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Theory

Library of Orthotropy






Library of orthotropy

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Library of Orthotropy



Guide for new library of orthotropy definition of orthotropic parameters for special types of
orthotropy







Text is based on previous articles about orthotropic slabs, mainly on:

PHYSICAL AND SHAPE ORTHOTROPY OF PLATES (Prof. Ing. Dr. Vladimir Kolar, DrSc. Copyright: FEM consulting
s.r.o. 1993 2006)

SPECIAL 2D ORTHOTROPIC MODELS UNDER SCIAESA PT (Nrnberg, 13.02.2007 Dr. Eduard Hobst - Local
Product Ingenieur (Concrete) SCIA Group n.v.)

Orthotropic properties of 2D macros (manual ESAPrima Win)
Library of orthotropy

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Version info
Documentation title Library of orthotropy
Version 2008:01
Produced April 2008
Translated N/A

Software covered Scia Engineer
Version 2008
Latest Build covered 8.0.2












Library of orthotropy

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1 Purpose of library of orthotropy

The purpose of the library is to introduce several types of orthotropy (types of orthotropic plates), calculation of those
input data for orthotropic plates that characterise their physical properties, i.e. flexural, torsional and shear stiffness. In
the program, these properties are described by the matrix of physical constants D = [Dik]. Elements Dik of this matrix
are the very data that are calculated according to the inputted properties of plates.
Several types of orthotropic slabs have been implemented in the library.

Theory (quotation from Physical And Shape Orthotropy Of Plates)
Matrix D combines (i) mutually determined static quantities (stress components or, in case of plates, their resultant over
a section i.e. internal forces in the plate) with (ii) corresponding geometric quantities (deformation components or, in
case of plates, those derivatives of deflection area w on which deformation components depend):
= D .
Matrix D can be defined separately for (i) each element or (ii) a specific group of elements. This allows for the analysis of
plates that are non-homogenous over the elements or that change their shape over the elements. Consequently, it is
possible to express, rather approximately, even the gradual change of geometry in a haunch or in a similar detail.

... more in PHYSICAL AND SHAPE ORTHOTROPY OF PLATES (Prof. Ing. Dr. Vladimir Kolar, DrSc. Copyright: FEM
consulting s.r.o. 1993 2006)



Library of orthotropy

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2 Types of Orthotropy

There is a new property in the orthotropy property dialog. It is called "Type"
The following types are available:
- Standard
- Two heights
- One direction slab
- Slab with ribs
- Gridworks

When the type is set to "Standard", the user can edit all the available D, d parameters.
When the type is different from "Standard", all D,d parameters are visible, but disabled.
Each non-standard type has several new properties from which the standard D,d parameters are calculated using
special formulas.
Library of orthotropy

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3 Type Standard

The orthotropic plate with the effect of transverse shear is the default option for the calculations. This is an analogy to
short, high, etc. beams in which it is not possible to neglect the effect of shear forces T on the deformation, as that effect
is comparable to the effect of moments M. This influences the shape of deflection line w(x) and thus also the values of
all statically determined quantities, e.g. hogging moments that are decisive for the design.
Practically it means that shear stiffness expressed by shear parameters (shear moduli G
13
, G
23
) is taken into account. By
default, one material can be used for type STANDART which means that G
13
= G
23
= G.
Parameters G
13
and G
23
are necessary because the Mindlin plate element with a substantial influence of shear forces q
x

and q
y
on the deformations is used.
For plates with the dimensions in the range of L / 5 < h < L the formulas for D
44
and D
55
printed below are used.
In many cases there are no simple formulas to calculate these stiffnesses. The shear force deformation is neglected (as
by other FEM elements) when large values are entered for these two constants.
Recommendation:
For plates approximately within the range of:
|w
m
| L / 100
h L / 5
parameters D
44
and D
55
should be used with large values
where:
|w
m
| the maximal plate deflection,
h the plate thickness,
L the characteristic plate plan-view dimension,
L the diameter of a circular plate or the shorter side of a rectangular or rhomboid plate, etc.
Dij parameters for a plate element

