Index

Page numbers in italic type indicate illustrations; references followed

by tableindicate material in tables.
Readers are encouraged to consult this volumes glossary:
glossary entries are not entered in this index.
A
aboveground chemical pipeline, infrared thermographic leak testing, 514
aboveground storage tanks
acoustic leak testing, 497-499
petrochemical, 522, 532-539
absolute pressure, 27, 35
vacuum systems, 192
absolute pressure dial gages, 160-162
absolute temperature, 165
absorbed leaks, 68
accumulation methods. Seehalogen accumulation leak testing; helium
accumulation leak testing
accumulation (pressure vessels), 145
acetone, safety precautions, 109
acetylene, as chemical indicator, 586
acoustically active leaks, 459
acoustically passive leaks, 459-460
acoustic emission, 459-460, 496
acoustic leak testing, 458-503
electronic analysis systems, 463
large leak detection in vacuum systems, 256
principles, 458-466
vessels, tanks and pipelines, 496-502, 534
See also sonic leak testing; ultrasound leak testing
acoustic sensors, 461
adjunct sealants, for hermetically sealed packages, 556
adsorption, in vacuum systems, 217
air
as bubble testing tracer gas, 290, 291, 292-294
composition, 41, 47 table
as pressurizing gas, 154
airborne toxics, 104-112
airborne ultrasound leak testing, 458-459, 461, 466
interpretation, 472-473
scanning module, 468
air conditioning systems. Seerefrigeration and air conditioning systems
aircraft escape slides, ultrasonic assessment, 481
aircraft fuel systems, ultrasound leak testing, 480
aircraft hydraulic systems, ultrasound leak testing, 482
aircraft oxygen systems
bubble leak testing liquid for, 301
ultrasound leak testing, 480-481
air curtain shroud halogen leak testing, 434, 439
air lance testing, of geosynthetic membranes, 595
air pressure testing, of geosynthetic membranes, 592, 594-595
alcohol baths, liquid immersion bubble testing with, 289-290
aluminum, vacuum system application, 235, 237
aluminum oxide dew point detectors, 167-168
ammonia
as bubble testing tracer gas, 292-294
chemical indicator leak detection with, 585-586
with dye tracers, 584
leak detection, 15
properties, 37 table, 38 table, 125 table, 516 table
safety precautions with tracer, 125
ammonia sensitive paint testing, aboveground storage tanks, 536
aneroid capsule pressure gages, 160, 161
anhydrous copper sulfate, as chemical indicator, 587
anhydrous liquid ammonia, safety precautions, 125
anomalous leaks, 67-68
API aboveground storage tank design standards, 533, 540
API pressure vessel guidelines, 141
API standards and practices, 144 table, 145, 532, 533, 536, 540, 541
area contamination monitors, 124
argon
mass spectrometric detection, 322
safety precautions, 125-126
aromatic hydrocarbons, safety precautions, 110
artificial lighting, 119
artificial physical leaks. Seecalibrated reference leaks
artificial ultrasonic tone generators, 461, 470, 484-485
as-found testing, 591
ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), 144 table
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 133, 139, 140, 144 table, 427
B96.1, Welded Aluminum-Alloy Storage Tanks, 532
asphyxiation hazards, with tracer gases, 123, 126, 127, 128
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), 144 table
D 323, 114
D 396, 113
E427, 432-434, 437-440
E1002, 472
helium tracer probe methods, 332-333
atmosphere (unit), 27, 28 table
atmosphere composition, 41, 47 table
atmospheric pressure, 34. See also barometric pressure
altitude variation, 216-217
austenitic stainless steel, vacuum system application, 236-237
autoclave bonding vacuum bags, ultrasound leak testing, 481-482
autoignition temperature, 113-114
automatic protection valve, for helium mass spectrometers, 323
automatic tank gaging systems, 523-524
automobile leak testing
air conditioning fluorescent dye leak testing, 581
ultrasound applications, 485
Avogadros number, 194
Avogadros principle, 36
B
backing vacuum pumps, 225
back pressure, 145
back pressure bubble leak testing, of hermetic devices, 560-561
backscatter/absorption gas imaging, 515-517
baffles, in vacuum systems, 230-231
barometric pressure
effect on calibrated reference leaks, 79-80
effect on pressure change leak testing, 179-180
and pressure gage operation, 163
barricades, 134
bar (unit), 27, 28 table
Bayard-Alpert vacuum gage, 251, 252-253
bearings, ultrasound analysis, 490
becquerel, 27
bell jar helium leak testing, 320, 357-359
bellows sealed valves, 231
benzene, safety precautions, 110
bladders, 522
blind flanges, precautions when installing, 142
blowdown, 145
blower pumps, 226-227
boiler tubes, ultrasound leak testing, 479
boiling point, 114
bolts, for pressure vessels, 142
bonding, to prevent electric sparks, 116
book inventory, 528
booster pumps, 226-227
Bourdon tube pressure gages, 160, 161
for vacuum systems, 243, 244
Boyles law, 35, 39-40
brakes (trucks), ultrasound leak testing, 486
brasses, vacuum system application, 236
breather valves, 149
bromocresol purple dye, 584
bronzes, vacuum system application, 236
Brownian motion, 39
bubble leak testing, 276
advantages and limitations, 277-278
classification by test liquid, 276
hermetically sealed devices at elevated temperature, 560-561
industrial procedures and applications, 312-317
sensitivity, 11-12, 278-280
test object preparation, 280-281
test object pressurization, 281-282
ultrasound leak detection, 464
visual inspection, 282-283
See also foam bubble testing; liquid film bubble testing; liquid immersion
bubble testing; vacuum box bubble testing
built up back pressure, 145
buried drain pipeline, infrared thermographic leak testing, 510-511
buried hot water pipeline, infrared thermographic leak testing, 512
buried natural gas pipeline, infrared thermographic leak testing, 511
buried oil cooled electric cable, infrared thermographic leak testing, 512-513
buried petroleum pipeline, infrared thermographic emission leak testing, 513
buried pipelines
infrared thermographic leak testing, 510-513
ultrasound leak testing, 478
buried steam pipeline, infrared thermographic leak testing, 512
buried water pipeline, infrared thermographic leak testing, 510
Burrows equation, 62-63
C
calibrated reference leaks, 13
calibration techniques, 94-99
categories, 73-75
classification, 72-73
design, 76-78
for halogen leak detectors, 421-422, 435, 445
inaccuracy sources, 78-80
for liquid film bubble testing, 305
NIST calibration, 72, 78-79
precautions with, 76
stability and envelope pressure, 75
temperature coefficients, 74
See also halogen calibrated reference leaks; helium calibrated
reference leaks
capacitance manometer, 246-247
capacitive dew point sensors, 167-168
capillary calibrated leaks, 73, 75
design, 77-78
helium, 87
capillary flow, 68
capillary tubes, for flow rate leak testing, 206-207
capture vacuum pumps, 231-234
carbon dioxide
chemical indicator leak testing with, 586
safety precautions, 126, 129
carbon dioxide lasers, in infrared photoacoustic leak testing, 518
carbon tetrachloride
as halogen tracer gas, 406 table
safety precautions, 109-110
cars. Seeautomobile leak testing
cavitation detection, 464
charcoal gettering, of krypton-85 for hermetic device leak testing, 565
Charles law, 35, 40
check valve leaks, 67
chemical-electrochemical testing, 4
