Tips Life Processes

All living things undergo life processes as follows: breathing, excretion, defecation, response to stimuli and reproduction. We use our lungs to breathe. When we inhale, the chest moves outwards and upwards causing the chest to expand; air flows in through the nose, down the windpipe and into the lungs. When we exhale, the chest moves inwards and downwards causing the chest to contract; air is pushed out of the lungs, up the windpipe and out through the nose. xcretion and defecation are two processes that get rid of waste materials from the bod!. xcretion means the removal of waste products from the human bod!. "efecation means the removal of faeces from the bod!. We excrete sweat through the s#in; urine produced b! the #idne!s; water and carbon dioxide through the lungs in the form of exhaled air. We response to stimuli. This means that we react towards the changes around us. The reaction is called a response. $enerall!, humans respond to stimuli to protect ourselves from danger or for survival. All animals can reproduce and have !oung or offspring. We divide animals into two groups: animals that give birth and animals that la! eggs. Plants also respond to stimuli. %owever, their responses are usuall! slow and almost go unnoticed. Plants can respond to stimuli such as light, water, gravit! and touch. A bo! is as#ed to run on the spot for different lengths of time. Then his rate of breathing is measured. The figure below shows the information obtained.

a. What is the purpose &aim' of the investigation( b. )tate the variables in the investigation. &i' *ariable that is observed &responding' &ii' *ariable that is changed &manipulated' c. What is the relationship &h!pothesis' between what is changed &manipulated variable' and what is observed &responding variable'( d. What conclusion can !ou ma#e based on the figure( Answer: a. To investigate the relationship between the rate of breathing and the length of time of running on the spot. b. &i' +ate of breathing &ii' Length of time of running on the spot c. The rate of breathing increases as the length of time of running on the spot increases. d. The longer the length of time of running on the spot, the higher the rate of breathing. Tips ,asic -eeds

,asic needs of humans and animals are food, water, air and shelter. .nli#e humans and animals, plants can ma#e their own food using sunlight and water. ,asic needs of plants are sunlight, water and air.

)ample Answer ,asic -eeds Two potted balsam plants are #ept as follows for two wee#s. ,oth plants are watered ever! da!. Plant / 0ept in a storeroom Plant 1 0ept in the garden a. Which plant does not get sunlight( What happens to the plant after two wee#s( b. Wh! do plants need sunlight( Answer: a. Plant /. 2t will turn !ellow 3 die. b. To ma#e food Tips Protection 4. Animals and plants have special characteristics and behaviours to protect themselves from danger, enemies and extreme weather.

5. )pecial characteristics of animals to protect themselves are such as thic# and hard s#in, hard scales, sharp spines, hard shell, strong horns, sharp claws, venomous sting, hoof and special patterns or colours. 6. )pecial behaviours of animals for protection are living in a herd or group, pretending to be dead, rolling or curling up, changing its bod! colour to match the surroundings, giving out a bad smell, brea#ing off its tail and shooting out in#. 7. 8or animals live in the extremel! hot weather, the! have special characteristics such as can survive a few da!s without food and water, produce ver! concentrated urine and active at night. 9. 8or animals sta! in the extreme cold weather, the! have thic# la!ers of fat and thic# fur to #eep their bodies warm. :. )pecial characteristics of plants are sharp thorns, fine hair, produce latex, poison, strong or bad smell and response to touch. ;. <actus can survive in the desert because it has small leaves to reduce loss of water and thic# stems to store water. =. Plants grow in strong wind region have feather>li#e leaves, strong and flexible stems and strong roots. The table below shows the information gathered b! Laili. Animal 8ood needed per da! &#g' 8ox 5.7 ?ouse @.5 $oose 4.@ lephant 5@@.@

a. )tate one information gathered in the investigation. b. What conclusion can !ou ma#e from the information in the table above( c. The surrounding temperature affects the amount of food needed b! an animal per da!. ,ased on the statement above, write one relationship &h!pothesis' between the variable that is changed &manipulated' and the variable that is observed &responding'. Answer: a. The amount of food needed per da! b! different animals. b. The larger the siAe of an animal, the larger the amount of food needed per da! b! the animal. c. The lower the surrounding temperature of an animal, the larger the amount of food needed per da! b! the animal. Tips ?easurements 4. ?easurements using standard tools are much more accurate than measurements using non>standard tools.