D
11
=
F
1
. h
3
12 . ( 1 - v
12
. v
21
)

D
22
=
F
2
. h
3
12 . ( 1 - v
12
. v
21
)

D
12
= D
21
= v
21
. D
11
= v
12
. D
22

D
33
=
0
12
. b
3
12

D
44
= 0
13
. b / 1,2
D
55
= 6
23
. b 1,2 (1)

Dij parameters for a wall element

J
11
=
F
1
. b
( 1 - v
12
. v
21
)

J
22
=
F
2
. b
( 1 - v
12
. v
21
)

J
33
= 0
12
. b
J
12
= J
21
= v
21
. J
11
= v
12
. J
22
(2)
Library of orthotropy

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3 Type Two heights

This is a special orthotropic continuum for 2D structures of Mindlin type (thick plates). The basic idea follows from the
engineering idea of a 2D reinforced concrete member, the stiffness of which can be principally derived from two
(generally different) member heights h
1
, h
2
in two characteristic / principal orthotropic directions (x, y)
p
. The values of h
1

and h
2
can be derived from a more or less sophisticated numerical reformulation of a geometric orthotropy which
appears, for example, in plates stiffened by ribs, or they can represent an approximation of the behaviour of a 2D
member in cracked state near its bearing limit (in German literature is it is called State II of a reinforced continuum) which
makes the different reinforcement percentages in both directions the main stiffness characteristics (instead of the gross
concrete section in the linear State I).
Mathematical description of orthotropy model
Flexural orthotropy
The formulation of a flexural orthotropic continuum is based on flexural stiffnesses of the Kirchhoff type in the principal
orthotropy directions:

Flexuial stiffness in uiiection xp |NNmm] (1)
D
11
=
E . J
1
3
12 . ( 1 - v
2
)


Flexuial stiffness in uiiection yp |NNmm] (2)
D
22
=
E . J
2
3
12 . ( 1 - v
2
)


Tiansveise contiaction xp yp |NNmm] (S)

12
= v . D
11
. D
22


Toision stiffness ielateu to (x,y)p |NNmm] (4)

33
= u,S . (1 - v). D
11
. D
22
.
I


Sheai flexuial stiffness in uiiection xp |NNm] (S)
D
44
=
0 . J
1



Sheai flexuial stiffness in uiiection yp |NNm] (6)

55
=
0 . J
2



Membrane orthotropy
In the Wall model the membrane stiffnesses (4 parameters) play the role of the flexural ones in the Plate model. The
most general Shell model defines both parameter sets simultaneously (in total 10 orthotropy parameters):

Noimal membiane stiffness in uiiection xp |NNm] (7)
J
11
=
E . b
1
( 1 - v
2
)


Noimal membiane stiffness in uiiection yp |NNm] (8)
J
22
=
E . b
2
( 1 - v
2
)


Tiansveisal contiaction xpyp |NNm] (9)
J
12
= v . J
11
. J
22

Library of orthotropy

8


Sheai membiane stiffness ielateu to (x,y)p |NNm] (1u)

J
33
= u,S . (1 - v). J
11
. J
22
.
m



Symbols in flexural formulae (1) (6):
u1, u2 Statically effective cross-section heights in orthotropy principal directions (x, y)
p
in flexure resistance
E Module of elasticity of the reinforced concrete continuum
Poissons coefficient of transverse contraction (
1
=
2
assumed generally)
u = E (2.(1+)) Shear module of elasticity of the reinforced concrete continuum
= 1.2 Shear reduction coefficient for rectangular cross-section (may also be set =1.0)
f
Torsion reduction coefficient; using
f
0 so called torsion-week Plate models can be simulate
providing reduction of lifting corner forces as well as the lower/upper corner main reinforcement

