ColTech Main Slides

All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Digital Signal Pro essing

for Communi ations
J. Eri Salt and Ha H. Nguyen
Department of Ele tri al & Computer Engineering

University of Saskat hewan
Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A9
eri .saltusask. a, ha.nguyenusask. a
ColTe h Vietnam National University, May 2011
Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations
Page 1
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
+ z 1
,
1 + z 1
H(z) =
Transformations
1
*
Page 2
All-Pass Filters
For small
the zero goes
phase response.
Two-Path Filters
to and only
Transformations
the pole ae ts the
max
p
+ z 1
= z 1
0 1 + z 1
lim H(z) = lim
0
<0
<0
Spe ial- ase all-pass lter
z 1 ,
single pole at
z=0
Page 3
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
=
c
z
c
p
Transformations
e j
complementary
angle to z
pc =
zc =
= cz cp

=
z
p
2
2
= p z = (z p ) = H(ej )
Page 4
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Phase Properties
Transformations
(0) = 0
() =
( )
( )
Page 5
All-Pass Filters
Now onsider
Two-Path Filters
= 1 , where is small:
Transformations
( )
( ) changes rapidly
when approaches
= 1 +
Page 6
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Using All-Pass Networks in Filters
All-pass
network 1
x[ n]
y[ n ]
All-pass
network 2
Page 7
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
0
Transformations
( ) both 1 ( ) & 2 ( )
1 ( )
2 ( )
pass band
transision band
stop band
1 ( ) = 2 ( )
2 ( ) 1 ( )
2 ( ) = 1 ( )
Page 8
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Upsampling an All-Pass Filter with Zero Stung
3
2
for both high rate

and low rate
( )
Transformations
(high rate)
(low rate)
low-rate spectrum is
squeezed by a factor of 2
H(z) = HL (z 2 ) =
+ z 2
H(ej ) = HL (ej2 )
1 + z 2
Page 9
All-Pass Filters
Lo ations of poles and
Two-Path Filters
2
zeros in H(z) = HL (z ):
1
Transformations
H L (z)
H (z) = H L ( z 2 )
j
1
j
Page 10
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
The frequen y response is
jM
1j
1
1+
tan
+
e
+ e

= M
=
M
j 2
1 + ejM
e
+ ej 2
1 + j 1
1+ tan
H(ej ) =
j M
ejM
M
2
M
2

deno
tor
mina
nume
rator
1
M
tan
1
+
1
M
tan
1
+
Page 11
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Implementing First-Order All-Pass Networks

+ z 1
1 + z 1
H(z) =
x[n ]
v[n ]
y[ n ]
z 1
direct form II
Page 12
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Noise Model
Transformations
q1[n]
v[n ]
y[ n ]
x[n ]
z 1
q2 [n] = q1[n 1]
q[n]
z 1
q2 [n]
q1[n]
z 1
yq [ n ]
H ( z)
Page 13
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Dire t Form I and a Derivative
+ z 1
1 + z 1
H(z) =
x[n ]
v[n ]
z 1
y[ n ]
z 1
Page 14
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
z 1
x[n ]
v[n ]
Transformations
y[ n ]
z 1
do not need this
x[n ]
z 1
y[ n ]
z 1
x[n ]
The node labeled v[n]

has been removed
z 1
Rearranged direct form I,
z 1
i.e., a derivative from

direct form I
y[ n ]
Page 15
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Noise Model
Transformations
z 1
x[n 1]
x[n ]
z 1
Q( z )
Yq (z) = Q(z) z 1 Yq (z)

Hq (z) =
q[n]
y[ n ]
Yq ( z )
Yq (z)
1
=
Q(z)
1 + z 1
Page 16
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Signal Level Analysis
Transformations
z 1
x[n ]
+
[ n]
v[n]
z 1
y[ n ]
z 1
X ( z)
( z )
out [n]
( z )
in [n]
z 1
Y (z)
Page 17
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
(z)
(1 z 1 )(1 + z 1 )
1 z 2
=
=
1
X(z)
1 + z
1 + z 1
H (z) =
Transformations
Page 18
All-Pass Filters
Plots of

H (ej )2 =
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
22 cos(2)
for ve values of
1+2 +2 cos
=0
= 0.99
D
3.5
= 0.99
= 0.7
H (ej ) 2
2.5
= 0.7
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
frequency in cycles per sample, i.e., /(2)
0.5
Page 19
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Example
Suppose the input to the lter below is a 1.11 signed fra tion and a
signed 18 bit 18 bit multiplier is used to implement .
z 1
12.11
x[n ]
[ n]
z 1
v[n]
y[ n ]
(a) What is the signal format of [n].
(b) Does x[n] need to be sign extended? If so by how many bits?

