work on the system.
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*inear pressure-type accumulators

The following circuits use accumulator types with little or no pressure drop as they discharge fluid. Bas- or spring-loaded accumulators lose pressure as fluid discharges and the gas or spring e$pands. 5n a typical circuit using this type of accumulator& the ma$imum system pressure must be higher than working pressure to allow for this pressure drop. (ome circuits cannot operate at these elevated pressures or may need high pressure for the entire stroke. Therefore& they can=t use gas or spring loaded accumulators. The circuit in Figure 1-49 shows a weight-loaded accumulator& a fi$ed-volume pump& and a normally open& solenoid-operated relief valve that can replace either circuit shown in Figures 1-10 and 1-115 ;otice the ma$imum pressure and working pressure are at 2000 psi. This is possible because the weight-loaded accumulator does not lose pressure as fluid discharges. 4ntil the accumulator piston reaches bottom& system pressure stays constant.
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%ith a weight-loaded accumulator& the amount of weight on a given piston area sets ma$imum pressure. To raise or lower ma$imum pressure& weight must be added or taken off. (et the relief valve on this type circuit 00 to 50 psi higher than system pressure so it does not bypass during normal operation. The main disadvantage of a weight-loaded accumulator is its physical si'e. An accumulator for the circuit shown in Figure 1-49 would re/uire a 0-in. ram with a >0-in. stroke for the cylinder to have full force for its entire cycle. This si'e accumulator needs almost >0&000 lb of weight on the ram to get the re/uired volume and pressure stated. A block of concrete appro$imately 0#0 ft+ in si'e or about 0 C 0C ft would be necessary to meet this need. (uch high mass eliminates the use of this type accumulator for mobile e/uipment and also rules out many industrial applications. 4sing a smaller accumulator ram with a longer stroke reduces weight& but you must make sure column strength is ade/uate when reducing ram diameter.

The air-cylinder-loaded accumulator shown in Figure 1-50 works the same as a weight-loaded accumulator. There is a slight pressure drop as fluid starts to flow due to piston and ram seal friction but this is usually not enough to cause problems.
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6hysical si'e can also be a problem with air-cylinder-loaded accumulators& especially when using low air pressure. )ost plant systems operate at 00 to 25 psi so the unit re/uired to handle the cylinder in Figure 1-50 might be a ,0-in. bore air cylinder driving a 3-in. ram with a 15-in. stroke. 4sing air pressure at 250 psi could reduce the accumulator to a +0-in. air cylinder driving a 0D-in. ram for a 55-in. stroke. 5n either case& these accumulators are still too large for mobile e/uipment and for many industrial applications. Air-cylinder-loaded accumulators work best and are more economical to operate using a surge tank for the air cylinder. (urge tanks provide fast flow for discharging high oil

volumes with minimal pressure drop. They also make it possible to use a small air compressor because it only has to make up for leaks after the system gets up to pressure. (i'e the surge tank to allow for a +- to #-psi drop when the accumulator discharges during a normal cycle.