Alternatively applied symbols in the membrane stiffness formulae (7) (10):
h1, h2 Statically effective cross-section heights in orthotropy principal directions (x,y)
p
for membrane
resistance. For example, the gross cross-section height in one orthotropy direction, modified in the
other direction etc.
m Membrane shear reduction coefficient; using
m
0, the so called shear-week wall models can be
simulated, e. g. aimed at excluding such members (maybe masonry walls!) from the horizontal
stiffening system of the construction
Discussion of the formulae (1) (6):
(1) Parameters D
11
(1) and D
22
(2) are what is known as Kirchoff flexural stiffnesses and are thus self explanatory.
Symbols d
1
and d
2
represent some characteristic heights associated with the principal orthotropy directions, e.g. the
cross-section height(s) (both or one of them modified) or the statically effective heights of the two conjugated slab
directions or other values;
(2) Shear stiffnesses D
44
(5) and D
55
(6) are related, in the sense of the Mindlin model, merely to the cross-section area
and not to the effective shear height, which is usual in most shear proof procedures. In the present orthotropy model it is
assumed that formulae (4), (5) use the same reference heights d
1
and d
2
as the flexural stiffness formulae (1) and (2);
(3) D
33
: this is the most discussed stiffness parameter. If D
33
is reduced by means of
f
, the torsion stiffness of the slab
diminishes relatively to the coordinate axes, which are also the principal orthotropy axes. D
33
= 0 signifies a complete
lack of torsional stiffness; such a slab can resist any torsion moments m
xy
. Thus, no Kirchhoffs lifting corner forces can
develop; this phenomenon may be the primary reason for use of such class of models. As a fact, SCIA.Engineer does
not allow the user to set any exact zero value. However, values till 5% (
f
=0.05) have proven to yield numerically stable
results. It means that there ought to be set a lower input limit for f in the SCIA.Engineer input control procedure.
Library of orthotropy

9

3 Type One-direction slab

This is a special type for thick plates without transverse contraction. This group includes practically all ribbed plates with
open ribs (not hollow core slabs), because the flexural stiffness of such plates is derived mainly from ribs that do not
influence each other in transverse direction as there is no continuous contraction in this direction. The value termed as
effective value of is very small (e.g. 0.02) also in reinforced concrete plates with thin ribs, especially after the
formation of cracks in the tensile concrete, and calculations of such plates for =0 are accurate. The matrix of physical
constants is diagonal as D
12
= D
21
= 0.


The formulas for Dij parameters include also possible diverseness E
x
E
y
[Nm
-2
]. ( EI )
x
, ( EI )
z
[ m
3
] are related to the
unit width of plate sections in planes x =constant and y =constant.

D
11
=
E
1
. I
1
I

22
=
E
2
. b
3
12

33
= 18 . (0
1
.
It1
I
+ 0
2
.
1
S
. b
3
)

44
=
0
1
. A
z1
I

55
=
0
2
. b
1.2

12
= u

1D member properties:
L Distance between 1D members [ m ]
E1 E modulus [ MPa ]
I1 Moment of inertia [ m
4
]
It1 Torsional moment of inertia [ m
4
]
Az1 Effective surface for shear [ m
2
]
u1 G modulus [ MPa ]

Topping properties:
h Height of topping [m]
E2 E modulus [ MPa ]
u2 G modulus [ MPa ]
Poisson coefficient [-]

The first two bending constants are quite clear. The third constant, torsional D
33
, is more problematic, but in most
situation it can get satisfactory result when formula for =0 is used.

33
= u,S . D
11
. D
22


For more accurate determination it is quite a difficult three-dimensional problem that would require rather challenging
application of the finite element method. Therefore, approximate technical calculation based on the estimate of torsional
stiffness strips, like beams in a grate, without continuous dependencies is performed. Then we obtain the formula that
will be used to calculate the input value D
33
, i.e. the torsional stiffness of the substitute physically orthotropic plate.
Approximate calculations of common structures can be performed with D
33
determined from the formula above that does
not require identification of torsional stiffnesses.
The shear stiffnesses D
44
and D
55
are related, in the sense of the Mindlin model, to the effective shear cross-section
area, which is usual in most shear proof procedures.
Library of orthotropy

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Membrane orthotropy

J
11
=
F . h
( 1 - v
2
)


J
22
=
F . h
( 1 - v
2
)


J
12
= v . J
11
. J
22



J
33
= u,S . (1 - v). J
11
. J
22
.