( ) Does x[n] need to be zero padded? If so by how many bits?
(d) v[n] must be trun ated. After trun ation what is the signal format
of v[n]?
Page 20
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Solution
(a) The multiplier that implements
Transformations
has 18-bit input so
[n]
will
be an 18-bit number. Sin e no information is given on the
x[n], the worst ase analysis is used for [n]peak ,

[n]peak = 2x[n]peak . Sin e x[n] is a 1.11 number and
[n] an be twi e as large as x[n] and sin e [n] is an 18-bit
number, [n] should have a 2.16 bit format.
spe trum of
whi h is
(b) Te hni ally,
x[n]
does not have to be sign extended. The
adder produ es a arry out whi h provides an extra integer bit

in its output.
( ) Yes
(d)
x[n]
needs to be zero padded to a 1.16 number.
x[n 1] and then delayed and subtra ted

from x[n] to be ome [n]. Therefore v[n] must have the same
number of fra tion bits as [n] whi h is 16. Therefore, v[n]
v[n]
is added to
must be trun ated to 16 fra tion bits.
Page 21
All-Pass Filters
The Stru ture of Interest
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
z 1
X ( z)
H0 ( z2 )
H1 ( z 2 )
Y ( z)
H0 ( z2 )
X ( z)
z 1
Y ( z)
H1 ( z 2 )
1) One leg must be a fun tion of
z2.
2) The other leg must be a fun tion of
z2
in as ade with a
1 .
z
Page 22
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
H (e )
H (e j )
H (e j ( + ) )

H ej 2 + H ej() 2 = 4
Page 23
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
S aling the two-path system output by a fa tor of 0.5 yields the

following two-path stru ture:
H0 ( z2 )
X ( z)
z 1
0.5
Y (z)
H1 ( z 2 )

H ej 2 + H ej() 2 = 1
Page 24
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
H (e j )
Transformations
p 0
0.707
0.5
s 0
2
2
2
1) H ej = 1 H ej() H ej 1.
2
2) H ej 2 =
3) 3-dB = 2 .
4) p2
1 .
2
{z
positive
s2 (
2 +)
.
2
Page 25
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Example
A lter is designed to have a stop band attenuation of 60 dB
relative to the pass band. What is maximum value of
is in the stop band?
if
is su h that
2
Solution:
60
dB
p ( 2 )
= 20 log10 s_max
60
s_max = 10 20 = 103 = 0.001
Cal ulated exa tly:
p_max = 1
1 s2_max = 1
1 106 = 5.0000012 107
Cal ulated approximately:
p_max =
s2_max
2
106
= 5.0000000 107
2
The error in the approximation is
12
50000012
= 2.4 105 %.
Page 26
All-Pass Filters
Natural Transition Band
Transformations
p 0
H (e j )
Two-Path Filters
0.707
0.5
stop band template
s 0
Remark: p
+ s
2s
is a fun tion of
s ,
i.e.,
p =
s2
2 , and is usually mu h
smaller than the pass band ripple spe ied for a pra ti al lter.
Page 27
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Design Pro edure

1) Guess the order of the lter.
2) Pla e zeros on the unit ir le in the stop band with spa ing
determined by trial and error to satisfy one but not both of the
following riteria:
a) The maximum gain at frequen ies between the zeros on the

unit ir le is s .
b) The stop band orner frequen y is s .
3) On ea h trial pla ement of the zeros plot the frequen y

response to see if the riterion used is met.
4) If the riterion used was a), then after pla ing the zeros to
satisfy riterion a) use the plot to nd
s .
If the riterion used
was b), then use the nal plot to determine
s .
Page 28
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
3
2
1
Page 29
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
gain = 1 at
= 1 , 2 , 3
and at
H (e j )
0.707
template
0.5
does not meet SPEC
1 2
1 1
If the riterion used is to make

need to be moved toward
meet the SPEC. Then the zeros
.
Page 30
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Non-Linear Phase Two-Path Filters Simplest Case

0 + z 1
,
1 + 0 z 1
H1 (z) = 1
H0 (z) =
Transformations
H0 ( z2 )
0 + z 2
1 + 0 z 2
X ( z)
z 1
0.5
Y (z)
H1 ( z 2 )
H(z) =

