1.

Indian Ocean tsunami 2004 (a secondary impact of an earthquake)Causes The earthquake that caused the tsunamistruck at 7:58am on December 26th 2004 The earthquake was caused by thesubduction of the IndoAustralian plate(oceanic) under the Eurasian plate(continental) 240km off the coast of Indonesia This mega-thrust earthquake involved a 20metre uplift of the sea floor all the way along afault line which was over 1000km in length The uplift of the sea floor caused adisplacement of billions of tonnes of watersetting in motion a tsunami wave which hit thecoast of Indonesia within half an hour of theearthquake

2. (a secondary impact of an earthquake)Impacts of the earthquake Primary effects of the tsunami despite being 240km off the coast the The wave killed people in 14 differentseismic waves from the earthquake still caused countries around the Indian Oceandamage to poorly built homes and better built totalling over 250,000structures over 3 storeys high in Banda Aceh (a The highest death toll was on thecity on the coast of Sumatra) Indonesian island of Sumatra where over 130,000 were killed and over 30,000 remain missing In Sumatra over 500,000 people were made homeless, over 80,000 houses were destroyed as well as serious damage to any ports, boats, roads, bridges, hospitals, forests and crops within 1km of the shore 8 people were killed in South Africa which is over 8000km from the epicentre and over 8000 tourists from Australia, Europe and America were also killed In Sri Lanka, a train was derailed by the force of the wave killing over 1000

3. Indian Ocean tsunami 2004 (a secondary impact of an earthquake)Secondary effects of the tsunami Diseases such as cholera and dysenteryspread due to the lack of clean water andsanitation in the refugee camps killing anestimated 150,000 Incomes were lost due to the

destruction offishing boats and damage to the ocean bed Loss of foreign income from tourism wassignificant in Thailand Emotional and psychological impacts on thesurvivors and aid workers Land disputes broke out as documents werelost in the devastation and in some cases landwas destroyed by erosion from the wav (a secondary impact of an earthquake)Short term responses Bodies were buried in mass graves to helpprevent the spread of diseases Over $7billion was provided by governmentsand NGOs (charities) in the aid effort and tohelp with reconstruction Up to 5 million people had to be relocatedinto temporary refugee camps and had to beprovided with shelter, food and water It took months to simply clear the debrisbefore rebuilding could start again Long term responses The Indonesian government decided to relocate the people from the refugee camps straight into new homes. The building of these new home took a lot longer than expected due to the lack of building materials and destruction of main transport routes. An tsunami early warning system (shown below) has now been installed in the Indian Ocean at a cost of $20 million

A tsunami (plural: tsunamis or tsunami; from Japanese: , lit. "harbour wave";

[2] [1]

English pronunciation: /sunmi/ soo-NAH-mee or /tsunmi/ tsoo-NAH-

mee ) is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body
of water, generally an ocean or alarge lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below [3] water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Tsunami waves do not resemble normal sea waves, because their wavelength is far longer. Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide, and for this reason they are often referred to as tidal waves. Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves with periods ranging from minutes to [4] hours, arriving in a so-called "wave train". Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events. Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their destructive power can be enormous and they can affect entire ocean basins;

the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history with over 230,000 people killed in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean. The Greek historian Thucydides suggested in his late 5th century BC, History of the [5][6] Peloponnesian War, that tsunamis were related to submarine earthquakes, but the understanding of a tsunami's nature remained slim until the 20th century and much remains unknown. Major areas of current research include trying to determine why some large earthquakes do not generate tsunamis while other smaller ones do; trying to accurately forecast the passage of tsunamis across the oceans; and also to forecast how tsunami waves would interact with specific shorelines A tsunami (plural: tsunamis or tsunami; from Japanese: , lit. "harbour wave";
[1]

English pronunciation: /sunmi/ soo-NAH-mee or /tsunmi/ tsoo-NAH-

mee[2]) is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body
of water, generally an ocean or alarge lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below [3] water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Tsunami waves do not resemble normal sea waves, because their wavelength is far longer. Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide, and for this reason they are often referred to as tidal waves. Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves with periods ranging from minutes to [4] hours, arriving in a so-called "wave train". Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events. Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their destructive power can be enormous and they can affect entire ocean basins; the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history with over 230,000 people killed in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean. The Greek historian Thucydides suggested in his late 5th century BC, History of the [5][6] Peloponnesian War, that tsunamis were related to submarine earthquakes, but the understanding of a tsunami's nature remained slim until the 20th century and much remains unknown. Major areas of current research include trying to determine why some large earthquakes do not generate tsunamis while other smaller ones do; trying to accurately forecast the passage of tsunamis across the oceans; and also to forecast how tsunami waves would interact with specific shorelines