Microwave Link Budget For GSM

Standard Link Budget
Lucent Technologies
Bell Labs Innovations
December 1999 GSM RF Engineering
RF Engineering Group Lucent Technologies Proprietary Version: 1.3
Lucent Technologies
Table of Contents
1. Introduction.....................................................................................3 2. Abbreviations...................................................................................3 3. Objective..........................................................................................3 4. Link Budget .....................................................................................4 4.1. Link Budget Issues .....................................................................5 4.2. Downlink Specific Elements........................................................5 4.2.1. BTS Transmit Power ..............................................................5 4.2.2. ACE Loss...............................................................................5 4.2.3. Mobile Receiver Sensitivity.....................................................6 4.3. Uplink Specific Elements ............................................................6 4.3.1. Mobile Transmit Power ..........................................................6 4.3.2. LNA (Optional) .......................................................................7 4.3.3. ACE Loss...............................................................................7 4.3.4. Diversity Gain .......................................................................7 4.3.5. BTS Receiver Sensitivity ........................................................7 4.4. Common Elements for both Uplink and Downlink budget ...........8 4.4.1. Feeder Loss ...........................................................................8 4.4.2. BTS Antenna Gain.................................................................8 4.4.3. Maximum Path Loss ..............................................................8 4.4.4. Slow Fade Margin ..................................................................9 4.4.5. Penetration Loss.................................................................. 11 4.4.6. Body Loss............................................................................ 11 4.4.7. MS Antenna Gain ................................................................ 11 4.4.8. Cable Loss........................................................................... 11 5. Summary....................................................................................... 11 6. Bibliography .................................................................................. 12 7. Attachments .................................................................................. 12
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1. Introduction
This document explains how the Lucent Technologies standard link budget is established. Some studies on the link budget parameters have been carried out in Asia Pacific countries such as Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand and India. These studies have justified meeting all criteria in the standard link budget. The latest version of this document will be available on the RF Engineering web site http://en0033svr06.uk.lucent.com/rfsystems/. It is intended that the link budgets herein should be used in conjunction with the RF Engineering RF Dimensioning Tool to obtain site count estimates for bid purposes. This tool is also available on the above site. These link budgets should also be used for cell planning tool EIRP and threshold determination.
2. Abbreviations
DU HBW ISOU LNA RU RXATT RXDI RXMC SU TMA TMRP TRDU TRX TXBP TXFU TXHU UR - Dense Urban - Horizontal Beam Width - Isolator Unit - Low Noise Amplifiers - Rural - Receiver Attenuator - Receiver Distributor/Splitter - Receiver Multicoupler - Suburban - Tower Mounted Amplifier - Tower Mounted Receiver preamplifier - Transmitter Diplexer Unit - Transceiver - Transmitter Bandpass - Transmitter Filter Unit - Transmitter Hybrid Unit - Urban
3. Objective
The objective of this document is to recommend the default value of standard Link Budgets. This budget should be used as the standard design parameter in all cases except those specified by the customers.
Lucent Technologies
4. Link Budget
The starting point for designing any RF plan is the agreement of the RF link budgets with the potential operator. These determine the coverage types, classes of mobile and base station that should be used and also have an influence on the type of physical installation e.g. feeder type, antenna types, tower heights etc. Instead of having balanced link budget, some operators prefer to have the downlink a few dB stronger that the uplink to prevent the mobile going out of coverage , causing constant searches which consume a lot of battery power. However, the standard link budget recommended in this document is established on a balanced scenario only. Figure 1, shows the typical link budget elements of a GSM network. Values for each element will be discussed in the following topics.
Figure 1
Link Budget Elements of a GSM Network

