5.

OBJECTIVE
Tostudythebasicconceptsofdifferenttypesofoscillators

OSCILLATORS

FIGURE1

Showthatthevoltagegainofafeedbackamplifierisgivenby,

Where istheopenloopgainoftheamplifier.Ifacircuitisdesignedusingpositivefeedback,sothat The closed loop gain would be infinite. This condition gives rise to selfsustaining oscillations. The above EquationiscalledtheBarkhausencriterion,andismetwhentheoverallphaseshiftofthefeedbackis360.

SINEWAVEGENERATORS
There are dozens, probably hundreds of circuits for audio sine wave generators but certain 'old chestnuts' are still the favorites. The basic circuits haven't changed significantly since they were built with valves. In these experiments,Opampsareusedinsteadofvalves. Oscillators areuseful for generating uniform signals thatare used as a reference inapplications such as audio, functiongenerators,digitalsystems,andcommunicationsystems. Opampsinewaveoscillatorsoperatewithoutanexternallyappliedinputsignal.Instead,somecombinationof positive and negative feedback is used to drive the opamp into an unstable state, causing the output to cycle backandforthbetweenthesupplyrailsatacontinuousrate. The frequency and amplitude of oscillation are set by the arrangement of passive and active components around a central op amp. Opamp oscillators are restricted to the lower end of the frequency spectrum because opamps do not have the required bandwidth to achieve low phase shift at high frequencies. Crystal oscillatorsareusedinhighfrequencyapplicationsuptothehundredsofMHzrange

WEINBRIDGEOSCILLATOR
A Wien bridge oscillator is a type of electronic oscillator that generates sine waves. The basic arrangement of the Wien bridge oscillator circuit is shown in Figure 2. It uses two RC network (highpass filter followed by a lowpass filter) connected to the positive terminal to form a bandpass filter, that passes frequencies within a certainrange.Theoutputsignalisamplifiedbytwonegativefeedbackresistors(R1andR2).

 FIGURE2

The frequency of the oscillation is given by,

EXERCISE1.1
Calculatetheappropriatevaluesfor , and , forathefrequencyof330Hz SimulatetheWeinfiltercircuitwithPSpice,inthispartyoumustfindthetypeofthefilter. Construct the WeinBridge oscillator as shown in the figure. , (Use TL084 for Op Amp) Draw the outputoftheoscilloscope.FindtheOutputfrequency. Findthemajordrawbackofthecircuit.(Usetheoscilloscope) Proposeasimplesolutionforsolveabovedrawback.Explainhowyourcircuitworks. Designacircuitwithouttheabovedrawback.

CRYSTALOSCILLATOR
Acrystal oscillator is a tuned circuit oscillator that usesaquartz crystal.Other types of crystal canbeusedbut quartz is the most prevalent. Crystal oscillators offer greater frequency stability than other types. Resonance canoccureitherin: Serieswhenthereactanceintheseriesbranchesareequal. Parallelatahighfrequencywhenthereactanceof equalsthereactanceof .

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 Exercise7VoltageRegulation MEL5110ElectronicsLaboratory

FIGURE3

EXERCISE1.2
Findtheappropriatevaluesfor , and , .forafrequencyof4MHz,forcircuit(i) Constructthecircuit(i)anddrawtheoutputoftheOscilloscope.FindtheOutputfrequency Whatistheimportanceof inthecircuit(ii)? Findtheappropriatevaluesfor , and , .forafrequencyof4MHz,forcircuit(ii) Construct the circuit (ii) and draw the output of the oscilloscope. Find the output frequency. Use the equivalentcircuitforcrystaltofindthebasicoscillatorequivalenttothiscircuit.

SQUAREWAVEGENERATORS
Generationofsquarewaveisnotdifficultasthesinewavegeneration.Thereareseveralmethodstogenerate these signals. Simple Schmitt trigger based on complex PLL (phase lock loop) square wave generators are available.

ASTABLEMULTIVIBRATORWITHSCHMIDTTRIGGER

FIGURE4

EXERCISE2.1
Findtheappropriatevaluesfor , ConstructthecircuitandDrawtheoutputoftheOscilloscope.FindtheOutputfrequency Whatisthemaindrawbackofthecircuit? Howcanyouimprovethecircuitwithavariableoutputvoltage?

DesignaTriangularwavegeneratorusingthiscircuitandbuildit.Drawtheoutputwavewithtime

555TIMER
The555timerisanICspecificallydesignedtoperformsignalgenerationandtimingfunctions.Itallowsagreat deal of versatility. It will operate from a wide range of power supplies, sinking or sourcing 200 mA of load currentProperselectionofonlyafewexternalcomponentswillallowtimingintervalsofseveralminutes Byusingthe555timerwecanconstructseveralcircuits AstableMultivibrator VoltagecontrolOscillator PulseWidthModulator Frequencydivider Burstoscillator

EXERCISE2.1(VOLTAGECONTROLOSCILLATOR)

FIGURE5

Calculatetheappropriatevaluesfor

and

Drewagraphofoutputfrequencywithinputvoltage.Explainhowthisworking

EXERCISE2.2(PULSEWIDTHMODULATION)

FIGURE6

Calculatetheappropriatevaluesfor

and

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 Exercise7VoltageRegulation MEL5110ElectronicsLaboratory

Construct the oscillators as shown in the figure, Draw the output of the Oscilloscope. Find die Output frequency DrewagraphofOutputfrequencywithclockandmodulationinput

EXERCISE2.3(ASTABLEMULTIVIBRATOR)
designeastablemuldvibratorsWithdutycycles25%,50%,7