chemical feed supply line, acoustic leak testing, 502
chemical fume leak location, 585-587
chemical pipeline, infrared thermographic leak testing, 514
chlorine systems
bubble leak test solution for, 301-302
wet, ultrasound leak testing, 488
chlorofluorocarbons, 110
choked leak flow, 46-47, 59, 63-64
coatings, bubble testing and, 280, 281
cold cathode discharge, 233
cold cathode vacuum gages, 249-250
helium mass spectrometry application, 388, 398-399
cold differential test pressure, 145
cold traps, 230, 231
contamination from, 241
helium mass spectrometry application, 321, 323, 386, 397-398
colored bubble testing liquids, 279
color former dyes, 581
combustible liquids, 113
compressed gas cylinders. Seegas cylinders
compressibility, 154-155
compressors, ultrasound leak testing, 477-478
compressor valves, ultrasound leak testing, 482-483
conductance, 8
calculating apparent, 66
electrical conductance analogy, 50-51
electrical leak location in geosynthetic membrane, 595-597
and helium mass spectrometry leak testing, 329
leaks in parallel, 52, 221
leaks in series, 51-52, 220-221
tubes and orifices, 52, 53, 54
vacuum systems, 220-221
conductivity, thermal, of gases, 42 table, 265 table
conservation vents, 149
consumer products, halogen leak testing, 447
contact acoustic sensors, 461
contact angle, in bubble testing, 278
contact ultrasonic sensors, 462-463
containment barriers, for underground storage tanks, 522-523
continuous automatic tank gaging systems, 524
copper, vacuum system application, 237
counterflow helium mass spectrometry, 373-374, 392-393, 396-397
creeping regulators, 132
Criteria for a Recommended Standard for Occupational Exposure to
Ultraviolet Radiation, 121
cryogenic plate coil, halogen leak testing, 447-448
cryopumps, 230, 231-233
cryosorption, 232
cubic meter, 27
curie, 27
cyclic repressurization pressure change leak testing, 190-191
D
Daltons law of partial pressures, 35-36, 40-41
deadweight piston gage, 155-156
decay chart, krypton-85, 573 table
deep space systems, hermetic seals for, 552-553
density, selected gases, 42 table
derived SI units, 26 table, 27-28
detector probe technique, 14-16
for leak location, 19-20
vacuum systems, 264
See also tracer probe technique
detergent solutions, for liquid film bubble testing, 298-299
dew point temperature
pressurization effects, 168-169
sensors for, 167-168
diaphragm vacuum gages, 243, 244
diatomic gases, 43
628 Leak Testing
dichlorodifluoromethane, safety precautions, 128
diesel engine ultrasound leak testing, 485
differential detectors, 58
differential pressure. Seepressure differential
diffusion
of tracer gases, 37-39
in vacuum systems, 217
diffusion pump oils, 237
changing, 241
diffusion pumps, 228, 229-230
helium mass spectrometry application, 321, 322, 374, 394-395, 402
diffusion rate, 114
diffusivity
common tracer gases, 42 table
gases in air, 38 table
digital electronic flow meter, 210, 211
digital mercury manometer, 160
digital pressure gages, 159-160
digital pressure transducers, 157-158
digital U-tube mercury manometer, 160
direct flow helium mass spectrometry, 372-373
directional ultrasonic transducers, 462
dirty work materials, 224
double bottom storage tanks, 534-535
double walled tanks, 522
drain pipeline, infrared thermographic leak testing, 510-511
dry bulb temperature measurement, 167
dry powder developers, safety precautions, 112
dual inline circuit packages, 555-557
dye tracer leak testing, 580-585
for aboveground storage tanks, 535-536
gas phase dye tracers, 584-585
hermetically sealed devices, 559
with hydrostatic test fluids, 587
limitations, 583-584
pH sensitive, 584-585
dynamic leak testing, 17, 18
E
elastomers
air permeability, 551 table
avoiding in helium mass spectrometry leak testing, 325
for vacuum system seals, 235-236
See also rubber gaskets and O-rings
electrical cables
buried oil cooled, infrared thermographic leak testing, 512-513
flow rate leak testing, 213
high voltage, ultrasonic leak detection, 462, 491-492
electrical extension cords, 118
electrical hazards, 116-119
electrical inspection, ultrasound leak testing for, 462, 491-493
electrical leak location method, for geosynthetic membranes, 592-593,
595-597
electrical substation components, ultrasound leak testing, 492-493
electric arc hazards, 118
electric shock, 117-118
electric sparks, 116
electron capture halogen leak detection, 418-419
aboveground storage tanks, 537
electronegative tracer gas, 406 table
electronic components
hermetically sealed packages, 554-557
liquid film bubble testing, 302
liquid immersion bubble testing, 284-285
electropneumatic pressure calibrator, 161
English units, 29-30, 173
environmental contamination, 10-11
Environmental Protection Agency, 3, 522
ethyl alcohol, liquid immersion bubble testing with, 288, 289-290
ethylene diamine, 585
ethylene glycol, liquid immersion bubble testing with, 290
ethylene glycol ethers, safety precautions, 111
evacuated systems. Seevacuum systems
evaporation rate, 114
and bubble testing, 278-279
exotic gas supply systems, ultrasound leak testing, 474-475
explosion hazards, 133, 136-138
explosion proof electrical fittings, 118-119, 464
explosive range, 114
extension cord hazards, 118
F
failure, cost of, and nondestructive testing, 3-4
false cavities, 556
Faraday induction coil, 22
fast response thermopile mass flow meter, 208-209
Federal Aviation Administration, 3
fermentation systems, ultrasound leak testing, 476
film bubble testing. Seeliquid film bubble testing
final safety analysis report, 589
fixed leakage value orifice capillary leaks, 77
flame arrestors, in vents, 149
flammability range, 114
flammable liquids, safety precautions, 113-115
flammable vapors, 113, 114, 116, 464
flare gas valves, acoustic leak testing, 496-497
flash point, 113
flash X-ray pressure systems, ultrasound leak testing, 493
floating roof petroleum structure leak testing, 542-547
flow rate leak testing, 205-213
aboveground storage tanks, 539, 540, 545-547
advantages and limitations, 206
digital electronic flow meter application, 210, 211
orifice flow detector application, 209-210, 211
thermopile mass flow meter application, 208-209
true thermal mass flow meter application, 212-213
vacuum pumping technique, 210-211
See also sealed volume flow rate leak testing
fluid leak testing media, 13, 34. See also gases; liquids; vapors
fluorescein, 582
fluorescent bubble testing liquids, 279, 302
fluorescent tracer dyes, 581-583
with hydrostatic test fluids, 587
ultraviolet radiation precautions, 119-121
fluorinated elastomers, for vacuum system gaskets, 236
fluorocarbon resin membrane leaks, 73
fluorocarbons, 110, 406 table. See also Gases
foam bubble testing, 276, 303
fuel gas cylinder precautions, 130-131
fuel injectors, ultrasound leak testing, 486
future usefulness, nondestructive testing and, 2
G
gage pressure, 27, 35
vacuum systems, 192
gamma radiation, from krypton-85, 568
gas bombs, 587
gas conductance. Seeconductance
gas cylinders
bubble testing liquid for, 301
infrared thermographic absorption leak testing, 517
precautions with, 130-132
gases (includes tracer gases)
Avogadros principle, 36
Boyles law, 35, 39-40
Brownian motion, 39
for bubble testing, 281-282, 290-294
Charles law, 35, 40
choked (sonic) flow, 46-47, 59, 63-64