0 + z 2
z(1 + 0 z 2 ) + (0 + z 2 )
1
+z
0.5 =
0.5
1 + 0 z 2
(0 + z 2 )z
Page 31
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
0 + z + z 2 + 0 z 3
0.5
(0 + z 2 )z
H(z) =
Transformations
1) Noti e the numerator polynomial is symmetri . This, in

general, pla es restri tions on the lotions of the zeros:
a) zeros an be on the real axis.

b) zeros an appear as omplex pairs on the unit ir le.
) zeros an appear as a set of four at rej , 1r ej , rej , 1r ej .
2) For
0 0 < 1
(stability riterion), the poles are on the
imaginary axis at
1 < 0 0,
z = j0, z = j 0 ,
the poles are on the real
z = j 0 .
axes at 0 .
and
For
Page 32
All-Pass Filters
Case 1:
Two-Path Filters
z1 = 1, z2 = r, z3 = z12 = 1r where 1 r 1.
1
1r
1
r
for
this ase
1 0
|{z}
0 =
Case 2:
r=1
z1 = 1, z2 = ej , z3 = z2 = ej
0 =
= , 0 =
1
3
1
,
1 2 cos
for
1 0
,
3 3
Transformations
1
3
|{z}
r=1
0, 0 1
3
Page 33
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Plot of 0 = 1/(1 2 cos )
2
1.5
This is the region of interest
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Page 34
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Example
Design a 3rd-order low-pass half-band lter with a stop band
attenuation of 40 dB (i.e.,
s ()max = 0.01
in the stop band). Find
the stop band orner frequen y and natural pass band orner
frequen y.
Solution:
1. Guess zeros at
2. Find
z = ej , z = ej( 8 ) .
using Matlab.
3. Find the frequen y response using Matlab.
Page 35
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Trial #1: Choose
Transformations
7
8 .
Trial magnitude response for zeros on the unit circle at = 0.875

10
0

20log10 H ej
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
frequency normalized to radians per sample, i.e., /
Page 36
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Trial #4: Make
= 0.818 .
Transformations
This works!

10
0

20log10 H ej
10
20
30
stop band
40
50
60
0
s 0.791
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Page 37
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Pass band of the nal lter:

0
0.5

20log10 H ej
1.5
2.5
3.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Ripple SPEC
Pass band orner
0.5 dB
1 dB
3 dB
0.405
0.435
0.5
Page 38
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Magnied pass band of the nal lter:
x 10
Magnitude response for zeros at = 0.818
0
0.1
0.2
20log10(1 p )

20log10 H ej
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
= 0.182
2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Page 39
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
p =
Transformations
s2
(0.01)2
=
= 5.0 105
2
2
Che k:
20 log(1 p ) = 0.42 103

1 p = 10
0.42103
20
= 102.110
5
p = 1 102.110
= 4.8 105 .
The above result is basi ally the same as al ulated value.
Page 40
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Phase Response of a Two-Path Filter

0 () = H0 (z )
z=ej

1 () = z 1 H1 (z 2 )
z=ej

0 ()
H(ej ) = 0.5 e|j{z
}+
H0 (ej2 )
H(e ) = 0.5e
H(ej ) = ej
0 ()+1 ()
2
0 ()+1 ()
2
cos
e

ej H1 (ej2 )
1 ()0 ()
2
+e

1 () 0 ()
2

()
()
1
0
j
H(e ) = cos

2
j1 ()
|e {z }
H(ej ) =
1 ()0 ()
2
0 () + 1 ()
2
Page 41
All-Pass Filters
Phase relationship between
Two-Path Filters
0 () and 1 ()
in the pass band
radians
|1 () 0 ()| 2s ( )
Transformations
Relationship between output phase and
0 ()
and
1 ()
() = 1 () s ( )
radians
for
in pass band.
() = 0 () s ( )
radians
for
in pass band.
Important observation:
system, i.e.,
If H1 (z) is hosen to be a linear-phase

H1 (z) = z M , then H(z) will have a nearly
linear-phase response in its pass band:
() =
k
|{z}
phase of
z 1 H1 (z 2 )
H0 (z)
The same is true if
( )
|s {z }
radians
deviation from
linear phase
in units of radians
is hosen to be a linear phase system.
Page 42
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Phase in the stop band

radians
0 () 1 () (2k + 1) 2s ()

s ()
s ()
1
H(e ) = 1 () k +
2
j
1
H(e ) = 0 () + k +
2
j
Page 43
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
0
Transformations
Phase response for zeros on the unit circle at = 0.818

phase normalized to , i.e., 6 H ej /
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
zero in H(z) at z = ej0.818
4.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Page 44
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
j
The below graph shows the dieren e between H(e ) and

