Chapter 11: Cardiovascular System

The Cardiovascular System

A ___________________ _________________ of the heart and blood vessels
______________ pumps blood
_________________ ______________ allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
Functions of Cardiovascular System
______________ _____________ and _______________ to all the parts of the body
_______________ ______________ _______________ and other waste products
Blood Flow Through The Heart
_________________ ______________ enters the ____________ ___________ through the
_____________ and _______________ ___________ ___________
The _____________ ____________ contracts causing the _______________ to rush through the
_________ ____________________ ___________(tricuspid valve) into the _____________ ___________
The _____________ _____________ then ______________ and the blood is pushed through the
_________________ _______________ ______________
________________ _____________ sends the _________________ _____________ into the
_____________ ____________
_________________ _______________ send the blood to the _________ where it becomes ___________
This is known as __________________ ________________
_____________ blood ___________ to the heart via the _______________ _________ and enters the
__________ ___________
The _________ __________ contracts causing the ___________ to rush through the _________
_____________________ ___________(bicuspid valve) into the _____________ ___________
Blood in the ___________ ______________ pumps blood through the __________ ___________ into the
___________
The aorta ____________ all the ______________ ______________ that the heart pumps out and sends it
to the ________ and __________ in the body
Once the blood is ____________ and ______________ its ______________ to the cells and organs, it
___________ to the ___________ ___________ via the _____________ and ______________ _______
_______
This is known as ________________ _____________
Pulmonary Circulation:_______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Systemic Circulation: _________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
The Heart: Chambers
Right and left side act as _______________ ______________
Four Chambers
___________: receiving chambers
__________ _________
__________ _________
____________: discharging chambers
__________ ___________
__________ ___________

The Heart: Valves

Allow blood to flow in ONLY ______ direction
Four Valves
Atrioventricular Valves: between __________ and __________
___________ _________________ __________(tricuspid)
___________ _________________ __________(bicuspid)
Semilunar Valves: valves between ventricles and artery
_______________ ______________ ____________
_______________ ______________ ____________
Valves ________ as blood is pumped through
Held in place by ___________ _____________(heart strings)
____________ to prevent backflow from the ___________ back into the ___________
The Heart: Associated Great Vessels
Aorta
__________ _______ ____________
___________ ____________ __________
Pulmonary Arteries
___________ _________ __________
___________ ____________ __________
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
__________ _________ ____________
___________ ____________ __________
Pulmonary Veins(4)
__________ _______ ____________
___________ ____________ __________
The Heart: Coverings
Pericardium: a ___________ ____________ _______________ which covers the heart
Composed of 2 Layers
______________ _______________:
o Next to the heart
o Part of the ______________
______________ _______________:
o Outside layer
______________ _____________: space between layers of the pericardium filled with serous fluid
The Heart: Heart Wall
Three Layers
Epicardium
Outside Layer
Layer is the visceral pericardium
Connective Tissue layer
Myocardium
Middle Layer
Mostly Cardiac Muscle
Endocardium
Inner Layer

Endothelium

Cardiac Cycle
___________ ____________: Sequence of events of one complete heartbeat
__________ contract _________________, Atria _________ then the ____________ contract
0.8 seconds long
Systole: ________________ _______________
_____ __________ ________, semilunar valves ________ sending blood into the Aorta and
Pulmonary Arteries
Diastole: ventricle relaxation
Ventricles relax, _______________ __________ _________ and _____ ________open sending
blood into the ventricles
3 Stages:
1. Mid-to-late diastole: __________________________________________________________
Heart in complete _____________
Blood flows __________ from _________ to_____________
Semilunar valves __________; and ______ _______ open
Atria ___________ forcing blood into the ____________
2. Ventricular systole: ___________ ____________ _________ before the __________ contract
Increased pressure causes ______ ___________ to __________ and ______________
___________ to ________
Blood rushes out to the _________ and the ______________ ______________
___________ are in ___________ (relaxed) and filling with blood
3. Early Diastole:
_________ finish re-filling and _____________ are in ___________ (ventricular pressure
is low)
Semilunar valves snap shut
Ventricular pressure __________ below __________ _____________
_____ __________ forced ________ refilling the _____________ completing the cycle
Heart Sounds
Described using two syllabus lub and dub.
___________________: tool used to listen to the heart
Lub: _________ by the __________ of the _______ ______________
First heart sound, longer, louder
Dub: ___________ by the ___________ of the ________________ ___________ at the
end of systole
Second sound, short, sharp
____________ ____________: abnormal or unusual heart sounds
When blood becomes obstructed and flow becomes turbulent
Common in young children and elderly with healthy hearts because they have thinned
heart walls
____________ in people who dont have thinned walls indicates a _____________
_________ _______ _____________
Pulse Rate