BTS Antenna Gain Maximum Path Loss Fade Margin
LNA (Optional) Penetration Loss Feeder Loss
ACE Loss
Diversity Gain
MS Antenna Gain, Body and Cable Loss
BTS BTSTransmit Transmit Power
BTS BTS Receiver Receiver Sensitivity
Mobile Transmit Power
Mobile Receiver Sensitivity
Downlink Uplink
BTS
Mobile
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4.1.
q
Link Budget Issues
Different objects (buildings and structures), have different penetration loss and the definition of the same can be obtained by the customer concerned or can be found out by conducting nominal measurements. Appropriate path loss slope and coverage probability will need to be determined in order to derived the slow fade margin, if not specified by the potential customer. BTS antenna gains and specifications are dependent on the targeted coverage area and type of coverage required by the potential customer and the concerns of interference control. Coverage thresholds derived from the link budget eventually should comply to those specified (if available) by the potential customer.
4.2.
Downlink Specific Elements
4.2.1. BTS Transmit Power

BTS maximum transmit power, measured at the top of BTS cabinet. Recommendation: GSM900 and 1800 networks use radios with 46 dBm maximum transmit power1.
4.2.2. ACE Loss

In general, Antenna Coupling Equipment (ACE) includes all diplexers, combiners and connectors. The value of ACE loss is dependent on the ACE configuration. There are various type of ACE configurations depending on the number of TRXs and combiner used. For more details, please refer to the attachment 1. Recommendation: Table 1 shows the recommend configuration and value of ACE loss on Downlink link budget. If the customer specifies the value of ACE loss or due to the preference of any other ACE configurations which are different from the default one, please refer to the attachment 1.
Table 1
No. of TRXs 1 or 2 1 or 2 3 or 4 3 or 4
1
Network GSM900 GSM1800 GSM900 GSM1800
Recommendation Configuration 1.1 Configuration 2.1 Configuration 1.2 Configuration 2.3
Downlink ACE Loss (dB) 1.0 1.2 4.4 4.4
GSM900 used power class 4 (40 watts) transmit power, however there is no specific power class in the BTS transmit power specification table for GSM1800 with 40 watts transmit power. RF Engineering Group Lucent Technologies Proprietary Version: 1.3
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4.2.3. Mobile Receiver Sensitivity

There are wide variety of mobiles with varying performance in the network. The link budget must design the network to cover the worst case sensitivity as defined by the GSM specifications. With the new generation of mobile evaluation, 102 dBm are used for both GSM900 and 1800. It should be noted that these values is not sufficient to achieve a RXQUAL of 4 without Frequency Hopping and a RXQUAL of 5 with Frequency Hopping where an acceptable audio quality is reached. These values stemmed from field measurement campaign. A mobile receiver that moves at 50km/h, averages the fading but a static one will be under more severe fading influences. Therefore, if the customer queries on the quality margin for a static mobile receiver it is then necessary to consider for the static condition of the mobile receiver by applying an additional quality margin (approx. 4-5 dB) into the link budgets . The mobile receiver sensitivity will then become -97 or -98dBm instead of -102dBm for both GSM900 and 1800 handset. Recommendation: -102 dBm for both GSM900 and 1800 or any other value specify by the customers.
4.3.
Uplink Specific Elements
4.3.1. Mobile Transmit Power

There are wide variety of mobiles with varying specifications in the network. Table 2 shows the classes of mobile transmit powers. Typically mobile class 4 (2 Watts transmit power) is used in GSM900 and mobile class 1 (1 watt transmit power) is used in GSM1800 network.
Table 2
Class 1 2 3 4 5
GSM 900 Watt / dBm 8 / 39 5 / 37 2 / 33 0.8 / 29
GSM 1800 Watt / dBm 1 / 30 0.25 / 24 4 / 36 -
Recommendation: 2 watts transmit power for GSM900 and 1 watt transmit power for GSM1800 network.
Lucent Technologies
4.3.2. LNA (Optional)

Low Noise Amplifiers (LNAs) are employed, in the receiving path, to improve the performance of uplink. They should be located as close to the antenna as possible in order to improve the system noise figure and compensate the feeder losses. LNAs are also used to improve coverage performance besides ensuring link balance between the uplink and downlink. In GSM900 network TMRP (Tower Mounted Preamplifier) is used as a LNA, while TMA (Tower Mounted Amplifier) is used in GSM1800 network. Please refer to attachment 1 for different configurations of the LNA. Recommendation: The value of LNA will be the same as the loss in feeder. Example: 2 dB gain LNA to compensate with 2 dB feeder loss in GSM900 network.
4.3.3. ACE Loss