1
2
z H1 (z )z=ej = 1 () = .
deviation in phase from 1 () = (units radians)
Illustration of being nearly linear phase in the pass band
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
s = 40dB, which is 0.01
0.005
0.01
natural pass band corner frequency
0.015
0.02
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Page 45
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
fred harris's Matlab fun tion that designs two-path non-linear phase
lters is alled
Kp :
It has three arguments:
We have studied two-path lters so this parameter should be 2.
rst-order
Npaths :
nonlineardesign_2.
The number of
H1 (z).
all-pass se tions used in
H0 (z)
and
There is only one parameter so the number of se tions
It seems that using

higher-order all-pass se tions is not needed in the design
of half-band low-pass lters with nonlinear phase.
in ea h path must be the same.
p :
s . It is the
p = 0.4 then
This parameter is named in orre tly. It should be

stop band orner frequen y normalized to
the stop band orner is
The fun tion is alled by
(0.4)2
2 .
If
radians/sample.
nonlineardesign_2(Npaths ,Kp ,p ).
Page 46
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
The plots for
nonlineardesign_2_ha(2,2,0.3)
Transformations
are shown next,
whereas the following is printed in the Matlab ommand window:
Coeffi ient Sets: a(n,k), of 2 Path Filter

Polynomials: H_N(Z,n,k) = Z^N + a(n,k), N = 2
Path-0 Coeffi ients
a(0,0): 0.545323651071
a(0,1): 0.079866426236
Path-1 Coeffi ients
a(1,0): 0.834411891481
a(1,1): 0.283829344874
Page 47
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Impulse response of 2-path filter
0.2
amplitude
0.4

20log10 H ej
0.2
0
20
40
60
80
samples
Frequency response of 2-path filter
100
20
40
60
80
100
0
0.05
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

0.5
Page 48
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Roots of 2-path, 4-coefficient filter

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Page 49
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Phase profiles of 2-path filter

0
Normalized phase, i.e., ()/(2)
0.5
1
phase of H(z)
1.5
2
phase of z 1 H1 (z 2 )
2.5
phase of H0 (z)
3.5
4
0
0.05
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

0.45
0.5
Page 50
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Half-Band High-Pass Filters
The stru ture for a high-pass lter is the same as a low-pass lter
ex ept the output is the dieren e of the two paths.
HLP (z) =
H0 (z 2 ) + z 1 H1 (z 2 )
2
H0 (z 2 ) z 1 H1 (z 2 )
2

H0 (z 2 )2 + z 1 2 H1 (z 2 )2
2
2
|HLP (z)| + |HHP (z)| =
2
HHP (z) =
If
H0 (z 2 )
and
H1 (z 2 )
are
all-pass systems
then

HLP (ej )2 + HHP (ej )2 = 1
The above result means that the stop band of

pass band of
HHP (z),
HLP (z)
be omes the
making it a high-pass lter.
Page 51
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Nearly Linear Phase Design
z 2M
X ( z)
z 1
Remark:
H1 ( z 2 )
fred harris uses this stru ture in his
design s ript alled
lineardesign_2.
Y (z)
Matlab
linear lter
Page 52
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
The stru ture on the previous page ould be rearranged as shown

below. Note that the ommon delay of two paths is unne essary
and an be removed. fred harris's phase response in lude this
unne essary delay.
this becomes H1 ( z 2 )
z 2( M 1)
X ( z)
z 1
z 1
Y (z)
H1 ( z 2 )
this becomes H 0 ( z 2 )
Page 53
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
H 0 ( z ) = z 2
z 4
X ( z)
Y (z)
H1 ( z 2 )
z 1
H(z) =
1
1
+
z4
z
1 + 1 z 2
1 + z 2

1 + 3 z 2
3 + z 2
Example: Using lineardesign_2 to design a nearly linear phase

half-band lter with a stop band orner of 0.35 2 . The lter
oe ients 1 and 3 are printed as follows:
Roots =
4 Poles at Origin
bran h 0 - 4 Delays,
Z^(-4)
Roots =
-0.56245233422427
0.11285645628677
bran h 1 - type1
oeffi ient
0.562452334224268
-0.1128564562867698
Page 54
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
20log10 H ( e j )
All-Pass Filters
zeros on unit circle
frequency in cycles/sample
1 = 0.56245
3 = 0.11285
Page 55
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Pole-zero diagram
4
3
These zeros force high attenuation

in the stop band and thereby
force a nearly flat pass band
2
1
0
rogue zeros
2
3
4
Page 56
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Phase response
0