___________: alternating surges of ______________ in an __________ which occurs with each

beat of the _________ ____________
Pulse rate usually equals ___________ ___________
70-76 beats per minute
Arterial pulse: the blood ________
Venous pulse: the blood ________

Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output (CO):
amount of ____________ pumped by each __________ of the ___________ in ________
____________
_____= __________ __________(HR) X ____________ __________(SV)
Stroke Volume:
____________ of blood ___________ by each ______________ in _______ _________________
Cardiac Output varies with _______________ of the ________________
CO Rises When:

CO Decreases When:

Cardiac Output Example:

1. Heart Rate 75 beats per min, Stroke Volume 70 ml per beat
Find Cardiac Output:___________________________
2. CO 5000 ml, Heart Rate 72 beats per min
Find Stroke Volume:____________________________
Stroke Volume:
Sterlings law of the heart: the _________ the ___________ _____________ is _____________,
the ________________ the ________________
Controlling factor of stroke volume
________________ _____________ _____________ increases stroke volume
Exercise speeds up venous return, increasing _____________ _____________
Heart Rate
Increased Heart Rate
Sympathetic Nervous System
Crisis
Low Blood Pressure
Hormones

Exercise
Decreased blood volume

Decreased Heart Rate

______________________ Nervous System
High Blood Pressure
___________________ venous return
Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure: Pressure blood exerts against ___________ _____________ of ______________
________________
Keeps ________________ __________________ continuously
_________________ in blood vessels ______________ as ______________ away from the heart
________________

Alternative contraction and relaxation of heart cause ____________ _______________ to _________ and
___________ ____________ ___________ ______________.

_________ atrial blood pressure measurements

_____________ _____________: pressure in arteries at peak of ventricular contraction
_____________ ____________: pressure when ventricles relax

Blood Pressure measured in ___ ____; millimeters of mercury

Systolic pressure written ___________
Diastolic pressure written __________
Example: (120/80)

Systolic=

Diastolic=

Effects of Factors on Blood Pressure

Neural Factors
_________________ ________________ ______________ adjustment
Sympathetic Division: __________ or ____________
Temperature
Heat causes _________________
Vasodilation= ________________ blood pressure
Cold causes _________________
Vasoconstriction=_______________ blood pressure
Renal Factors
Regulates _____________ ______________ by alternating ____________ _______________
Blood volume increase=Blood pressure increase
Renin: hormonal control
Aldosterone causes Na increase which causes water to____________ , water causes
blood volume to______________ which in turn causes ___________ _____________ to
__________________

Blood Pressure Lab

Practice taking each others blood pressure using the pressure cuffs. Sit comfortably with one arm resting on the lab
table, at heart level. Wrap the cuff snugly around the arm, just above the elbow. If your cuff has an arrow on it
position it over the brachial artery.
Find the pulse point, should be around the inside of the elbow, once found inflate the cuff to 160 mm Hg then slowly
release the pressure. Watch the pressure gage as you release the pressure and when you hear the first sound
remember the number because this will be you systolic pressure. Continue to release the pressure and continue
listening when you no longer hear the sound, this number is your diastolic pressure.
Each person in your group has to take someones blood pressure, record your results.
1st Trial

2nd Trial

3rd Trial

4th Trial

Systolic Pressure
Diastolic Pressure
Now the fun part!
There are 4 activities each group has to perform; one person will perform the activity then another person will take
their blood pressure. You will then switch roles. Since there are 4 activities each person in the group will do 1
activity and will take the blood pressure of one of their group members. You will record your results for each activity.
If your group has less than 4 people then someone will double up.
The 4 activities
1.
2.
3.
4.

Sitting Up
Laying Down
Immediately after standing up from a laying position
After running around the plaza
Sitting Up

Laying Down

Standing up Right
After Laying Down

After running
around the plaza

Systolic Pressure
Diastolic Pressure
Questions:
1. During which activity was the blood pressure the highest?___________________________________________
2. What do you think caused the blood pressure to be the highest during this activity? (Think about the factors we
talked about in the notes) ____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Do you think that if the same person would of performed each activity the blood pressure measurements would
have been different, why?_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