compressibility, 154
concentration variation effect, 53, 54, 55
Daltons law of partial pressures, 35-36, 40-41
diffusion/adsorption in vacuum systems, 217
elemental, low pressure discharge colors, 259 table
flow mode distinction criteria, 45, 48, 59, 64, 66, 88-89
flow rate specification, 218
Grahams law, 37-39
ideal gas law, 36-37
infrared thermographic absorption wavelengths, 515-516 table
kinetic theory, 39-40
laminar flow, 46, 59-60, 66-67
leakage rate conversion with different, 55-57
molecular weight, 43
as leak testing media, 13
partial pressures, 47 table
permeation through solids, 45, 59, 64-66
physical properties of typical, 37 table, 42 table, 43, 47, 87 table
pressure exerted by, 34-35
sensors and alarms for toxic, 104, 105 table
specific heats, 63 table
thermal conductivities, 265 table
turbulent flow, 46, 59, 63
viscosities, 37 table, 42 table, 43 table, 87 table
volume occupied by, 34
629 Index
gaskets. See also rubber gaskets and O-rings
for helium mass spectrometry leak testing, 325
for pressure tests, 142-143
for vacuum systems, 235-237
gas leakage rate units, 28
gas mains, pressure change leak testing, 191
gas mixtures
constituent stratification, 43-44
effective viscosity, 42-43
gas permeation rate units, 28
gas phase dye tracers, 584-585
gas quantity, vacuum systems, 219
gas quantity units, 27-28
gas viscosity, 60
selected gases, 37 table, 42 table, 87 table
general lighting, 119
geometry change leaks, 67
geosynthetic membrane seam leak testing, 592-597
Geiger-Mller tubes, use in krypton-85 leak testing of hermetically sealed
devices, 569
glass bell jar implosion, 138
glass membrane standard leaks, 74
glass orifice standard leaks, 75
glass-to-ceramic seals, 554-555
glass-to-metal seals, 554-555
glycerine, for liquid film bubble testing, 298
glycerine fluorocarbons, for liquid immersion bubble testing, 290
glycols
as dye solvents, 584
safety precautions, 111
gold, vacuum system application, 237
gradient sensors, 58
Grahams law, 37-39
grounding, to prevent electric sparks, 116
groundwater monitoring
underground piping, 531
underground storage tanks, 525-526
H
halide torch leak testing, 409-410, 588
halogen detector probes, 412
for aboveground storage tanks, 536-537
with halide torch detection, 409-410, 588
leak search procedure, 420-421, 425
pressure leak testing, 432-441
proportioning, 412, 429-430, 432, 438
halogen leak testing
accumulation leak testing, 434, 439-440, 444, 454
background halogen contamination, 428, 431, 435, 445
calibration, 421-422, 425-428, 435
electron capture detection, 418-419
halide torch detection, 409-410, 588
halogen gases, 406 table
industrial applications, 442-449
industrial detector, 416-418
leak searching procedure, 444-445
leak testing booth, 428-429
leaks, calibrated reference, 81-85
leaks, variable value, orifice, 77-78
portable detector, 414-415
precautions, 423-425
pressurization, 423, 430-431, 435, 448
specifications, 436, 450-454
tracer gas selection, 406-408, 436
See also heated anode halogen leak detector
halogenated hydrocarbons, safety precautions, 109-110
hard ultraviolet radiation, 119-121
hard vacuum, sealing requirements, 551
hazardous substances, 150
hazards, 102. See also safety
heading up pressure vessels, 141
health hazard evaluation, 106-107
heated anode halogen leak detector, 410-414
calibration, 421-422, 445
for industrial leak detection, 416-418
precautions, 423-425, 430
sensitivity, 411-413, 418
heat exchangers
in chemical plants, acoustic leak testing, 501-502
in steam plants, ultrasound leak testing, 479
helium
as bubble testing tracer gas, 291-294
in cryopumps, 232
permeation through rubber, 64-65
safety precautions, 126
tracer gas characteristics, 370
helium accumulation leak testing
pressurized systems, 321, 360-366
sensitivity, 326, 343, 361
vacuum systems, 321, 343-344
helium bell jar leak testing, 320, 357-359
helium bombing, of hermetically sealed components, 358-359, 574-577
helium calibrated reference leaks, 76-77, 86-93
for helium mass spectrometry application, 324, 389
for helium tracer probe leak testing, 334
NIST calibration, 72
variable leak rate, 78
helium detector probe leak testing, 320, 345-356
direct probing to atmosphere, 351-352
remote sampling application, 350-351
sensitivity, 346, 348-350, 354
helium filled hood leak testing, 320, 336-342
large vessels, 336-337, 339
sensitivity, 326, 341-342
helium mass spectrometer, 371, 374-384
visible light spectrometer compared, 377-379
helium mass spectrometry, 320-329
aboveground storage tanks, 537-538
advantages and limitations, 375
applications, 371-372
background signal suppression, 384
calibration, 324
counterflow, 373-374, 392-393, 396-397
development of, 23-25
direct flow, 372-373
helium-air leakage rate conversion, 323-324
hermetically sealed devices, 574-577
instrumentation, 370-384
for large leak detection in vacuum systems, 257-258
large system pumping arrangements, 324-325
large system time constants, 328-329
portable leak tester, 386-388
precautions, 325
protective devices, 323
response time, 391
sensitivity, 326, 370-371, 376-377, 385-391
techniques for, 320-321
test sequence for, 326-328
vacuum system, 321-322
vacuum system cleanliness, 400-402
vacuum system operation and maintenance, 392-402
helium tracer probe technique, 320, 330-335
high sensitivity enclosure, 334-335
sensitivity, 326
hermetically sealed devices, 16
bell jar helium leak testing, 357-359
characteristics and performance requirements, 550-553
fine leak testing, 558
fine leak testing with helium, 574-577
fine leak testing with krypton-85, 564-573
gross leak testing, 558-563
helium mass spectrometer leak testing, 321
holographic leak testing, 562-563
liquid immersion bubble testing, 284-285, 286, 294
hermetically sealed packages, 544-557
high temperature leaks, 10
high voltage discharge leak testing, large leak detection in vacuum systems,
258-259, 260
high voltage electrical cables, ultrasonic leak detection, 462, 491-492
high voltage transformers/capacitors, ultrasound leak testing, 492, 493
holographic leak testing, hermetically sealed devices, 562-563
hood leak testing. Seehelium filled hood leak testing
hook and claw pumps, 225
hot cathode gage, 23
hot filament ionization gage, 250
hot stick, 491
hot water pipeline, infrared thermographic leak testing, 512
hot wire bridge thermal conductivity leak detector, 265-266
human hearing, 459
hydraulic systems, ultrasound leak testing, 489-490
hydrogen
electric spark hazards, 116
safety precautions, 126-127
630 Leak Testing
hydrogen chloride
chemical indicator leak testing with, 585-586
safety precautions, 126-127
hydrogen cooled electric power generator, ultrasound leak testing, 476-477
hydrogen sulfide, chemical indicator leak testing with, 586
hydrostatic proof testing, 139
fluorescent dye indicators with, 587
I
ideal gas law, 36-37
immersion bubble testing. Seeliquid immersion bubble testing
implosion hazards, 133, 138-139
inches of mercury/water, 27, 28 table
individual leak location, 10, 18-20
industrial leak testing systems, 25. See also specific leak testing techniques and
methods
inert gas tungsten arc welding, for high vacuum welded joints, 194
infrared radiation, 506
gas absorption of, 516-517 table