H ej (radians)
phase response for z 4 , i.e., 6 H0 ej2
10
15
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
n 4
2
4.5
0.5
Page 57
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Se ond-Order All-Pass Filters
c1 + c0 z 1 + z 2
1 + c0 z 1 + c1 z 2
H(z) =
The dire t form I stru ture that implements
c1
x[n ]
c0
z 1
c0
c1
H(z)
(1)
is plotted below.
y[ n ]
z 1
z 1
Page 58
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
x[n ]
Transformations
c1
y[ n ]
z 1
c0
c0
z 1
z 1
c1
z 1
z 1
x[n ]
c1
c0
z 1
y[ n ]
Page 59
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
c1 + c0 z 1 + z 2
1 + c0 z 1 + c1 z 2
H(z) =
Transformations
(2)
1 j
e
r
re j
re j
1 j
e
r
Page 60
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
The exe utable is lineardesign_2.

This is GUI driven so all is lineardesign_2 without any parameters.
The GUI has a graph window whi h displays the magnitude response of
the filter. It also has several fields that an be set. These field are:
resolution: The parameter asso iated with field sets the number of points
displayed on the graph. The default is 300
iterations: The parameter asso iated with field sets the number of
iterations used to al ulate the oeffi ients.
The default is 20 (this is probably low; should use 50)
w from x.xx to y.yy: This is the field where the stop band orner, ws, is
spe ified. The x.xx to y.yy gives the range of valid
values for ws. The range depends on the number of paths
(i.e. bran hes) used in the filter.
The units of ws are y les/sample.
No of Paths:
The parameter asso iated with this field spe ifies the number
of bran hes (i.e. paths) used in the filter.
No of oeffi ients: The parameter asso iated with field sets the number of
oeffi ients per bran h (i.e. oeffi ients per path)
Page 61
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
There are three a tion buttons.

The ompute button auses lineardesign_2 to ompute new
oeffi ients and generate new plots.
ompute:
reiterate: The reiterate button auses lineardesign_2 to refine the

oeffi ient value by ontinuing its iterative sear h from
where it left off. It will update the oeffi ients and
redraw the graphs.
move zero: The move zero button provides the apability to hange
the lo ation of the zeros that are on the unit ir le.
The two fields below this button are used to sele t the
zero that is to be moved and by how mu h.
The number in the field on the left spe ifies the zero
to be moved. Zero 1 is the one nearest the stop band
orner. Zero 2 is the next zero in the dire tion toward
pi, et .
The number in the field on the right spe ifies by how mu h
the angle of the zero is to be hanged. The units are
y les/sample. For example if the zero to be hanged was
at exp(j*2) then a hange of -0.05 would relo ate the
zero to exp(j*(2-0.05*2*pi)).
Page 62
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
The oeffi ients are printed in the ommand window. The are listed as
type 1 oeffi ients or type 2 oeffi ients. Type 1 oeffi ients are
for first order all-pass se tions and type 2 oeffi ients are for
se ond order all-pass se tions.
The ompute button also generates Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5. These are plots
of pole/zero lo ations, impulse response, group delay and phase response
respe tively.
It is pointed out that lineardesign_2 does not handle the

simplest design dis ussed on page 31.
Page 63
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
20 log10 H ( e j )
All-Pass Filters
zero #1
frequency in cycles/sample
number of zeros
change angle (really frequency)

by this amount (units cycles/sample)
Page 64
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Roots =
8 Poles at Origin
bran h 0 - 8 Delays,
Transformations
Z^(-8)
Roots =
-0.74306768611189
-0.00226674995220 + 0.29194638242415i
-0.00226674995220 - 0.29194638242415i
0.26079311355045
bran h 1 - type1
oeffi ient
bran h 1 - type2 1st oeffi ient
bran h 1 - type2 2nd oeffi ient
Remarks:
0.7430676861118883
0.004533499904404936
0.08523782836589149
-0.260793113550452
type1 and type2 refer to rst-order and se ond-order
se tions, respe tively. For a se ond-order se tion, 1st oe ient

is
c0
and 2nd oe ient is
c1 .
Page 65
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Pole-zero diagram
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
2
Page 66
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Phase response

H ej (radians)
10
15
20
25
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
6.5
0.5
Page 67
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Impulse response
1
0.8
Amplitude
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0
20
40
60
80
100
Samples
Page 68
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Low-Pass to Low-Pass Transformation
x[n ]
1
g(z)
where
g(z)
is an all-pass system
HG (z) = H
b0
y[ n ]
x[n ]
b0
y[ n ]
z 1
z 1
z 1
b1
b1
z 1
z 1
z 1
b2
H ( z)
b2
HG ( z)
Page 69
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Frequen y Response of HG (z)

g ej = ej()
D
j
HG e
where
()
j samples
=H e
Transformations

= H ejwarp ()
()
warp () = samples
.