5. Area B length C width 6. *olume B length C width C height 7. *olume is the amount of space occupied. 9. The mass of an obDect tells us how heav! or how light the obDect is. :. Time is the period between two moments. A process that repeats uniforml! can be used to measure time. )ample Answer ?easurements 4. A group of students carried out an investigation to find out the relationship between the area of cloth and the abilit! of the cloth to absorb water. The table below shows the results of the investigation. <otton cloth Area of cloth &cm5' *olume of water absorbed b! cloth &ml' P 4: 6.= Q 59 9.@ R 6: :.; 5. a. )tate the purpose &aim' of the investigation. b. )tate two information gathered in the investigation. c. What is the relationship &h!pothesis' between the variable that is changed &manipulated variable' and the variable that is observed &responding variable'( d. )tate one variable that is #ept the same &constant variable' in the investigation. e. What conclusion can !ou ma#e based on the results shown above( Answer: f. To find the relationship between the area of cloth and the abilit! of the cloth to absorb water. g. Area of cloth, *olume of water absorbed b! the cloth h. The larger the area of the cloth, the larger the volume of water absorbed b! the cloth. i. T!pe of cloth 3 thic#ness of cloth D. The larger the area of the cloth, the better is its abilit! to absorb water. Tips ?aterials

"ifferent obDects are made of different materials. xamples:

o o o o

<la! E bric#, porcelain vase, ceramic sin# +ubber E ball, t!re, rubber gloves )il# E nec#tie, dress, scarf $lass E bottle, mirror, window pane

"ifferent materials have different properties. xamples:

o o o o o o

<otton and paper can absorb water +ubber can be stretched Wood and most plastics float on water <la!, metal, paper and rubber sin# in water ?etal can conduct electricit! and heat Plastics, rubber and wood does not conduct electricit! and heat

An obDect that allows all light to pass through it is said to be transparent. An obDect that allows some light to pass through it is said to be translucent An opaFue obDect does not allow an! light to pass through it. The material chosen to ma#e to obDect depends on the properties of material. xample:

G HbDect <lothes ?edical glove )ampan +eFuired properties of material Absorbs sweat, soft <an be stretched, waterproof 8loats on water )uitable material <otton cloth +ubber Wood

G All material can be divided into two big group: -atural materials: cla!, cotton, glass, leather, metal, paper, wool, wood ?an>made materials: plastics, s!nthetic cloth G )ome natural materials are renewable but some are not. )o, we need to conserve materials b! reusing, reducing and rec!cling. G +eusing means to use unused or waste materials again, either for the same or different purpose. G +educing means use less amounts of materials than usual. G +ec!cling means reprocessing unused or waste materials into useful new products. G HbDects made of iron or steel can rust.

G Two factors that cause rusting are air and water. G 2f an! one of these two factors is absent, then rusting cannot ta#e place. G +usting can be prevented b! #eeping obDects made of iron or steel awa! from air and water. xample: appl!ing grease or oil to the surface of an iron or steel obDect prevents air and water &moisture' from reaching the surface. 1an 1an used the following set>up of apparatus to test the properties of a number of obDects. 1an 1an drew up the following table to represent her results.

HbDects $roup M $roup N &The bulb lights up'&The bulb does not light up' <oin <omb Paper <lip raser )afet! pin Paper a. )tate two information gathered in the investigation. b. )tate one relationship &h!pothesis' between the t!pe of obDect and its abilit! to ma#e the bulb light up. b. ,ased on the results, write two reasons &inferences' about the differences between the two groups of obDects. Answer: a. i. ii. The obDect used The lighting up of the bulb

b. When an obDect from group ? is used, the bulb light up; when an obDect from group - is used, the bulb does not light up. c. i. HbDects in group ? are electric conductors while those in group - are electric insulators.

ii.

HbDects in group ? are made of metals while those in group - are made of non> metals.

The figure below shows an investigation on rusting. Test tubes J, K and L are left aside for two wee#s.

a. )tate the following variables in the investigation. &i' What is changed &manipulated variable'( &ii' What is observed &responding variable'( b. Which iron nails did not rust after the two wee#s( c. $ive one reason to explain !our answer in &b'. d. What can !ou conclude from the investigation( e. Answer: a. &i' The condition of the iron nails are in &ii' The presence or absence of rust on the iron nails 3 whether or not the iron nails rust b. The iron nails in test tubes K and L. c. $rease and paint prevent the iron nails from coming into contact with water and air needed for iron to rust. d. <oating with grease or paint can prevent iron from rusting. Tips The arth, The ?oon I The )un

The arth rotates from the West to the ast and it ta#es 57 hours to complete a full rotation on its axis. As the arth rotates about its axis, it also moves around the )un, and it ta#es about 6:9 da!s to ma#e a complete Dourne! around the )un. The occurrence of da! and night is due to the rotation of the arth. The ?oon ta#es 5; da!s to complete a full rotation on its axis and ma#e one complete revolution around the arth.

As the ?oon and the arth rotate on their axes, the ?oon moves around the arth. At the same time, both the arth and the ?oon move around the )un. The ?oon is the natural satellite of the arth. 2t does not give out light but it reflects light from the )un. The occurrence of da! and night is due to the rotation of the arth. 2t ta#es 5; da!s to ma#e a revolution around the arth and also rotates around its axis. The ?oon rises at different times each night and the shape of the ?oon appears to change. This is because the )un shines on different parts of the ?oon as it travels in its orbit. The diagram below shows the phases of the ?oon.