Recommendation: As the receiver sensitivity is guaranteed on the top of the BTS cabinet, it will be unnecessary to introduce the ACE loss on Uplink link budget.
4.3.4. Diversity Gain

This is used to reduce the effects of multipath fading on the uplink path. Two common techniques used are space and polarisation diversity. Diversity gains with the values of 3 to 4.5 dB being commonly used by most of the operators. Recommendation: 4 dB for diversity gain.
4.3.5. BTS Receiver Sensitivity

The most common model used in cell planning is the TU50 model, which is used in approximately 95% of cases. TU50 model derived from the moving vehicle/mobile in urban area. Recommendation: -107 dBm for GSM900 and -108 dBm for GSM1800.
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4.4.
Common Elements for both Uplink and Downlink budget
4.4.1. Feeder Loss

This figure is dependent on the feeder type and length of feeder run. Table 3 shows the typical feeder type used in both GSM900 and 1800 networks. Average length of feeder run are 50 meters for GSM900 and 40 meters for GSM1800. Higher grade feeders can be used for longer runs. Recommendation: 2 dB feeder loss for GSM900 and 3 dB for GSM1800 as the default or any other values specified by the customers.
Table 3
ANDREW coaxial cable model LDF5-50A (7/8 diameter) Frequency 1000 MHz 2000 MHz Attenuation, dB/100 m 4 7
4.4.2. BTS Antenna Gain

Antenna gain has a direct relationship to the cell size. The choice of antenna gain is dependent on the morphology classes of targeted area and coverage requirements. For more details on morphology classes, please refer to attachment 4. It is important to have an agreement with the potential customer before making any selection. Typically omni, 90and 65antenna are used. The value of antenna gains also can be varied depending to the manufacturer. Recommendation: 18 dBi gain for antennas with all HBW.
4.4.3. Maximum Path Loss

The maximum path loss is calculated by knowing the values of each element in link budget. These will depend on the equipment used and the signal strength required. Recommendation: No recommendation as it will be calculated automatically using RF Planning tool.
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4.4.4. Slow Fade Margin

A fade margin is used to reserve extra signal power to overcome potential slow fading. The fade margin required depends on the requirement of coverage probability and the standard deviation of the fading. Recommendation: A clear understanding of the customersexpectation should be acquired in order to work out this value. A design that takes into consideration both the in-building and coverage should always utilize a combined standard deviation by taking the RMS of both the indoor and outdoor standard deviations. The default value of the combined standard deviation will be 9 dB. On the other hand, for cases where customers only interested in outdoor coverage, the recommended standard deviation will be 7 dB. The slow fade margin, derived for different coverage area probabilities, is summarized in Table 4. It uses path Loss Slope values of 45dB/dec for Dense Urban, 42dB/dec for Urban, 38dB/dec for Suburban and 33dB/dec for Rural areas. For more details, please refer to attachment 4. Any changes in path loss slope will slightly effect the value of slow fade margin. If link budgets are to be used in the RF Dimensioner then the slope is automatically derived from the propagation model. In any case where the customer does not specify the preferred standard deviation, the slow fade margin standard deviation should be utilized in order to generate a competitive (low cost) budgetary design. Following Jakes graph2 (see Figure 2) shows the relationships between Edge and Area Probability. The coverage area has been calculated from the edge value.
= standard deviation, n = path loss slope / 10 RF Engineering Group Lucent Technologies Proprietary Version: 1.3
Lucent Technologies
Table 4 Cell Area Coverage Probability Percentage (%) 85 90 95 Combined (outdoor & indoor) Slow FM (dB) DU UR SU RU 2 3 3 4 5 6 6 6 9 9 9 10 Outdoor Slow FM (dB) DU 1 3 6 UR 1 3 6 SU 2 4 7 RU 2 4 7
Figure 2
Edge and Area Probability Relationships
1.00 0.95 Fraction of Total Area with Signal Above Threshold 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Abcis Value (/ n) 0.95 Edge 0.90 Edge 0.80 Edge 0.70 Edge 0.60 Edge 0.50 Edge
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4.4.5. Penetration Loss