H ej with the
frequen y axis ompressed when warp () > and raried when
warp () < . The ompression fa tor for frequen y is
Observation:
HG ej
an be thought of as
warp ()
()
=
= delay
samples
of
1
g z samples
at frequen y
Page 70
All-Pass Filters
warp (0 ) = (0 )
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
z old
s old
location of a zero in H (e j )
warp ( ) = ( )
s new
z new
2
used in H G (e j )
location of the zero in H G (e j )
Page 71
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
H (e j )
s old = warp (s new )

z old
H G (e j )
s new =
s old
2
z new
Page 72
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Phase response curves for first-order APF with as indicated

Negative of phase angle normalized to 2, i.e., ()
2 (units cycles)
0.5
0.45
0.95
0.90
0.80
0.4
0.60
0.35
0.30
0.3
0.25
0.00
0.30
0.2
0.15
0.60
0.1
0.80
0.90
0.05
0
0
0.95
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
frequency in cycles per sample, i.e., /(2) - for new filter
0.5
Page 73
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
H G (e j3dB ) = H (e j (3dB ) ) =
1
(3dB ) = 0.25 2 for half-band filter
2
(3dB )
(s )
2
2
Transforming a Half-Band Filter
3dB
of H G (e j )
2
H G (e js ) = H (e j (s ) )
Page 74
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Example
A low-pass lter is onstru ted from a half-band lter using
0.3 + z 1
1 0.3z 1
D
g(z) =
The magnitude response of the half-band lter is given on the next

page. Find the following for
HG (z):
(a) The 3dB-down frequen y.
(b) The stop band orner frequen y.
( ) The lo ation of the zeros that are on the unit ir le.

(d) The 1dB-down frequen y.
Then plot the frequen y response.
Page 75
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
0.25
All-Pass Filters
3dB = 2 0.157
1dB = 2 0.147
z ,1 = 2 0.222
z ,2 = 2 0.291
s = 2 0.214
Page 76
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
All-Pass Filters
Page 77
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
All-Pass Filters
3dB = 2 0.157
1dB = 2 0.147
z ,1 = 2 0.222
z ,2 = 2 0.291
s = 2 0.214
Page 78
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Example
Find the parameter T that transforms a half-band low-pass lter into a
low-pass lter with a 3dB-bandwidth of 2 0.4 radians
.
sample
Phase response curves for first-order APF with as indicated

2 (units cycles)
0.5
0.95
0.90
0.45
0.80
0.4
0.60
0.35
(3dB )
= 0.25
2
0.30
0.3
9 mm
0.25
4 mm
0.00
0.30
0.2
0.15
0.60
0.1
3dB
0.80
0.90
0.05
0
0
0.95
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
frequency in cycles per sample, i.e., /(2) - for new filter
0.5
Page 79
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Finding the Transformation Parameter for the First-Order

All-Pass Filter Used as the Frequen y-Sele tive Delay
Suppose the lter designer wants the riti al frequen y
half-band prototype to map to riti al frequen y
in the
in the new
low-pass lter. This means

HG ejc = H ejc = H ej(c ) .
T =
sin
sin
c c
2

c +c
2
If the riti al frequen ies are the 3dB-down frequen ies then
c =
2 and
sin
T =
sin
3dB
2
3dB
2

4
tan

=
+4
tan
3dB
2
3dB
2
1
+1
Page 80
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Example
T = 0.5. The stop

low-pass lter is s = 0.4 .
A low-pass to low-pass transformation uses

band orner frequen y for the new
Find the stop band orner frequen y of the half-band prototype.