infrared thermographic leak testing, 506, 519
absorption techniques, 506, 515-517
acoustic excitation techniques, 506, 518-519
emission techniques, 506, 507-514
inherent detectors, 16
instrumentation air systems, ultrasound leak testing, 476
insulation, ultrasound leak pinpointing, 475
integrated circuit hermetically sealed packages, 555-557
integrated leakage rate testing, 589-590
intermittent leaks, bubble testing difficulties, 278
inventory control, of underground storage tanks, 528-529
inventory reconciliation, of underground storage tanks, 526-528
ionization gages, 243, 249-253
helium mass spectrometry application, 388
vacuum gage leak testing with, 262, 267-272
ion pumps, 231, 233-234
leak detection with, 270-272
isopropyl alcohol, liquid immersion bubble testing with, 289-290
J
jacketed tanks, 522
K
ketones, safety precautions, 109
K factor, 572
kinetic theory of gases, 39-40
Knudsen equation
molecular flow, 49, 61
transitional flow, 50, 62
Knudsen number, 64
krypton-85 counting station, 568, 570-571
krypton-85 tracer gas leak testing
exposure limits, 121-122
fine leak testing of hermetically sealed devices, 564-573
gross leak testing of hermetically sealed devices, 562
half life decay, 573 table
safety precautions, 111, 127-128
L
laboratory vacuum chamber, vacuum retention testing, 203-204
laminar flow leakage
characteristics, 46, 59-60
equation for, 66-67
ultrasound detection, 464-465
laser applications
infrared absorption leak testing, 515
infrared photoacoustic leak testing, 506, 518-519
liquid immersion bubble testing of military cartridges, 297
lead, vacuum system application, 237
leakage measurement, 13
coordinating with leak location, 20
fluid media for, 34
gas tracers, 16-17
method selection, 14, 16
open test objects accessible on both sides, 17-18
principles of, 48
units, 29-30
leak conductance. Seeconductance
leak detection. Seeleak testing
leak detectors. See also specific leak detectors
contemporary, 24-25
sensitivity, 11
leaking underground storage tanks
infrared thermographic testing, 514
petrochemical storage, 522-531
leak location, 13
coordinating with leakage measurement, 20
fluid media for, 34
locating every leak, 10, 18-20
method selection, 13-16, 14
leaks, 7
absorbed, 68
acoustic emission characteristics, 459-460
anomalous, 67-68
pressure or temperature dependent, 47
size of, and leakage, 66
virtual. Seevirtual leaks
viscosity dependent, 460
See also pressurized systems; vacuum systems
leak testing, 7-10, 13
applications, 8-9
categories, 13
history, 22-25
fluid media for, 34
method selection, 14
personnel training. Seetraining
safety considerations. Seesafety
standard conditions, 11
units for, 26-30
leak testing methods, 12 table. See also specific methods
leak testing techniques, 12 table
relative sensitivities, 14, 19 table, 57, 58 table
selection, 13, 14
special application techniques, 580-600
See also specific techniques
leak test sensitivity
calibrated reference standards for, 72, 73
cost and, 12, 13
and ease of operation, 12
impractical specifications, 9-10
and operating conditions, 15
practical, 10-11
relative sensitivities of techniques, 14, 19 table, 57, 58 table
test variables limiting, 57
leak tightness, 9
leaky regulators, 132
lethal concentration, 107
lethal doses, 107-108
lift, 145
lighting, and industrial safety, 119
liquid film bubble testing (solution film bubble testing), 276, 283-284,
298-305
commercial solutions for, 299-302
field procedures, 304-305
industrial applications, 313-316
sensitivity, 279-280, 304
soap solutions for, 298-299
liquid hydrogen vessel, vacuum retention testing, 202-203
liquid immersion bubble testing, 276, 286-297
advantages and limitations, 289-290
bubble formation in, 286-289
of hermetically sealed devices, 560-561
safety problems, 294-295
sensitivity, 280, 290-294
small components in heated baths, 284-285, 294
ultrasound leak detection with, 463
visual inspection, 295
liquid leak amplifier, 463
liquid nitrogen, for bubble testing pressurization, 282
liquids
for bubble testing, 277-278
compressibility, 154-155
for dye penetrant leak testing, 581
flammable, 113-115
for large leak detection in vacuum systems, 259
as leak testing media, 13
pressure exerted by, 34-35
volume occupied by, 34
liter, 27
local leakage rate testing, 589, 590-591
low pressure systems. Seevacuum systems
631 Index
M
magnetic-electrical testing, 4
magnetron ionization gages, 268
Manhattan Project, 22
manometers, 156-157
for flow rate leak testing, 207
precision reading technique, 162
vacuum application, 243-244, 246-247
manual tank gaging, 529
marine ultrasound leak testing applications, 483-484
mass discrimination effects, 380
mass flow
rate, 8
conversion factors, 29 table
leak testing. Seeflow rate leak testing
mass spectrometry. Seehelium mass spectrometry
mass transfer, in gas flow, 59
material loss, 10, 11
maximum allowable concentration, and ventilation design, 105-106
maximum allowable working pressure, 144, 145
McLeod gages, 22
vacuum applications, 243-245
mean free path, 41-43, 42 table, 45, 50, 60 table, 60-61
in vacuum systems, 217
measurement units. SeeSI units
mechanical vacuum pumps, 224-227
for helium mass spectrometry, 321, 393-394, 402
mechanical vibration testing, 4
medical stethoscopes, for acoustic leak testing, 459, 468-469
membrane calibrated leaks, 73, 75
design and construction, 76-77
helium, 86, 91-93
mercury manometer, 156, 157
methane, safety precautions, 128
methyl alcohol
liquid immersion bubble testing with, 286, 289-290
safety precautions, 110-111
methyl bromide, safety precautions, 112
methyl chloride
as halogen tracer gas, 406 table
safety precautions, 112
metric units. SeeSI units
micropore flow, 68
MIL-L-25567D(1), 301
millimeters of mercury, 27, 28 table
mineral oil, liquid immersion bubble testing with, 289, 290, 293, 294
minimum detectable leakage, 8
minimum lethal dose, 107
molecular diameter, selected gases, 37 table
molecular flow leakage
characteristics, 45-46, 48-50, 59
conditions for identification, 89, 90
equation for, 61-62
helium calibrated reference leaks for, 87, 88
helium mass spectrometry, 323
pressure differential and, 55-57
pressure increase limitations, 91
and vacuum gage leak testing, 262-263
molecular weight, 43
selected gases, 37 table, 38 table, 42 table, 87 table
mole per second, 29
monochlorodifluoromethane. Seerefrigerant-22
multiple range pressure standard, 158
N
naphtha, safety precautions, 111
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) reference leak
calibration, 72, 78-79
National Materials Advisory Board Ad Hoc Committee on Nondestructive
Evaluation, 4
National Safety Council, 3
natural gas pipelines, 22
chemical indicators for, 586
infrared thermographic leak testing, 511
pressure change leak testing, 191
NBBPVI (National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors), 144 table
near space systems, hermetic seals for, 552-553
neon, mass spectrometric detection, 322
Nier-Keller-General Electric leak detector, 24
NIOSH (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health)
aquatic toxicity ratings, 150
criteria documents, 108, 150
NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, 108
special occupational hazard reviews, 108
nitrogen
as pressurizing gas, 154, 282