When a mobile is used inside the building and the base station is situated outside, there is a loss when the signal penetrates the building. Penetration loss is dependent on the building structure and material usage. The value of penetration loss must be included when designing the inbuilding link budget. Recommendation: Typically value of 20dB for Dense Urban, 18dB for Urban, 15dB for Suburban, 12dB for Rural area and 9dB for incar are used in Asia Pacific environment. For more details, please refer to attachment 4.
4.4.6. Body Loss

Recommendation: A typical value of 2dB body loss for both GSM900 and 1800 should be used as the default or any other values specified by the customer.
4.4.7. MS Antenna Gain

Recommendation: A typical value of 2.2 dBi body loss for both GSM900 and 1800 should be used as the default or any other values specified by the customer.
4.4.8. Cable Loss

Recommendation: A typical value of 0dB body loss for both GSM900 and1800 should be used as the default or any other values specified by the customer.
5.
Summary
The most important objective in any network is that the targeted coverage area should contain contiguous coverage with a minimum number of holes. This is seen by the operator as the ability to set up, or receive a call and to communicate for the duration of the call. The percentage of times and locations for which this occurs is known as Quality of Service. The RF engineer should always be the primary technical representative in the complete bid and proposal process. During a proactive proposal, there are either no specific or incomplete link budget parameters from the potential customer. As a result the RF engineer needs to make many technical assumptions and considerations before designing the network. By applying or putting into consideration the default value of the standard link budget, the time to complete the design phase will be shortened. In further action, as the requirements would be different from one country to another, it is advisable to collect the data on the existing network and have a discussion with a potential customer to improve the default values in standard link budget.
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6.
Bibliography
I. E3: RF Coverage Planning by A.Flewitt II. E18: Base Transceiver Station by Michael Cremonesi III. WL9012 GSM Cellular Engineering - Student Guide
7.
Attachments
I. Attachment 1: ACE Loss Configurations. II. Attachment 2: GSM900 - Typical Link Budget. III. Attachment 3: GSM1800 - Typical Link Budget. IV. Attachment 4: Morphology Classification
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Attachment 1: ACE Loss Configurations GSM900 Configurations Configuration 1.1: 2 antennas per cell, 1 or 2 TRXs per cell, diplexer Configuration 1.2: 2 antennas per cell, 3 or 4 TRXs per cell, diplexer + hybrid combiner. Configuration 1.3: 3 antennas per cell, 1 or 2 TRXs per cell, hybrid combiner. Configuration 1.4: 3 antennas per cell, 1 or 2 TRXs per cell, filter combiner. Configuration 1.5: 3 antennas per cell, 1 or 2 TRXs per cell, filter combiner with TMRP. Configuration 1.6: 3 antennas per cell, 3 or 4 TRXs per cell, hybrid combiner with TMRP. Configuration 1.7: 3 antennas per cell, 3 or 4 TRXs per cell, filter combiner. Configuration 1.8: 3 antennas per cell, 3 or 4 TRXs per cell, filter combiner with TMRP.
GSM1800 Configurations Configuration 2.1: 2 antennas per cell, 1 or 2 TRXs per cell, diplexer. Configuration 2.2: 2 antennas per cell, 1 or 2 TRXs per cell, diplexer, TMA. Configuration 2.3: 2 antennas per cell, 3 or 4 TRXs per cell, diplexer + hybrid combiner. Configuration 2.4: 2 antennas per cell, 3 or 4 TRXs per cell, diplexer + hybrid combiner, TMA.
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GSM900 CONFIGURATIONS
Configuration 1.1
12id/6id 2 TRXs per cell
TRDU 09
TRDU 09
2 antennas per cell 1 or 2 TRXs per cell Diplexer

Total ACE Loss (downlink)
RXMC 09
RXMC 09
TX branch insertion loss: 1.0dB (typ: 1.0 dB)
2 x RXATT 09
2 x RXATT 09
TX1
RX1 RX2
TX2
RX1 RX2 Div Div
Lucent Technologies
Configuration 1.2
TRDU-TXHU 09-2
TRDU-TXHU 09-2
2 antennas per cell 3 or 4 TRXs per cell Diplexer + Hybrid Combiner