Solution:
s =
0.5 + ej0.4
= 0.363 2
1 0.5ej0.4
radians
sample
Comment on Loss of Linear Phase
If the half-band prototype is a linear phase lter, then the low-pass

lter will not be a linear phase lter.
HG

H ej = H ej ejM (linear phase)

ej = H ej() = H ej() ejM () (not
linear phase)
Page 81
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Constru tion of Transformed Filters
Consider
H(z) = HAP (z 2 )
HAP (z) =

= HAP (z )
0 +z 1
1+0 z 1 .
c2 + c1 z 1 + z 2
1 + c1 z 1 + c2 z 2

HG (z) = H(z)
where
c1 =
1
z= g(z)
2T (0 + 1)
,
1 + 0 2T
z 1
1
z= g(z)
c2 =
0 + 2T
1 + 0 2T
z 1
X ( z)
c2
z 1
c1
z 1
Y (z)
Page 82
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
z 1
x[ n ]
z 1
z 1
z 1
x[ n ]
z 1
z 1
y[ n ]
z 1
z 1
y[ n ]
T
z 1
z 1
x[ n ]
c2
z 1
c1
z 1
y[ n ]
c1 =
2T ( 0 + 1)
1 + 0T2
c2 =
0 + T2
1 + 0T2
Page 83
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
High-Pass to Band-Pass Transformation

H HP (e j )
Response of prototype highpass filter
3dB down point
0.707
0.5
3
2
2
frequency for prototype response
3
2
( )
( ) = 2
3
4
frequency for transformed filter
Plot of g (e j ) versus for g ( z ) = z 2

g (e j ) = e j 2 g (e j ) = 2
compression factor is 2
Page 84
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
0.707
H BP (e j )
bandwidth =
3
4
3
2
Page 85
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Low-Pass to Band-Pass Transformation

H LP (e j )
Response of prototype lowpass filter
1
0.707
0.5
3
2
2
frequency for prototype response
3
2
5
2
5
2
( )
3
( ) = + 2
3
4
frequency for transformed filter
Plot of g (e j ) versus for g ( z ) = z 2

g (e j ) = e j 2 =e j ( + 2 ) g (e j ) = + 2
Page 86
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
H LP (e j )
1
0.707
0.5
3
2
5
2
H BP (e j )
0.707
0.5
3
4
Page 87
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
To ontrol the enter frequen y of the band-pass lter a generalized

delay, i.e.,
c +z 1
1+c z 1 , is used in pla e of one of the
c for c 0.4
This gives:
c + z 1
1 + c z 1
g(z) = z 1
z 1 .
g (e j ) = ( )
c = 0
c 0.4
c for c 0.4
c 0.4
Note that c = 0 has g ( z ) = z 2
Page 88
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
The transformation maps the response of

the response of
HG (z)
at frequen y
H(z)
c :
c + ejc
1 + c ejc
ejc = g(ejc ) ejc = ejc
Solving the equation with
at frequen y
c = 0
Transformations
c to
yields
c = cos c
is not the enter frequen y of the band-pass lter sin e the pass
band orners of the low-pass lter will not s ale to be equal

distan es from
c .
H G (e j )
These distances are not equal
0.707
3
4
Page 89
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
c +z
Negative phase response curves for z1 1+
1 with c indicated
cz
1
c = 0.4
negative phase of z1

2 (units cycles)
1.5
c = 0.4
negative phase of z1
0.5
negative phase of
c = 0.4
c + z1
1 + c z1
c + z1
1 + c z1
c = 0.4
c
cos1 (c )
=
2
2
0
0
0.5
1
frequency in cycles per sample, i.e., /(2) for new filter
1.5
Page 90
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Steps to obtain a generalized band-pass lter with a

spe ied bandwidth and spe ied enter frequen y:
Transformations
1) Transform a half-band prototype into a low-pass lter with a

spe ied bandwidth using the transformation:
HGLP (z) = H
1
g(z)
where
g(z) =
T + z 1
1 + T z 1
In terms of hardware, this means repla ing se tions

with
c2 +c1 z 1 +z 2
, where
1+c1 z 1 +c2 z 2
c1 =
The
i +z 2
1+i z 2
z 1
2T (i + 1)
1 + i 2T
in series with
H1 (z)
and
c2 =
i + 2T
1 + i 2T
is repla ed with
T +z 1
.
1+T z 1
Page 91
All-Pass Filters
2) Transform the
Two-Path Filters
low-pass lter HGLP (z)
Transformations
into a band-pass lter
with the transformation:
1
g(z)
where
g(z) = z 1
HGBP (z) = HGLP
c + z 1
1 + c z 1
In hardware this is equivalent to repla ing the all-pass se tions
i + z 2
with the fourth-order all-pass se tion
1 + i z 2
d4 + d3 z 1 + d2 z 2 + d1 z 3 + z 4
1 + d1 z 1 + d2 z 2 + d3 z 3 + d4 z 4
1 in the bottom path is repla ed with
The z