safety precautions, 128
vacuum pumping limitations, 223-224
nitrogen oxides, safety precautions, 128
nitrogen pressurized telephone cables. Seetelephone cables
nitrous oxide, safety precautions, 128
nondestructive testing, 2-6
nonreservoir calibrated leaks, 73
nuclear containment systems
flow rate testing, 211-212
primary containment system leak testing, 589-591
nuclear power plants, acoustic leak testing applications, 499-502
nuts, for pressure vessels, 142
O
occupational diseases, 150-151
occupational standards, 108
oil baths, liquid immersion bubble testing with, 289
oil phase fluorescent leak tracers, 582-583
open units, 16
operating pressure, 144-145
orifice calibrated leaks. Seecapillary calibrated leaks
orifice flow detector, 209-210, 211
orifices
acoustic emission of leaks through, 459
gas conductance graphical determination, 52, 54
ultrasound leak detection, 466
O-rings
for helium mass spectrometry leak testing, 325, 401
rubber. Seerubber gaskets and O-rings
outer space systems, hermetic seals for, 551, 552-553
outgassing, 193, 199, 235, 255
overpressure, 145
overpressure protection, 134-135
oxide layers, in hermetic seals, 555
oxygen
compressed gas cylinder precautions, 130-131
pressure regulator precautions, 132
safety precautions, 128-129
oxygen deficient atmosphere hazards, 112, 126
ozone, 120
P
palladium barrier ionization gage, 269-270
parabolic microphones, 469-470, 495
partial pressures, of gases, 35-36, 40-41, 47 table
particulate airborne contaminants, 104, 112
pascal, 27, 192-193
pascal cubic meter, 27-28
pascal cubic meter per second, 28, 29, 172, 192
pascal cubic meter per second per square meter per meter, 28
penetrating radiation testing, 4
Penning vacuum gage, 249-250
perchloroethylene, as halogen tracer gas, 406 table
permeation, 45, 59
formula for, 64-66
permeation calibrated leaks. Seemembrane calibrated leaks
personnel protection indicators, 123-124
personnel training. Seetraining
petrochemical storage tanks, 540
aboveground, 522, 532-539
leakage rate determination, 540-548
underground, 522-531
variable volume, leak testing, 542-547
petroleum derivatives, safety precautions, 111
petroleum pipelines
infrared thermographic leak testing, 513
sealed volume flow meter leak testing, 540
petroleum refineries, ultrasound leak testing applications, 477
Philips discharge gage, 249-250
photoacoustic effect, 518
pH sensitive dye indicators, 584-585
pilot operated safety relief valves, 144
632 Leak Testing
pipelines
infrared thermographic absorption leak testing, 515-517
infrared thermographic leak testing, 510-514
sealed volume flow meter leak testing, 540
ultrasound leak testing, 478
piping
acoustic leak testing, 501
leak testing of underground, 529-531
ultrasound leak testing, 475-478
Pirani gage, 22, 247, 248-249
helium mass spectrometry application, 388, 399
plastic devices, krypton-85 leak testing of hermetically sealed, 565-566
plumbers smoke rocket, 22, 587
pneumatic flow, 59
pneumatic force gages, 243
pneumatic systems, ultrasound leak testing, 489
Poiseuilles equation, 59
polyethylene geosynthetic membrane leak testing, 592-597
ponding test, 592
porosity leaks, bubble testing difficulties, 278
porous plug calibrated leaks, 77
portable halogen vapor leak detector, 414-415
portable helium leak tester, 386-388
portable personnel protection monitor, 124-125
portable ultrasound leak detectors, 471
precision barometer, 157-158
precleaning, safety considerations, 102, 104
pressure boundaries, overall leak rates though, 8
pressure calibration systems, 158-159
pressure change leak testing
aboveground storage tanks, 538-539, 542
absolute temperature/pressure readings, 187
accuracy verification, 183
advantages and limitations, 185
calibrated leak supplemental technique, 183
constant temperature leakage rate calculation, 169-170, 185
constant volume leakage rate calculation, 170, 185
contained air determination, 172
cyclic repressurization, 190-191
data analysis techniques, 173-181, 189-190
data recording systems, 188
errors, 183, 184-185
gage temperature/pressure readings, 187-188
large volume system mass determination, 171
leakage measurement, 171-172, 192-193
low pressure gas main application, 191
metered mass change supplemental technique, 183
minicomputer integrated system, 188, 189
precautions, 185-186
pressurized systems, 184-191
pressurizing gases for, 154, 185
surface thermometer techniques, 166-167
temperature change corrections, 170-171
test sequence, 186
time duration effects, 173
vacuum systems, 192-204
water vapor corrections, 168-169, 172
pressure decay leak testing
differential pressure system, 164-165
electronic memory system, 163-164
pressure dependent leaks, 47
pressure differential, 27, 154
and bubble testing, 280
hermetic seal leak testing, 550
and molecular flow leaks, 55
varying, 88
and viscous flow leaks, 53
pressure gages, 22-23, 154 table, 155-163
calibration and safety applications, 135
digital, 159-160
gas cylinder precautions, 131, 132
practical visual indicators, 161-163
storage and handling, 135-136
vacuum systems, 243-253
pressure proof testing, 139
pressure relief devices, 135, 143-149
specifications and standards, 144 table
pressure transducers, 157-158
pressure units, 27
converting older units, 28 table
pressure vents, 144, 148
pressure vessels
bubble testing, 281, 282, 312-316
design, 134
helium detector probe, 345-347, 354
standards, 133, 139, 140, 144 table, 427
pressurized systems
detector probe leak detection, 15-16
flow rate leak testing, 205
halogen detector probes for, 432-441
halogen leak testing, 442-444
helium accumulation leak testing, 321, 360-366
helium bell jar leak testing, 320, 357-359
helium detector probe leak testing, 320, 345-356
method selection, 18
preparation for safe leak testing, 140-149
pressure change leak testing, 184-191
safety precautions, 102, 133-138, 140-149
tracer leakage measurement, 16-17
ultrasound leak testing, 474-486, 494-495
pressurized telephone cables. Seetelephone cables
pressurizing gases, 154, 185, 282
proportioning halogen detector probes, 412, 429-430, 432, 438
propylenediamine, 585
protective walls, 134
pumping speed, vacuum systems, 219, 222
R
radioactive tracer gas technique. Seekrypton-85 tracer gas leak testing
radioactivity units, 27
reading glasses, for bubble leak testing, 282-283
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, 20
reference leaks. Seecalibrated reference leaks
refrigerant-11, 406 table
refrigerant-12, 406 table
detrimental effects, 437
safety precautions, 126
refrigerant-13, 406 table
refrigerant-13B1, 406 table
refrigerant-21, 406 table
refrigerant-22
detrimental effects, 437
physical properties, 406 table, 406-408
programmed fill method with, 443-444
refrigerant-113, 406 table
refrigerant-114, 406 table
refrigerant-134a, 15
calibrated reference leaks, 81-84
physical properties, 406 table, 406-408
for portable leak detector, 415
variable value orifice reference leaks, 78
refrigerant gases
safety precautions, 110, 126
406 table
refrigeration and air conditioning systems
film bubble testing liquid for, 302
fluorescent dye leak testing of automotive, 581
halogen leak testing, 447, 448
helium accumulation leak testing, 343-344, 366
helium detector probe leak testing, 356