(diversity combiner)
RXMC 09
RXMC 09
Total ACE Loss (downlink) TX branch insertion loss: 4.9 dB (typ: 4.4 dB)
RXDI 09-4
TX1 TX2 RX1 - RX4 TX3 TX4
RXDI 09-4
RX1 - RX4 Div
A1
A2
A3
Configuration 1.3
6id 2 TRXs per cell
TXBP09
RXMC 09
RXMC 09
3 antennas per cell 1 or 2 TRXs per cell Hybrid Combiner

Total ACE Loss (downlink) TX branch insertion loss: TXHU 09: 4.5 dB (typ: 4.3dB)
TXHU09-2B
2 x RXATT 09
2 x RXATT 09
TX1 TX2
RX1 RX2
RX1 RX2 Div Div
TXBP 09 : 0.3 dB (typ: 0.2dB)
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A1
A2
A3
Configuration 1.4
12id/ 6id 2 TRXs per cell
TXBP09
3 antennas per cell 1 or 2 TRXs per cell Filter Combiner

RXMC 09T RXMC 09T
2 x RXATT 09 2 x RXATT 09
TXFU 09-2
Total ACE Loss (downlink) TX branch insertion loss, 600 kHz channel spacing: TXFU 09: (Typ: 1.3dB) TXBP 0-9: (typ: 0.2dB) 1.6 dB 0.3dB
TX1 TX2
RX1 RX2
RX1 RX2 Div Div
A1
A2
A3
Configuration 1.5
TXBP09
TMRP
TMRP
3 antennas per cell 1 or 2 TRXs per cell Filter Combiner with TMRP
2 x RXATT 09
RXMC 09T TXFU 09-2

2 x RXATT 09
RXMC 09T
Total ACE Loss (downlink) TX branch insertion loss, 600 kHz channel spacing: TXFU 09:1.6 dB (typ: 1.3 dB) TXBP 09:0.3dB (typ: 0.2 dB)
TX1 TX2
RX1 RX2
RX1 RX2 Div Div
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A1
A2
A3
Configuration 1.6
TXBP 09
TMRP 09 Feeder
TMRP 09
TXHU 09-4 RXMC 09T RXMC 09T
3 antennas per cell 3 or 4 TRXs per cell Hybrid Combiner with TMRP
Total ACE Loss (downlink) TX branch insertion loss: TXHU 09-4: 8 dB (typ: 7.5 dB) TXBP 09 : 0.3 dB (typ: 0.2 dB) or TXHU 09-2A: 4.0dB (typ: 3.8 dB) TXHU 09-4: 4.0 dB (typ: 3.7 dB) TXBP: 0.3 dB (typ: 0.2 dB)
TXHU 09-2A
RXDI 09-4
RX1 - RX4
RXDI 09-4
RX1 - RX4 Div
TX1.........................TX4
A1
A2
A3
Configuration 1.7
TXBP09
RXMC 09
RXMC 09
Star 09-2
3 antennas per cell 3 or 4 TRXs per cell Filter Combiner

Total ACE Loss (downlink) TX branch insertion loss, 600 kHz channel spacing: TXFU 09: 1.9 dB (typ: 1.6dB) (including Star 09-2) TXBP 0-9: (typ: 0.2dB) 0.3dB
TXFU 09-2
TXFU 09-2
RXDI 09-4
RXDI 09-4
TX1 TX2
TX3 TX4
RX1...RX4
RX1 ...RX4 Div
Lucent Technologies
A1
A2
A3
Configuration 1.8
TMRP 09 TXBP 09 Feeder STAR 09-2 RXMC 09T TXFU 09-2 TXFU 09-2 RXMC 09T RXDI 09-4 TMRP 09
3 antennas per cell 3 or 4 TRXs per cell Filter Combiner with TMRP
Total ACE Loss (downlink) TX branch insertion loss, 600 kHz channel spacing: TXFU 09: 1.9 dB (typ: 1.6dB) (including Star 09-2) TXBP 0-9: (typ: 0.2dB) 0.3dB
RXDI 09-4
TX 1 TX 2
TX 3 TX 4
RX 1 ... RX 4
RX 1 ... RX 4 div.
BTS-2000/12id/6id, 4 TRX per cell
Lucent Technologies
GSM1800 CONFIGURATIONS
A1 A2
Configuration 2.1