Tips The arth, The ?oon I The )un

The arth rotates from the West to the ast and it ta#es 57 hours to complete a full rotation on its axis. As the arth rotates about its axis, it also moves around the )un, and it ta#es about 6:9 da!s to ma#e a complete Dourne! around the )un. The occurrence of da! and night is due to the rotation of the arth. The ?oon ta#es 5; da!s to complete a full rotation on its axis and ma#e one complete revolution around the arth. As the ?oon and the arth rotate on their axes, the ?oon moves around the arth. At the same time, both the arth and the ?oon move around the )un. The ?oon is the natural satellite of the arth. 2t does not give out light but it reflects light from the )un. The occurrence of da! and night is due to the rotation of the arth. 2t ta#es 5; da!s to ma#e a revolution around the arth and also rotates around its axis. The ?oon rises at different times each night and the shape of the ?oon appears to change. This is because the )un shines on different parts of the ?oon as it travels in its orbit. The diagram below shows the phases of the ?oon.

)ample Answer The arth, The ?oon and The )un 4. The figure below shows an experiment carried out to investigate the effects of the rotation of the arth.

a. What is represented b! i. ii. The globe The electric torch

b. Which point, A or B, on the globe will receive light first( c. Write one reason &inference' for !our answer in &b'. d. What is the main occurrence that results from the rotation of the arth on its axis( e. Predict what would happen if the arth stopped rotating.

G Answer: a. i. ii. b. A c. The arth rotates from the West to the ast on its axis. d. The occurrence of da! and night. e. Hne half of the surface of the arth would have continuous da!light while the other half continuous dar#ness. )ample Answer The arth, The ?oon and The )un 4. The figure below shows an experiment carried out to investigate the effects of the rotation of the arth. The arth The )un

a. What is represented b! i. ii. The globe The electric torch

b. Which point, A or B, on the globe will receive light first( c. Write one reason &inference' for !our answer in &b'. d. What is the main occurrence that results from the rotation of the arth on its axis( e. Predict what would happen if the arth stopped rotating. Answer: f. i. ii. g. A The arth The )un

h. The arth rotates from the West to the ast on its axis. i. The occurrence of da! and night. D. Hne half of the surface of the arth would have continuous da!light while the other half continuous dar#ness. 5. The figure below shows the various positions of the ?oon.

-ame the phases of the ?oon at each of the following positions. -ame the phases of the ?oon at each of the following positions. a. P b. + c. . d. W Answer: a. -ew ?oon b. 8irst Juarter c. Waning $ibbous d. Waning <rescent Tips Technolog! Around .s

%umans create devices or methods to overcome their limitations. xample: ?icroscope is used to overcome the limitation of humans to see tin! obDects. "evelopment of technolog! in construction: humans lived in caves or under trees >K building huts using mud or cla! >K stronger houses were built using wood >K houses were built using bric#s, concrete and steel >K build bigger and taller buildings

"evelopment of technolog! in communication: <ave painting >K smo#e signals >K pigeon carrier >K postal service >K telegraph and telephone >K +adio and television >K computer and internet "evelopment of technolog! in agriculture: "igging stic# >K %oe >K Ploughing using an ox >K Tractor "evelopment of technolog! in water transportation: "ugout >K raft >K canoe >K sailing ship >K steam ship >K diesel>powered ship "evelopment of technolog! in land transportation: Wal#ing >K riding domestic animals >K animal>drawn cart >K car "evelopment of technolog! in air transportation: %ot air balloon >K airship >K glider >K aeroplane >K roc#et

)ample Answer Technolog! Around .s A pupil was given different lengths of time to memories 6@ telephone numbers. The number of telephone numbers that he remembered correctl! was as follows. Time given to memorise &mins' -umber of telephone numbers remembered correctl! 5 : 7 45 : 49 = 4= a. What is the purpose &aim' of the investigation( b. What is the trend of change in the number of telephone numbers that can be remembered correctl! in the investigation( c. )tate one relationship between the variable that is changed &manipulated' and the variable that is observed &responding'. d. -o matter how much time was given to the pupil, he was unable to remember all the 6@ telephone numbers correctl!. What inference can !ou ma#e from this observation( e. -ame one modern>da! device that people use to store telephone numbers. Answer: a. To find the relationship between the time given to memorise and the number of telephone numbers remembered correctl!. b. When the time given to memorise increases, the number of telephone numbers remembered correctl! increases.

c. The longer the time given to memorise, the more the number of telephone numbers which can be remembered correctl!. d. The pupil has limitations in remembering. e. ?obile phone