Chapter 13: Q. What is an electric current?

Electric Charge at Rest

Ans. Electric charges in motion comprises electric current. Q. What is electric energy? Ans. Energy associated with electric charge at rest or in motion is called electric energy. Q. From which term is the word electricity derived? Ans. The word electricity is derived from the Greek word electron which means amber. Q. How can you know a plastic comb rubbed with dry hair is electrically charged? Q. Why does a plastic comb rubbed with dry hair attract tiny pieces of paper? Ans: Plastic comb gets electrically charged due to rubbing & therefore it attracts tiny pieces of paper (which are neutral). As charged body can attracts an uncharged body. Q. Which of the following cannot be charged by friction, if held by hand? a) a plastic scale b) a copper rod c) an inflated balloon d) a woolen cloth. and Why? Ans: Copper rod. Except copper, the other three are insulators whereas copper is a conducting object. As soon as it gets charged by rubbing with another material, the electric charge produced on its surface flow through our hand & body into the earth. And it remains uncharged. Q. What kind of electric charge is acquired? a) by a glass rod rubbed with silk cloth? b) by a plastic comb rubbed with dry hair? Ans: a) positive charge. b) Negative charge. Q. A negatively charged object attracts another charged object kept close to it. What is the nature of charge on the other object? Ans: Positive Or Neutral (uncharged). Q. A negatively charged object repels another charged object kept close to it. What is the nature of charge on the other object?

Ans: Negative charge. Q. Mention three ways by which a body can be charged. Ans: Three ways are: a) Charging by rubbing: Charging of an object by rubbing it with another object is called charging by rubbing. NOTE: i) When two bodies are charged by rubbing, they acquire equal & opposite charges. ii) The body which loses electrons acquires positive charge whereas the body which gains electrons acquires negative charge. b) Charging by conduction: Charging a neutral body by bringing it in contact with a charged body is called charging by conduction. c) Charging by induction: Charging a neutral body by bringing it near a charged body is called charging by induction. Q. What is an electroscope? Explain its construction. Ans: An electroscope is a device for detecting, measuring & finding the nature of a charge. An electroscope consists of a large jar. A metal rod is fitted into the mouth of the jar with the help of the cork. At the lower end of the metal rod a pair of thin leaves of gold or aluminium is suspended. When a charged body touches the rod, the upper portion of the rod is charged same with the charged body and the other end i.e. gold leaves are charged opposite to the other end. Due to the equal charges on both the leave, they repel each other. Q. What are the uses of an electroscope? Ans: An electroscope can be used for following purposes: a) To detect & measure the charge on a body b) To determine the nature of charge on a body. c) To compare the quantity of charge. Q. Write the working principle of electroscope. An electroscopes operation is based on the principle of like sign charge repulsion. Q. How would you use an electroscope to find out whether an object is charged or not? Ans: Touch the body to be tested with the metal disc of an electroscope. If the leaves of an electroscope open up (diverge), the body is charged. If the leaves remain unaffected, the body has no charge. Note: The extent of divergence (opening apart) of the leaves is a measure of the charge on the body. A body carrying higher charge will cause greater opening up of the leaves. Q. How would you use an electroscope to determine the nature of charge of a charged body?