TRDU18 TRDU18
2 antennas per cell 1 or 2 TRXs per cell Diplexer
Total ACE Loss (downlink) TX branch insertion loss: TRDU18: 1.5dB (typ: 1.2 dB)
RXMC18-6U 18
RXMC18-6U 18
RX1, RX2
TX1
TX2
RX1, RX2 div.
Lucent Technologies
A1
A2
Configuration 2.2
12id/ 6id 2 TRXs per cell with TMA
TMA18 TMA18
Feeder
BIAS-T18U
BIAS-T18U
2 antennas per cell 1 or 2 TRXs per cell Diplexer Use of TMA

TX branch insertion loss:
TRDU18
TRDU18
TRDU 18
RXMC18-6U RXMC18-6U
: 1.5 dB (Typically : 1.2 dB) (Typically : 0.1 dB)
BIAS-T18U : 0.2 dB TMA18 : 0.5 dB

(Typically : 0.3 dB)
RX1, RX2
TX1
TX2
R X 1 , R X 2 div.
A1
A2
Configuration 2.3
4 TRXs per cell
Diplexer + Hybrid
TRDU-TXHU18 TRDU-TXHU18
Combiner
3 or 4 TRXs per cell 2 antennas per cell

RXMC18-6U
RXMC18-6U
TRDU-TXHU 18
RX1 ... RX4 TX1, TX2 TX3, TX4 RX1 ... RX4 div.
: 4.7 dB (Typically : 4.4 dB)
Lucent Technologies
A1
A2
Configuration 2.4
12id/ 6id 4 TRXs per cell with TMA
TMA18 TMA18
Diplexer + Hybrid
Combiner
Feeder
BIAS-T18U
BIAS-T18U
3 or 4 TRXs per cell Use of TMA 2 antennas per cell

TRDU-TXHU18
TRDU-TXHU18
TRDU-TXHU18
RXMC18-6U 18 RXMC18-6U 18
: 4.7 dB (Typically : 4.4 dB) (Typically : 0.1 dB)
BIAS-T18U : 0.2 dB TMA18 : 0.5 dB