T + z 1
e2 + e1 z 1 + z 2
=
1 + i z 1 z 1 =z 1 c +z1
1 + e1 z 1 + e2 z 2
of
1+c z 1
Page 92
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
z 1
z 1
z 1
Transformations
z 1
X ( z)
d4
+
d3
z 1
z 1
d2
z 1
z 1
d1
z 1
Y ( z)
z 1
X ( z)
+
+
e2
+
+
e1
z
+
Y (z)
Page 93
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
tony_des_2.m
There is a eld that spe ies the order and stop band orner
frequen y (in units y les/sample) of the half-band lter that is to
be transformed. The order must be odd and the minimum order is 5.
There is also a eld that spe ies the 3dB-bandwidth of the
low-pass lter.
The third eld ontrols the translation of the low-pass lter
( onstru ted to have a 3dB-bandwidth as spe ied in the low-pass
lter eld) to a band-pass lter. The parameter for this eld is
alled enter frequen y, but does not end up being the enter
frequen y of the band-pass lter.
The fourth eld is a polynomial order eld. It should be set to two.
It is not sure what this eld does.
Page 94
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Lowpass filter
= 0.137
polynomial order
Page 95
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Denominator Polynomials, path-0
(a0 Z^2 + a1 Z^1 + a2)
c1
-1.0781
-1.3795
c2
0.3326
0.7051
Se tion #1
Se tion #2
1.0000
1.0000
Transformations

(b0 Z^2 + b1 Z^1 + b2)
c1
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
|
-1.2185
-1.5365
-0.5095
{z
first-order se tion
that repla es z 1
c2
0.5061
0.8992
0
Se tion #1
Se tion #2
Page 96
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters
Transformations
Bandpass filter
Page 97
All-Pass Filters
Two-Path Filters

(a0 Z^4 + a1 Z^3 + a2 Z^2
-1.8093
d1
1.9110
d2
a3 Z^1
-1.9864
2.4452

(b0 Z^4 + b1 Z^3 + b2 Z^2
1.0000
Se tion #1
1.0000
Se tion #2
1.0000
-1.8918
d1
2.1598
-2.0787
2.7235
-0.8873
0.5095
{z
e1
d2
b3 Z^1
0.7051
{z
b4)
d3
-1.3112
d4
0.5061
-1.9602
e2
d4
0.3326
-1.6397
a4)
d3
-1.0247
1.0000
Se tion #1
1.0000
Se tion #2
Transformations
0.8992
0
Page 98

ColTech Main Slides

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

ColTech Main Slides

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

All-Pass Filters

Digital Signal Pro essing

Department of Ele tri al & Computer Engineering

ColTe h  Vietnam National University, May 2011

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

the zero goes

lim H(z) = lim

Spe ial- ase all-pass lter

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

Using All-Pass Networks in Filters

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

Upsampling an All-Pass Filter with Zero Stung

for both high rate

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

The frequen y response is

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

Implementing First-Order All-Pass Networks

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

Dire t Form I and a Derivative

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

do not need this

The node labeled v[n]

Rearranged direct form I,

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

i.e., a derivative from

Yq (z) = Q(z) z 1 Yq (z)

Signal Level Analysis

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

(a) What is the signal format of [n].

(b) Does x[n] need to be sign extended? If so by how many bits?

(a) The multiplier that implements

be an 18-bit number. Sin e no information is given on the

x[n], the worst ase analysis is used for [n]peak ,

(b) Te hni ally,

does not have to be sign extended. The

adder produ es a arry out whi h provides an extra integer bit

needs to be zero padded to a 1.16 number.

x[n 1] and then delayed and subtra ted

must be trun ated to 16 fra tion bits.

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

The Stru ture of Interest

1) One leg must be a fun tion of

2) The other leg must be a fun tion of

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

S aling the two-path system output by a fa tor of 0.5 yields the

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

Salt & Nguyen, DSP for Communi ations

is in the stop band?

s_max = 10 20 = 103 = 0.001

Cal ulated exa tly:

1 106 = 5.0000012 107

Cal ulated approximately:

The error in the approximation is

ColTe h Vietnam National University, May 2011

Spe ial- ase all-pass lter

Upsampling an All-Pass Filter with Zero Stung

was b), then use the nal plot to determine

Non-Linear Phase Two-Path Filters Simplest Case

Pass band of the nal lter:

Magnied pass band of the nal lter:

We have studied two-path lters so this parameter should be 2.