Ans: Charge the electroscope with a known charge, say with negative charge, by touching a negatively charged ebonite rod to the metal disc of the electroscope. The leaves of the electroscope open up (diverge). Now touch the body to be tested with the metal disc of the charged electroscope. If the divergence of the leaves increases, the body has similar charge that is the given body is also negatively charged. If the divergence of the leaves decreases, the body has unlike charge that is the given body is positively charged. Q. What will you observe when the metal cap of an electroscope is touched with a plastic comb rubbed in dry hair? Give reason for your answer. Ans: After rubbing, plastic comb acquires negative charge. Now when it is touched with the metal cap of an electroscope then both the metal cap & the leaves acquire negative charge due to conduction. Because of negative charge on both the leaves, divergence of leaves takes place. Q. What happens when we touch the metal cap of a charged electroscope with our finger? What is this process known as? Ans: The leaves of an electroscope collapse as soon as we touch the metal cap with hand because the leaves of the charged electroscope lose charge to the earth through our body (in other words leaves are discharged). This process is known as EARTHING. NOTE: The process of transferring of charge from a charged object to the earth is called Earthing. Q. What is the nature of charge a) on the metal cap b) on the leaves of an uncharged electroscope when a negatively charged body is brought in contact with its metal cap? Ans: a) Negative b) Negative Q. Touch the disc of an electroscope first with glass rod rubbed with silk & then with ebonite rod rubbed with fur. What do you observe & why? Ans: After rubbing, glass rod acquires positive charge. Now when it is touched with the metal cap of an electroscope then both the metal cap & the leaves acquire positive charge due to conduction. Because of positive charge on both the leaves, divergence of leaves takes place. Electroscope is now positively charged. After rubbing with fur, ebonite rod acquire negative charge & when this negative rod is touched with the metal cap of the above positively charged

electroscope then collapsing of leaves takes place as this negative charge starts neutralizing the positive charge already present on the leaves.

Q. Touch the disc of electroscope with an ebonite rod rubbed with fur. Now bring a glass rod rubbed with silk close to the disc of this electroscope. What do you observe? Ans: After rubbing, ebonite rod acquires negative charge. Now when it is touched with the metal cap of an electroscope then both the metal cap & the leaves acquire negative charge due to conduction. Because of negative charge on both the leaves, divergence of leaves takes place. After rubbing with silk, glass rod acquire positive charge & when this positive rod is brought near the metal cap of the above negatively charged electroscope then due to induction positive charge gets induced in the leaves as a result collapsing of leaves takes place. Points to remember 1. Every substance is made up of atoms containing equal numbers of protons & electrons, which carry positive & negative charges respectively. These charges are balanced in an electrically neutral body. 2. Like charges repel each other, while unlike charges attract each other. 3. A charged body can also attract an uncharged body, so repulsion is the sure test to determine whether the body is charged or not. 4. When glass rod is rubbed with silk, some of the electrons from the atoms on glass are transferred to silk. Because there is a deficiency of electrons in the glass, it becomes positively charged. On the other hand, as the silk has acquired additional electrons it becomes negatively charged. Similarly, when an ebonite rod is rubbed against fur, some electrons are transferred from fur to the ebonite rod. Thus the ebonite acquires a negative charge and the fur acquires an equal amount of positive charge. The electric charges generated by rubbing are static electric charges. These electric charges remain bound on the surface of the charged object. 5. Diagram of electroscope

Q. What is lightning? The electric discharge through air, accompanied with flash of light is known as lightning. Q. How lightning occurs? A huge amount of electric charge could be accumulated in the clouds. The electric discharge between two clouds or between a cloud and the earth causes lightning. Q. To whom the credit of explaining the cause of lightning should be given? It was Benjamin Franklin who proved that lightning is a natural phenomenon involving electric discharge through air. So credit for explaining the cause of lightning should be given to Benjamin Franklin. Q. How damage of tall towers, buildings etc. from lightning can be avoided? The damages can be avoided using lightning conductor. Lightning conductors are good conductors like copper wire extending from the top of the structure to well beneath the ground. Q. Describe the construction of lightning conductor. Q. Why is the path of lightning not straight? When lightning occurs, the electric discharge takes place and it tries to find the easier paths. So the path of the lightning is not always a straight path. Q. If you want to charge an iron ball what method will you adopt to charge it? Give reason. Q. Why do the leaves of a charged electroscope diverge? Q. In activity to test conductor why should not touch the rod and use wooden handle?

Chapter10: Light
Q.1. Define refraction of light. Q.2. What is the cause of refraction of light? Q.3. Define dispersion of light. Name the colour that is least deviated.

Q.4. See the picture given below and draw the path of refracted ray.