Heart Physiology
Skeletal muscle needs to be stimulated to contract
Cardiac muscle contracts ________________ and _______________
Cardiac muscle can beat independently of nervous system stimulation
_________________ _____________ _____________: regulates heart activity
Special tissue which is only found in the ___________
Causes heart to ______________ (contract) in only one direction
____________ to _______________
Electrical Conduction
______________ is conducted from the right atrium to the left atrium, then through the septum to both
ventricles
Causes both ______________ to contract ______________
Composed of 3 parts:
1. _____________ __________ (SA): located in the superior edge of the __________ ____________
Hearts natural _____________
Contains special cells which create the ______________ that causes the heart to beat
2. _______________ __________ (AV): located in the ________________ edge of the __________
____________
_________________ ___________ pass from the __________ down to the _______________
3. _____________________ _____________: carries electrical signals throughout the _______________
causing them to contract
______________: start of the system
Right bundle branch
Left bundle branch
______________ ____________: end of the system
Electrocardiogram(EKG or ECG)
__________ which measures the electrical activity of the heart
EKG Shows:
How fast the heart is beating
Whether the heart rhythm is steady or irregular
Strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of the system
Reading an EKG
Deflection Waves: 3 characteristic segments of an electrocardiograph which distinguish the events of
the cardiac cycle
1. ____ __________: first of the 3 waves
shows depolarization of the ______ ________ and the ________________ (contraction) of
the ________
2. _____ _____________: second of the 3 waves
shows ___________________ of the _________________
3. _____ _____________: second of the 3 waves

shows ___________________(relaxation) of the _________________

Abnormalities
______________: rapid resting heart rate
over _____ beats per min.
______________: slower than normal resting heart rate
under ______ beats per min.
_____________: irregular heart beat
ECG activity

Normal

Trachycardia

A: _______________________

C:__________________________

Bradycardia

Arrhythmia

B:________________________

D:__________________________

Vascular System
Blood vessels which circulate blood through the body
Flow of Blood through the body beginning at the heart
Heart Contracts
____________ __________

smaller and smaller arteries

______________
by venules

______________ ______(in the tissue)

empty into __________

drained

then finally into the __________

_________(vena cava)

Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels(pg. 374-376)

Blood vessels have 3 layers or ____________ except for _________________
Tunica Intima: innermost layer
A thin layer of composed of __________________
___________ ___________: bulky middle layer
Composed of _____________ ______________ which is controlled by the _______________
_____________ system.
Active in changing the ________________ of the vessels which increases or decreases blood
pressure
Vasoconstriction causes blood pressure to _____________ (not in the book, use your noggin)
Vasodilation causes blood pressure to________________ (not in the book, use your noggin)
__________ ____________: outermost layer
Composed of _____________ ________________ tissue
_______________ and _______________ the vessels
Structural Differences in Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries(pg.376-377)
Arteries:
Walls are_______________ than those of veins
Must be able to ____________ as blood is ______________ into them, then they must
__________ when blood flows of into the circulation during diastole
Walls must be _____________ and _______________ to take continuous changes in pressure.
Carry blood _____________ from the _____________ (not in the book, use your noggin)
Veins:
Are far away from the heart
_______________ in the veins is ________ at all times
_______________ walls
Carry blood _______ the __________
(not in the book, use your noggin)
Work against _____________
Modified to ensure the amount of blood returning to the heart(____________ ___________) equals
the amount of blood pumped out of the heart(____________ _____________)
Large veins have __________ that prevent ______________
_______________ _____________ surrounding the veins _____________ and ____________
blood is squeezed through the veins toward the heart.
Capillaries
Walls are one cell layer thick; the ___________ __________
This is where exchanges are made between the ___________ and the _____________
_________
Tiny capillaries form ___________ ________

 Capillary beds consist of 2 types of vessels

_______________ ______________: directly connects the _____________ and
____________ at opposite ends of the bed
True Capillaries: the actually _____________ _____________
YOU CAN NOW DO #1-3 ON EXERCISE 21 (come see me when you get to this part)

Capillary Exchange of Gases and Nutrients(pg. 394)

Substances move in and out of body cells due to ____________________ __________________
_____________ and nutrients leave the __________ and move into __________ _________
___________ ___________ and other waste leave the tissue cells and move into the __________
Capillary Exchange Mechanisms
______________ diffusion through the ______________ ______________
Fetal Circulation(pg. 383-385)
Lungs and digestive system not functioning in a fetus
All _______________ exchanges occur through the _______________
Nutrients and oxygen move from _______________ blood into the ____________ blood
Umbilical Cord contains 3 blood vessels
One _____________ _________: carries blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the ___________
Two _____________ _________: carry _____________ __________ blood from the ___________ to
the _______________
Blood enters _________ __________ fetal lungs are nonfunctional, 2 shunts bypass the lungs
_______________ ________: shunts blood entering the right atrium directly into the __________
____________
____________ __________: if blood enters the right ventricle it shunts blood out the ______________
______________ into the aorta
Aorta carries blood to the ____________ of the ___________ body and back to the ____________
through the ______________ ____________
_________________ ______________: the collapsed ductus arteriosus after shortly after birth

YOU CAN NOW DO #18-20 ON EXERCISE 21