helium filled hood leak testing, 342
infrared photoacoustic leak testing, 518, 519
portable halogen leak detector, 414-415
ultrasound leak testing, 476
regulators, safety precautions, 131, 132
relief valves, 135, 143
remote sampling helium detector probe, 350-351
remote ultrasound directional sensing, 462
reservoir calibrated leaks, 72
residual gas analysis leak testing, 598-600
resistance thermometers, 167
resistive dew point sensors, 168
Reynolds number, 46, 59-60, 63
rocket nozzle fuel lines, ultrasound leak testing, 480
roentgen, 27
rotary claw mechanical vacuum pumps, 226
rotary mechanical vacuum pumps, 224-227
rotary scroll mechanical vacuum pumps, 226
rounding of numbers, 28-29
rubber gaskets and O-rings
air permeability, 551 table
avoiding in helium mass spectrometry leak testing, 325
helium permeation through, 64-65
permeation through, 45
for vacuum systems, 236
633 Index
Ruhmkorff induction coil, 22
rupture disks, 144
rupture hazards, 136-137
S
safety
airborne toxics, 104-112
compressed gas cylinders, 130-132
electrical hazards, 116-119
flammable liquids and vapors, 113-115
general procedures, 102-103
halide torch leak detection, 410
heated anode halogen leak detector, 430
helium mass spectrometry, 325
lighting and, 119
liquid immersion bubble testing baths, 294-295
nondestructive testing and, 3
pressurized systems, 102, 133-138, 140-149
program, 103
relief valves, 143-144, 147-148
with scaffolds, 134
toxic exposure, 150-151
tracer gases, 123-129
ultraviolet radiation, 119-122
vacuum systems, 133, 138-139
valves, 143, 145-147
warning limitations, 108-109
scaffold safety, 134
A Scandal in Bohemia, 22
scroll pumps, 225, 226
sealed components. Seehermetically sealed devices
sealed volume flow rate leak testing, 206-208, 211-212
pipelines, 540
sealing technique, for large leak detection in vacuum systems, 259-260
seals, for vacuum systems, 235-237, 550-551. See also hermetically sealed
devices
secondary containment with interstitial monitoring
of underground piping, 531
of underground storage tanks, 522-523
self-cleaning leaks, 67-68
sensitivity. Seeleak test sensitivity; subheadings under specific leak testing
techniques
sensitizer dyes, 581
set pressure, 145
ships, ultrasound leak testing applications, 483-485
shock wave overpressures, 138
shroud halogen leak testing, 433-434, 438-439
sight glasses, for pressure tests, 143
silica gel leak testing, 270
silicon-based pressure sensors, 157-159
silicone oil, liquid immersion bubble testing with, 289, 290, 293, 294
silicone rubber, for vacuum systems, 236
silver, vacuum system application, 237
SI (International System of Units) measurement units, 26-30, 26 table
conversion factors, 27 table, 193
for leak testing, 27-30, 172, 192-193
multipliers (prefixes), 26-27, 28 table
pressure change, 172
vacuum, 192-193
small apertures, molecular flow through, 61-62
smoke bombs, 22, 587
smoke candles, 587
soap solutions, for liquid film bubble testing, 298-299
soft metallic vacuum gaskets, 237
solder glass dual inline circuit packages, 555-557
solution film bubble testing. Seeliquid film bubble testing
solvent fluorescent dye developers, 582, 583
solvents
dilution rate recommendations, 106 table
safety precautions, 102, 109-112
ventilation requirement calculations, 104-107
sonic leak flow, 46-47, 59, 63-64
sonic leak signals, 463-464
sonic leak testing, 459.
sensitivity, 465-466
specialized techniques, 464-465
See also ultrasound leak testing
space probes, hermetic seals for, 552-553
spark testing, geosynthetic membranes, 592
spinning rotor gage, 245
spring loaded relief valves, 135, 143-144
sputter ion pumps, 231, 233-234
stainless steel, vacuum system application, 235, 236-237
standard conditions (of temperature and pressure), 28
standard leaks. Seecalibrated reference leaks
Standard Recommended Guide for the Selection of a Leak Testing Method, 141
static electricity hazards, 116
static leak testing, 17, 18
statistical inventory reconciliation, of underground storage tanks, 526-527
steam boiler safety valves, 146
steam systems
fluorescent dye leak testing, 582
infrared thermographic leak testing, 512
ultrasound leak testing, 478-479
steam turbine exhaust systems (marine), ultrasound leak testing, 484
steel bolts, for pressure vessels, 142
steel pressure vessels, 141
stethoscopes, 459
ultrasound probe, 468-469
stick inventory, 528
Stoddard solvent, safety precautions, 111
storage
compressed gas cylinders, 130-131
pressure gages, 135-136
storage tanks. Seepetrochemical storage tanks; pressure vessels
stratification, of tracer gas mixtures, 43-44
stress leaks, 10
structural component fabrication, bubble leak testing application, 312
studs, for pressure vessels, 142
sulfur dioxide
chemical indicator leak testing with, 586
safety precautions, 129
sulfur hexafluoride, 15
as halogen tracer gas, 406 table
sulfur pipeline, infrared thermographic leak testing, 514
sumps, in geosynthetic membranes, 597
superimposed back pressure, 145
surface contamination, and bubble testing, 277, 280
surface flow leaks, 68
surface/near-surface testing methods, 4-5
leak testing difficulties, 7
surface tension
and bubble testing, 278, 279
liquid immersion bubble testing liquids, 288, 291
surface thermometers, for pressure change leak testing, 166-167
system reliability, 8-9
specifying tightness for, 11
T
telephone cables
bubble leak testing, 316-317
ultrasound leak testing, 494-495
temperature cycling, 10
temperature dependent leaks, 47
temperature measurement, in infrared thermographic leak testing, 507-508
Tesla coil, 22
tetrachoroethane, safety precautions, 112
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. Seerefrigerant-134a
thermal conductivity
gages, 243, 247-249
of selected gases, 42 table, 265 table
vacuum gage leak testing with, 262, 264-266
thermal mass flow meter, 212-213
thermal radiation, 506
thermal testing, 4
thermionic ionization gages, 250-253
leak testing with, 272
thermocouple pressure gage, 22
thermocouple vacuum gages, 247-248
helium mass spectrometry application, 388
thermographic leak testing. Seeinfrared thermographic leak testing
thermopile mass flow meter, 208-209
threshold limit value (TLV), 150
and ventilation design, 105-106
through-boundary testing methods, 6
throughput, vacuum systems, 219-220
time exposure photography, with liquid immersion bubble testing, 296-297
time weighted average concentration, 150
tin, vacuum system application, 237
titanium tetrachloride smoke stick, 587
TLVs: Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the
Work Environment, 150
toluene, safety precautions, 111
torr, 27, 28 table
toxic gas/vapor sensors and alarms, 104, 123-125
area contamination monitors, 124
gases/vapors detectable, 105 table
toxicity values, 107-108
634 Leak Testing
635 Index
toxicology evaluation, 107
toxic substances, 104-112, 123-129, 150-151
tracer gases. Seegases; specific tracer gases
tracer gas testing. See also halogen vapor leak testing; helium mass
spectrometry
ambient concentration control, 57-58
dilution, 40-41
for leakage measurement, 16-17
for leak location, 13-14, 15, 18-20
purity effects, 80
safety precautions, 123-129
vacuum systems, 261-272
tracer probe technique, 13-15, 16
for leak location, 19-20
vacuum systems, 264
See also detector probe technique