Q.5.Give any two examples of refraction of light, which we observe in everyday life. Q.6.What would be the speed of light in water if its refractive index is 4/3? Given speed of light is 3 ilometers per second. Q.7. A coin, kept in a cup of water appears raised up. Why? Q.8. What is meant by optical density? Why does light bend when it travels through two optically different mediums? Q.9. When and how is rainbow formed? Q.10. What are the rules for refraction? Q.11. A magnifying glass produces a hole on the black paper when sunlight is focused on it. Why? Q.12. If the refractive index of the medium is high, will the bending of the light be more or less? Q.13. Distinguish between a convex and a concave lens. Q.14. Why does light split into several colours as it passes through the prism? Q.15. Define:- (a) Focal length (b) principal axis (c) radii of curvature with the help of a diagram. Q.16. What will happen if you hold a torch vertically above the water surface, so that the ray of light is perpendicular to the water surface? What will happen to the speed of light as it travels from air to water? Q.17. Draw a diagram to show the path of light through a rectangular glass slab. Q.18. The speed of light in water is 225,000km/s. Calculate the refractive index of water. Given that speed of light in air is 300,000km/s. Q.19.An object is placed at the following distances from a convex lens of focal length 10 cm----- (a) 8cm (b) 15cm (c) 20cm (d)25cm . Which position of the object will produce;-- (i) a diminished real image (ii) a magnified real image (iii) a magnified virtual image (iv) an image of the same size as the object. Q.20. State some of the application of lenses. Q.21. What is a lens? What are its different types? Q.22. Why does a pond appears less deep than it actually is? Explain with the help of a diagram. Q.23. Define refractive index of a medium. How does the bending of the ray light depend upon refractive index of the medium? Q.24. Who was the first to obtain the spectrum of sunlight? Q.25. Write the rules for the formation of images by lenses. Chapter 10: Q.1. What is heat? Heat and Temperature

Ans: Heat is form of energy that produces feeling of hotness. It is measured in Joule . Calorie is used to measure energy value of food. 1 cal. =4.2 joule Q. 2.What is energy? Ans: Energy is capacity to do work. Energy is neither created nor destroyed it can only changed one form to another. Q. 3.What are the effects of heat? Ans: Heat cause many change in living and non living thing. They are 1. Heat increase in temperature 2. Heat expand a substance 3. Heat changes the state 4. Heat bring chemical change 5.Heat effect living thing Q.4. What is temperature? Ans: The degree of hotness and coldness of a body is called temperature of body. Thermometer is an instrument used to measure temperature. It is work on principle of expansion in liquid on heating. It is measured in Celsius and Fahrenheit scale but for scientific work Kelvin scale is used.
0

F = (9/5 x 0C) +32 and oC = (9/5)(F- 32) and K= C + 273o

Q. 5.What is thermometry? Ans: The science of measurement of temperature is known as thermometry Q.6. What are different types of thermometer? Ans: Thermometer: It consist of long narrow glass tube having fine bore.There is a glass bulb filled with liquid mostly mercury at the one end and sealed at other end. There is small bend just above bulb called Kink. it does not allow the mercury to fall as soon as taken out from our mouth. (i). Laboratory Thermometer: It ranges from -10oC to 110oC (ii) Clinical thermometer: It is used to measure body temperature. It ranges from 35oC to 42oC and 94oF to 108oF. Mercury thermometer can measure temperature from -35oC to 357oC. (iii) Alcohol thermometer used to measure temp. from -125oC to 50oC. Q. 7.What is the use of the m a x i m u m - m i n i m u m thermometer? Ans: The maximum and minimum temperatures atmosphere reported in weather reports which is measured by a thermometer called the m a x i m u m - m i n i m u m thermometer. Q.8. What is the normal body temperature?