Library of orthotropy

11

3 Type Slab with ribs

This is a special type for thick plates without transverse contraction.
The user is able to input cross-section in the x-direction from library of cross-sections or via direct input of rib properties.

There are two options for the rib:
Rib type CSS lib
the user is asked to select a cross-section from library and spacing between the cross-sections



The formulas for Dij parameters include also possible diverseness Ex Ey [Nm
-2
]. Properties of ideal T-section are
taken into account in the case of Ex Ey. The centre of gravity of an ideal T-section is calculated and cross-section is
transformed to a cross-section with one E modulus.

Case 1: The E modulus of the cross-section (E
1
) is greater than E modulus of the slab (E
2
)

11
=
E
2
. I
CSS
+ E
2
. I
SLAB

o1


Case 2: The E modulus of the rib (E
1
) is lower than E modulus of the slab (E
2
)

11
=
E
1
. I
CSS
+ E
1
. I
SLAB

o1


Model Slab with ribs takes into account the flexural stiffness of the T-section (cross-section +slab). Model One direction
slab calculates only with sectional properties in the x-direction!

22
=
E
2
. b
3
12

33
= u,S . D
11
. D
22


The following properties are taken from sectional and slab properties:
E1 modulus of elasticity of cross-section [ MPa ]
E2
modulus of elasticity of slab [ MPa ]
IyCss moment of inertia of cross-section [ m
4
]
IySlab moment of inertia of slab [ m
4
]
a1 distance between 1D members [ m ]

The last two parameters are related to the shear stiffness of the cross-section and slab. D
44
and D
55
are considered in
the sense of the Mindlin model.

44
=
0
1
. A
z1
I

55
=
0
2
. b
1.2


Az1 effective surface for shear of cross-section [ m
2
]
u1 modulus of elasticity of cross-section [ MPa ]
Library of orthotropy

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u2 modulus of elasticity of slab [ MPa ]

Membrane orthotropy

J
11
= E . b
1


J
22
= F . b2

J
12
= J
11
. J
22


J
33
= u,S . J
11
. J
22



h1, h2 Statically effective cross-section heights in orthotropy principal directions (x,y)
p
for membrane
resistance.
E Module of elasticity of the slab

Rib type Input
the user is asked to input the dimensions of the rib (T-section) and spacing between the ribs



E ... modulus of the material
I ... moment of inertia of a T section of width a1
Az... shear surface of a T section of width a1
h / H ... torsional rigidity of the rib
t ... rib thickness
h ...slab height
(H-h) rib depth


Library of orthotropy

13

3 Type Gridwork

The gridwork consists of two systems of parallel beams with equidistant distances in both x and y directions and rigidly
connected at their points of intersection. The beams are supported at the ends, and the load is applied in the direction of
the normal to the xy plane. If the distances a
1
and b
1
between the beams are small in comparison with the dimensions a
and b of the grid, and if the flexural rigidity of each of the beams parallel to the x axis is equal to I
1
and that of each of the
beams parallel to y axis is equal to I
2
, the coefficients are as follows:

D
11
=
E
1
. I
1
b
1

D
11
=
E
2
. I
2
o
1

33
=
1
4
. (
0
1
. I
t1
b1
+
0
2
. I
t2
o1
)

44
=
0
1
. A
z1
b1

55
=
0
2
. A
z2
o1

12
= u

Where:
E1, E2 E modulus [ MPa ]
I1, I2 Moment of inertia [ m
4
]
It1, It2 Torsion moment of inertia [ m
4
]
Az1, Az2 Effective surface for shear [ m
2
]
u1, u2 G modulus [ MPa ]

Geometry properties
Distance between ribs [m] a1
Distance between ribs [m] b1

Membrane orthotropy

J
11
= E . b
1


J
22
= F . b2

J
12
= J
11
. J
22


J
33
= u,S . J
11
. J
22



h1, h2 Statically effective cross-section heights in orthotropy principal directions (x,y)
p
for membrane
resistance
E Module of elasticity of the slab

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