training, 20-21
aboveground storage tank leak testing, 534
bubble leak testing, 280
pressure testing, 140
safety, 102, 103
ultrasound testing, 472-473, 495
vacuum box bubble testing, 310
transitional flow leakage
characteristics, 46, 48, 49, 59
conditions for identification, 89
equations for, 62-63
helium calibrated reference leaks for, 88
and mean free path, 50
pressure increase limitations, 91
trapped gas, 255
traps, in vacuum systems. Seecold traps
trichloroethylene
as halogen tracer gas, 406 table
safety precautions, 111
troubleshooting, vacuum systems, 239-241
trucks, ultrasound leak testing, 485-486
true thermal mass flow meters, 212-213
tubes, gas conductance graphical determination, 52, 53
turbomolecular pumps, 227-229
helium mass spectrometry application, 321, 374, 395-398, 402
turbulent flow leaks, 46, 59, 63
U
ultrasonic contact sensors, 461, 469
ultrasonic leak signals, 463-464
ultrasonic tone generators, 461, 470, 484-485
ultrasound leak testing, 458-459, 462-465
artificial sources for, 461, 470, 484-485
electrical inspection applications, 462, 491-493
geosynthetic membranes, 592
instrumentation, 462, 463, 467-473
large leak detection in vacuum systems, 256
machinery and vehicle applications, 485-486, 489-490
portable detectors, 471
pressurized systems, 474-486, 494-495
sensitivity, 465-466
telephone cables, 494-495
vacuum systems, 487-488
See also airborne ultrasound leak testing
ultraviolet radiation, safety precautions, 119-121
underground petrochemical storage tanks, 522-531
underground pipelines. Seeburied pipelines
Underwriters Laboratories, 3
units, measurement, for leak testing. SeeSI units
U-tube manometers, 156-157
for flow rate leak testing, 207
V
vacuum, 216
vacuum box bubble testing, 283, 285, 306-311
for aboveground storage tanks, 535
excessive vacuum effects, 277-278
field procedures, 310-311
of geosynthetic membranes, 592, 593-594
halogen pressurized systems, 440-441
industrial applications, 314-316
penetrant testing, for aboveground storage tanks, 535-536
sealed parts, 285
solution film testing with, 302, 303, 309
visual examination, 310
vacuum gages, 243-253
helium mass spectrometry application, 388
leak testing techniques, 257, 261-263
vacuum greases and oils, 237
vacuum material handling system (aircraft), ultrasound inspection, 482
vacuum pump oils, 225, 237
vacuum pumps, 223-234. See also diffusion pumps; mechanical vacuum
pumps; turbomolecular pumps
vacuum retention tests, 199-204
vacuum systems, 216-222
baking, 235
bubble testing, 302
contamination, 240-241
design for leak testing convenience, 254
flow rate leak testing, 205
halogen vapor leak detectors for, 421, 422
helium leak testing, 320-321, 325-344
high vacuum systems, 193-194
ionization gage leak testing techniques, 262, 267-272
large leak detection, 254-260
large volume system pumping speed, 195-198
leak causes and detection, 242
maintenance, 238-239, 241
materials for, 235-237
mean free path in, 217-218
method selection, 18
method sensitivities, 256 table
operating procedures, 234
pressure change leak testing, 192-204
pressure measurement, 243-253
pumpdown pressure transients, 255
pumpdown technique, 198-199
pumping, 219, 222-224
safety precautions, 133, 138-139
sealing requirements, 550-551
starting transients, 240
thermal conductivity gage leak testing techniques, 262, 264-266
tolerable leakage rates, 254
tracer probe technique, 1617
troubleshooting, 239-241
ultimate pressure limitations, 193
ultrasound leak testing, 487-488
vapor condensation effects, 199
welded structures, 194-195
See also hermetically sealed devices
vacuum units, 27, 192-193, 216
converting older, 28 table
vacuum valves, 230-231
vacuum vents, 144
vacuum vessel design, 139
valves
acoustic leak testing, 496-497
bubble testing, 281
gas cylinder safety precautions, 132
helium mass spectrometry, 399-400
pressure relief, 135
ultrasound leak testing, 464
vacuum systems, 230-231
vapor monitoring
underground piping, 531
underground storage tanks, 522, 525
vapor pressure, 114
correcting for changes in pressure change testing, 168
vapor pumps, 228, 229-230. See also diffusion pumps
vapors. See also dew point temperature; gases
flammable, 113, 114, 116
as leak testing media, 13
molecular weight, 43
physical properties of typical, 37 table, 87 table
sensors and alarms for toxic, 104, 105 table
vapor volume, 114
variable leak rate helium reference leaks, 78
variable value orifice physical reference halogen leaks, 77-78
variable volume petroleum structure leak testing, 542-547
vehicles, ultrasound leak testing, 485-486
ventilation
requirement calculations for solvents, 104-107
tracer gases, 123
venting devices, 144, 148
vinyl chloride, as halogen tracer gas, 406 table
virtual leaks, 255
bubble testing and, 277
helium tracer probe leak testing and, 333
viscosity
characteristics, 46, 48-49, 56
of gases, 37 table, 42 table, 43 table, 87 table
leaks dependent on, 460
viscous flow leakage
characteristics, 46, 48-49, 56
conditions for identification, 88-89, 90
equation for, 59-60
helium calibrated reference leaks for, 87-88
pressure differential effects, 53, 89, 91
visible indication leak location techniques, 580-588
visual inspection
in bubble leak testing, 282-283
in liquid immersion bubble testing, 295
in vacuum box bubble testing, 310
visual testing, 4
volatile solvents, 104-107
volatility, 114
volumetric testing methods, 5-6
leak testing difficulties, 7
volume units, 27
W
water baths, liquid immersion bubble testing with, 286,
289
water phase fluorescent leak tracers, 581-582
water pipeline, infrared thermographic leak testing, 510
Water Quality Characteristics of Hazardous Materials, 150
water vapor pressure, 168-169
weight gain leak testing, of hermetically sealed devices,
561-562
welds
aboveground storage tanks, 532-539
bubble testing, with vacuum box, 306-315
helium detector probe leak testing, 355
helium filled hood leak testing, 338-339
helium tracer probe leak testing, 334
vacuum systems, 194, 195
wetting action, in bubble testing, 278
X
xylene, safety precautions, 112
Z
zero leakage, defining, 9-10
636 Leak Testing
637 Figure Sources
The following list indicates copyright owners of figures at time of their original
submittal to ASNT.
Chapter 1
Figures 1-5 J. William Marr, Poughkeepsie, NY.
Chapter 2
Figures 1-6 Veeco Instruments, Incorporated, Plainsview, NY.
Figures 7, 10-14 Du Pont Instruments, Division of E.I. du Pont de Nemours
and Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE.
Figures 8-9, 15-19 J. William Marr, Poughkeepsie, NY.
Chapter 3
Figures 1-4a, 5 Vacuum Technology, Incorporated, Oak Ridge, TN. Adapted
with permission.
Figures 4b, 8-9 General Electric Company, West Lynn, MA.
Figures 6-7, 16-17, 20-21 J. William Marr, Poughkeepsie, NY.
Figures 10-13, 15 Du Pont Instruments, Division of E.I. du Pont de
Nemours and Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE.
Figures 18-19 Chicago Bridge and Iron Company, Houston, TX.
Figure 22 Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM.
Chapter 4
Figure 1 American Gas and Chemical Company, Northvale, NJ.
Figure 2 Magnaflux Corporation, Chicago, IL.
Chapter 5
Figures 1-2 Morehouse Instrument Company, York, PA.
Figures 3-5 Mensor Corporation, San Marcos, TX.