(Typically : 0.3 dB)
RX1 ... RX4
TX1, TX2
TX3, TX4
R X 1 . . . R X 4 div.
Lucent Technologies
Attachment 2: GSM900 - Typical Link Budget UPLINK MS Transmit power Cable Loss MS Antenna Gain Body Loss Penetration loss Slow Fade Margin (90% cell area) Max. Path Loss BTS Antenna Gain LNA gain4 Feeder Loss ACE loss Diversity gain BTS receiver sensitivity 33 dBm 0 dB 2.2 dBi 2 dB W X Y 18 dBi 0 dB 2 dB 0 dB 4 dB -107 dBm DOWNLINK BTS Transmit power3 ACE loss Feeder Loss LNA gain BTS Antenna Gain Max. Path Loss Slow Fade Margin (90% cell area) Penetration loss Body Loss MS Antenna Gain Cable Loss Diversity gain MS receiver sensitivity 46 dBm Z 2 dB 0 dB 18 dBi Y X W 2 dB 2.2 dBi 0 dB 0 dB -102 dBm
W - The value of penetration loss on different morphology classes, see Table 5. For more details on morphology classes, please refer to attachment 4.
Table 5
Morphology class Inbuilding Dense Urban Inbuilding Urban Inbuilding Suburban Inbuilding Rural Incar
W (dB) 20 18 15 12 9
The maximum value of BTS transmit power is 46 dBm (40 watts). This value can be adjusted in 2 dB steps for balancing the link budget.
4
This value is only applicable when the TMRP has been used in ACE configuration. The value of + 2 dB should be used to compensate - 2 dB feeder loss on the uplink. RF Engineering Group Lucent Technologies Proprietary Version: 1.3
Lucent Technologies
X - The value of slow fade margin on different morphology classes is based on 90% cell coverage probability. Xa indicates combine slow fade margin for inbuilding link budget, while Xb indicates outdoor slow fade margin for outdoor link budget. See Table 65. For more details on morphology classes, please refer to attachment 4.
Table 6
Coverage Probability Percentage (%) 90 DU 5
Xa (dB) UR 6 SU 6 RU 6 DU 3
Xb (dB) UR 3 SU 4 RU 4
Y - The value of max. path loss. This value should be calculated and is dependent on the different values of parameter W and X. Z - The default value of ACE loss on downlink according to the different configurations. See Table 7.
Table 7
No. of TRXs 1 or 2 3 or 4
Network GSM900 GSM900
Recommendation Configuration 1.1 Configuration 1.2
Z (dB) 1.0 dB 4.4 dB
This table used typical value of path loss slope (45 dB/dec for Dense Urban, 42 dB/dec for Urban, 38 dB/dec for Suburban and 33 dB/dec for Rural). Any changes in path loss slope will slightly effect the value of slow fade margin. RF Engineering Group Lucent Technologies Proprietary Version: 1.3
Lucent Technologies
Attachment 3: GSM1800 - Typical Link Budget
UPLINK MS Transmit power Cable Loss MS Antenna Gain Body Loss Penetration loss Slow Fade Margin (90% cell area) Max. Path Loss BTS Antenna Gain LNA gain7 Feeder Loss ACE loss Diversity gain BTS receiver sensitivity 30 dBm 0 dB 2.2 dBi 2 dB W X Y 18 dBi 0 dB 3 dB 0 dB 4 dB -108 dBm
DOWNLINK BTS Transmit power6 ACE loss Feeder Loss LNA gain BTS Antenna Gain Max. Path Loss Slow Fade Margin (90% cell area) Penetration loss Body Loss MS Antenna Gain Cable Loss Diversity gain MS receiver sensitivity 46 dBm Z 3 dB 0 dB 18 dBi Y X W 2 dB 2.2 dBi 0 dB 0 dB -100 dBm
W - The value of penetration loss on different morphology classes, see Table 8. For more details on morphology classes, please refer to attachment 4. Table 8 Morphology class Inbuilding Dense Urban Inbuilding Urban Inbuilding Suburban Inbuilding Rural Incar W (dB) 20 18 15 12 9
The maximum value of BTS transmit power is 46dBm (40 watts). This value can be adjusted in 2 dB steps for balancing the link budget.
7
This value is only applicable when the TMA has been used in ACE configuration. The value of + 3 dB should be used to compensate - 3 dB feeder loss on the uplink. RF Engineering Group Lucent Technologies Proprietary Version: 1.3
Lucent Technologies
X - The value of slow fade margin on different morphology classes base on 90% cell coverage probability. Xa indicates combine slow fade margin for inbuilding link budget, while Xb indicates outdoor slow fade margin for outdoor link budget. See Table 98. For more details on morphology classes, please refer to attachment 4. Table 9 Coverage Probability Percentage(%) 90 DU 5 Xa (dB) UR 6 SU 6 RU 6 DU 3 Xb (dB) UR 3 SU 4 RU 4
Y - The value of max. path loss. This value should be calculated and is dependent on the different values of parameter W, X and Z. Z - The default value of ACE loss on downlink according to the recommend configurations. See Table 10. Table 10 No. of TRXs 1 or 2 3 or 4 Network GSM1800 GSM1800 Recommendation Configuration 2.1 Configuration 2.3 Z (dB) 1.2 4.4
This table used typical value of path loss slope (45 dB/dec for Dense Urban, 42 dB/dec for Urban, 38 dB/dec for Suburban and 33 dB/dec for Rural). Any changes in path loss slope will slightly effect the value of slow fade margin. RF Engineering Group Lucent Technologies Proprietary Version: 1.3
Lucent Technologies
Attachment 4: Morphology Classification Land Classification Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural (on highway) Definition Central Business Districts with skyscrapers, 10-20 stories and above and high rise apartments. Urban residential and office area. 5-10 stories buildings, hotels, hospitals etc. Mix of residential and business communities. 2-5 stories shops and offices. Highway near open farm land.
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Author: Location: Created: Last updated: Owning organisation: RF Engineering Group D:\Chris Sroka\Technical info\Link Budgets\Standard Link Budg v1.3.doc 16 October1998 10 December 1999 GSM Customer Support & Services (CSS) - Network Quality Engineering GSM/UMTS RF Engineering Group
Document History
Version 0.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3