Ans: 37oC or 98.6oF. Q.9. Why mercury preferred in thermometers? Ans: Mercury used due to following reasons (i) It expand uniformly (ii) It does not stick to wall (iii) It is shiny and easy to see (iv) It remain liquid at room temperature. Q.10. Find at what temperature measurement on Celsius equal to Fahrenheit. [Ans: - 400] Q.11. Find at what temperature measurement on Fahrenheit double of Celsius [Ans: 1600] Q. 12.What is thermal expansion (enlargement)? Ans: The expansion produced in substance on heating is called thermal expansion. When we heat a substance its molecules gain energy and start vibrating rapidly and spread out . As a result a substance expands. Q.13. Why does gas expand more than solid and liquid? Ans: Gas expands more than solid and liquid because its molecules are bound with very weak force of attraction. Q.14. A bimetallic strip made of brass and iron welded together. When it is heated, the strip bend why? Ans: Brass expand and contract more than iron on heating and cooling. This unequal expansion and contraction bent the strip. Q. 15.The same quantity of heat supplied to same amount of different substances does not necessarily produce the same increase in temperature. Why? Ans: Different substances absorb differently that depends on (a) Mass of body (b) change in temperature (c) Nature of substance. For this reason the same quantity of heat supplied to same amount of different substances does not necessarily produce the same increase in temperature Q.16. If difference in temperature between A and B is 50C , What is the difference in Kelvin?

Ans: 5K Q.17. Give some examples expansion causes problems? Ans (i). Gaps are left between two sections of railway tracks that allow expansion in summer and protect from bending causing accident. (ii). During summer, iron expands and cause serious accidents. To allow this expansion Space left between two sections of rail tracks. (ii). When we pour hot liquid, sometime glass tumbler crack because inner wall get heated quickly and expand than outer wall. A Pyrex glass resist from this unequal expansion. Q. 18.Explain one good use of expansion: 1. In fire alarm expansion put in good use. The alarm contains two strips of iron and brass bolted together. When it is heated because of fire, brass expands more than iron and bends towards iron. Bell starts ringing. As the fire put out strip gets cooled and straighten again. Q.19. What is heat capacity? Ans: The amount of heat required to raise temperature of a substance by 10C . It is different for different substance. It depends on (a) Mass of body (b) change in temperature (c) Nature of substance. Q m and Q t Q = S m t Here, S is a constant and named Specific heat of body. Q. 20.What is specific heat capacity? Ans. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg by 10C . Water has highest heat capacity. SI unit is j/kg0C Q.21. Define melting and boiling point Ans .The temperature at which solid melts is called Melting point. Melting point of ice is 00C and wax is 630 C. The temperature at which liquid changes into vapour is called boiling point. Q. 22.What is latent heat of fusion? Ans: Latent heat or hidden is amount of heat that only change state not temperature. The amount of heat required to melt 1 kg substance from solid to liquid without change of temperature is called latent heat of fusion. Q. 23.What is latent heat of vaporization? Ans: The amount of heat required to change 1 kg substance from liquid to vapour state without change of temperature is called latent heat of vaporization. Q. 24.Why stem burn more than boiled water? Ans: Because stem has more latent heat than boiled water[ about 2260j/g]

Q.25. why does water used as coolant in car? Ans: Water has high specific capacity this makes water to take long time to heat up by absorbing very large quantity of heat. Therefore water used as coolant in car and factories. Q.26. What are different mode of transfer of heat? Ans: Heat flows from higher to lower temperature till both body attend same temperature. There are three mode of transfer of heat (a) Conduction: The mode of transfer of heat from molecules to molecules without movement of particles.. Conduction takes place in solid as its molecules ate closely packed. Solids, metals and alloy are good conductor. Non metals, plastic glass are bad conductor of heat. (b)Convection: The mode of transfer of heat from molecules to molecules with movement of particles. In liquids and gasses heat transferred by convection as molecules are far apart from each other . (c) Radiation: The mode of transfer of heat that does not require any material medium. Heat of sun reach the earth by radiation. Q.27. At what factor heat absorbed on radiation by body depends on? Ans: (a) Distance between body and source of heat (b) its colour(Black coloured surface absorb more than white surfaces) Q. 29. A desert is very hot in the day and very cold at night? Ans: Due to low specific heat capacity air above land heated up quickly in the day and cooled quickly at night. For this reason a desert is very hot in the day and very cold at night. Q.30. Describe construction and working of thermos flask. Ans: thermos flask is doubled walled glass vessel. Air inside glass wall prevents conduction and convection. Glass walls are silvered on the inside. Silver is good reflector of heat this prevent heat loss due to radiation. If we remove the silvering thermos flask not keep liquids hot or cold for quite a long time.