Figures 6-10 Wallace & Tiernan, Incorporated, Belleville, IL.
Figures 11, 24-27 Chicago Bridge and Iron Company, Houston, TX.
Figures 12-15, 32 Uson L.P., Houston, TX.
Figure 16 Pacific Transducer Corporation, Los Angeles, CA.
Figures 17-20 Power Engineering, Barrington, IL. Adapted with permission.
Figures 21, 33 Volumetrics, Incorporated, Pasa Robles, CA.
Figure 22 Westinghouse Canada, Incorporated, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Figure 23 McDonnell Douglas Aerospace, Long Beach, CA.
Figures 28-29 34 J. William Marr, Poughkeepsie, NY.
Figures 30-31 Teledyne Brown Engineering, Hastings Instruments,
Hampton, VA.
Figure 35 Emerson Electric Company, Brooks Instrument Division,
Hatfield, PA.
Chapter 6
Figures 1-7, 9, 13, 15, 17-19, 21, 22, 25-33 Veeco Instruments,
Plainsview, NY.
Figures 8, 10-12, 14, 23, 24 Varian Vacuum Products, Lexington, MA.
Figures 18-19 Leybold Inficon, Incorporated, East Syracuse, NY.
Figures 34-41 J. William Marr, Poughkeepsie, NY.
Chapter 7
Figures 1-2 American Society for Testing and Materials,
West Conshohocken, PA. Adapted with permission.
Figure 3 Westinghouse-Canada, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Adapted with
permission.
Figure 4 J. William Marr, Poughkeepsie, NY.
Figures 6-13 McDonnell Aircraft Company, St. Louis, MO.
Figures 15, 18, 20-30 Chicago Bridge and Iron Company, Houston, TX.
Chapter 8
Figures 1-5, 7, 10-13, 15-17a, 24, 26-30 Du Pont Instruments, Division of
E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE.
Figure 6 Varian Vacuum Products, Incorporated, Lexington, MA. Adapted
with permission.
Figures 8-9, 15, 17b-19, 21-22 Chicago Bridge and Iron Company,
Houston, TX.
Figures 14, 23 Veeco Instruments, Incorporated, Plainsview, NY.
Figures 25, 31 American Society for Testing and Materials,
West Conshohocken, PA. Adapted with permission.
Chapter 9
Figures 1, 3-6, 10-11, 15-16, 20-22 Veeco Instruments, Incorporated,
Plainsview, NY.
Figures 2, 7, 12 Varian Vacuum Products, Incorporated, Lexington, MA.
Adapted with permission.
Figures 8-9, 13-14 J. William Marr, Poughkeepsie, NY.
Figures 17-19 Leybold-Inficon, East Syracuse, NY. Adapted with permission.
Chapter 10
Figures 1, 11-12, 15, 27-28 Chicago Bridge and Iron Company,
Houston, TX.
Figures 2-4a, 18-19 J. William Marr, Poughkeepsie, NY
Figures 4b, 8-10, 13-14, 29, 31-33 General Electric Company,
West Lyn, MA.
Figure 5 Leybold-Inficon, East Syracuse, NY. Adapted with permission.
Figures 6-7 Yokogawa Corporation of America, Newnan, GA.
Figures 16-17 Westinghouse-Canada, Hamilton, Canada.
Figures 20-26 American Society for Testing and Materials,
West Conshohocken, PA. Adapted with permission.
Figure 30 Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation, Boston, MA.
Chapter 11
Figures 1-2, 8-15, 17-20 UESystems, Incorporated, Elmsford, NY.
Figure 3 J. William Marr, Poughkeepsie, NY.
Figures 4-7 Hewlett Packard Corporation, Delcon Division,
Mountain View, CA.
Figure 16, 21-27 Physical Acoustics Corporation, Lawrenceville, NJ.
Chapter 12
Figures 1-12 EnTech Engineering, Incorporated, St. Louis, MO.
Figures 13-15 Laser Imaging Systems, Incorporated, Punta Gorda, FL.
Chapter 13
Figures 1-7 United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH.
Figures 8-12 Chicago Bridge and Iron Company, Houston, TX.
Chapter 14
Figure 1 Parker Seal Company, Irvine, CA. Adapted with permission.
Figures 2-3 Texas Instruments, Incorporated, Dallas, TX.
Figure 4 Laser Technology, Incorporated, Norristown, PA.
Figures 5-9 Isovac Engineering, Incorporated, Glendale, CA.
Chapter 15
Figure 1 Spectronics Corporation, Westbury, NY.
Figure 2 E. Vernon Hill, Incorporated, Benicia, CA.
Figure 3 Chicago Bridge and Iron Company, Houston, TX.
Figures 4-5 Leak Location Services, Incorporated, San Antonio, TX.
Figure 6 Geosynthetic Research Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA.
Figure 7 Helium Leak Testing, Incorporated, Northridge, CA.
Figure Sources
638 Leak Testing
ASNT has abstracted various forms of media for use as interactive multimedia
on this CD-ROM publication. The following list indicates copyright ownership
at the time of their original submittal.
Chapter 5
Movie. Interior of pressure transducer Mensor Corporation, San Marcos, TX.
Movie. Production of pressure calibration instrument Mensor Corporation,
San Marcos, TX.
Chapter 8
Movie. Testing of sealed components containing helium in chambers other
than bell jars Leybold-Inficon, East, Syracuse NY
Chapter 9
Movie. Mass spectrometer leak detector calibration using standard helium leak
of known leakage rate Leybold-Inficon, East Syracuse, NY.
Chapter 11
Movie. Vibration at ultrasonic frequencies of gas molecules as they escape
from orifice UESystems, Incorporated, Elmsford, NY.
Sound. Audible analog of ultrasonic tone UESystems, Incorporated,
Elmsford, NY.
Movie. Steam system leak testing application UESystems, Incorporated,
Elmsford, NY.
Movie. Rise in amplitude heard through ultrasound detector as rough and
raspy UESystems, Incorporated, Elmsford, NY.
Chapter 12
Figure 2 (color) EnTech Engineering, Incorporated, St. Louis, MO.
Figure 3 (color) EnTech Engineering, Incorporated, St. Louis, MO.
Figure 4 (color) EnTech Engineering, Incorporated, St. Louis, MO.
Figure 5 (color) EnTech Engineering, Incorporated, St. Louis, MO.
Figure 6 (color) EnTech Engineering, Incorporated, St. Louis, MO.
Figure 7 (color) EnTech Engineering, Incorporated, St. Louis, MO.
Figure 8 (color) EnTech Engineering, Incorporated, St. Louis, MO.
Figure 9 (color) EnTech Engineering, Incorporated, St. Louis, MO.
Figure 10 (color) EnTech Engineering, Incorporated, St. Louis, MO.
Figure 11 (color) EnTech Engineering, Incorporated, St. Louis, MO.
Figure 12 (color) EnTech Engineering, Incorporated, St. Louis, MO.
Chapter 13
Movie. Tightness test of underground storage tank Tanknology Corporation
International, Austin, TX.
Sound. Fluid leakage into underground storage tank Tanknology
Corporation International, Austin, TX.
Chapter 15
Movie. Ultraviolet radiation causes fluorescent leak tracer to glow
Spectronics Corporation, Westbury, NY.
Chapter 16
Movie. Detector probe leak testing Vacuum Engineering Services Limited,
Manchester, UK
Movie. Helium leak detector Vacuum Engineering Services Limited,
Manchester, UK
Multimedia Sources