th
Date 16th Oct. 1998 29 Oct. 1998 4th Oct. 1998 3rd Dec. 1998 9th Dec 1999
Author(s) A. Azhar A. Azhar A. Azhar A. Azhar Ian Webber
Change Description First Draft Modified after 1st Reviewed Modified after 2nd Reviewed Modified after 3rd Reviewed Asia Pacific-specific references removed. Aligned with RF Dimensioner
Board of Reviewers 1 2 3 4 GSM-RTC RF (Kuala Lumpur) RF Platform, Nrnberg RF System & Capacity Engineering Group, Swindon EMEA, Nrnberg Lee Kong Wah, Avtar Singh, Ahmad Zikri Chris Sroka, Cong-Duc-Luc Adrian Flewitt Dr. Reiner Beck

Microwave Link Budget For GSM

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Standard Link Budget

Standard Link Budget

December 1999 GSM RF Engineering

RF Engineering Group Lucent Technologies Proprietary Version: 1.3

Standard Link Budget

RF Engineering Group Lucent Technologies Proprietary Version: 1.3

Standard Link Budget

RF Engineering Group Lucent Technologies Proprietary Version: 1.3

Standard Link Budget

Link Budget Elements of a GSM Network

LNA (Optional) Penetration Loss Feeder Loss

MS Antenna Gain, Body and Cable Loss

BTS BTSTransmit Transmit Power

BTS BTS Receiver Receiver Sensitivity

Mobile Transmit Power

Mobile Receiver Sensitivity

RF Engineering Group Lucent Technologies Proprietary Version: 1.3

Standard Link Budget

Link Budget Issues

Downlink Specific Elements

4.2.1. BTS Transmit Power

4.2.2. ACE Loss

Network GSM900 GSM1800 GSM900 GSM1800

Recommendation Configuration 1.1 Configuration 2.1 Configuration 1.2 Configuration 2.3

Downlink ACE Loss (dB) 1.0 1.2 4.4 4.4

Standard Link Budget

4.2.3. Mobile Receiver Sensitivity

Uplink Specific Elements

4.3.1. Mobile Transmit Power

GSM 900 Watt / dBm 8 / 39 5 / 37 2 / 33 0.8 / 29

GSM 1800 Watt / dBm 1 / 30 0.25 / 24 4 / 36 -

RF Engineering Group Lucent Technologies Proprietary Version: 1.3

Standard Link Budget

4.3.2. LNA (Optional)

4.3.3. ACE Loss

4.3.4. Diversity Gain

4.3.5. BTS Receiver Sensitivity

RF Engineering Group Lucent Technologies Proprietary Version: 1.3

Standard Link Budget

Common Elements for both Uplink and Downlink budget

4.4.1. Feeder Loss

4.4.2. BTS Antenna Gain

4.4.3. Maximum Path Loss

RF Engineering Group Lucent Technologies Proprietary Version: 1.3

Standard Link Budget

4.4.4. Slow Fade Margin

Standard Link Budget

RF Engineering Group Lucent Technologies Proprietary Version: 1.3

Standard Link Budget

4.4.5. Penetration Loss

4.4.6. Body Loss

4.4.7. MS Antenna Gain

4.4.8. Cable Loss

RF Engineering Group Lucent Technologies Proprietary Version: 1.3

Standard Link Budget

RF Engineering Group Lucent Technologies Proprietary Version: 1.3

Standard Link Budget

RF Engineering Group Lucent Technologies Proprietary Version: 1.3

Standard Link Budget

2 antennas per cell 1 or 2 TRXs per cell Diplexer

TX branch insertion loss: 1.0dB (typ: 1.0 dB)

RX1 RX2 Div Div

RF Engineering Group Lucent Technologies Proprietary Version: 1.3