Forest Service Manual National Headquarters (Wo) Washington, DC

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FOREST SERVICE MANUAL NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS (WO) WASHINGTON, DC
FSM 2300 - RECREATION, WILDERNESS, AND RELATED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CHAPTER 2320 - WILDERNESS MANAGEMENT Amen men! N"#$ 2300-2007-1 E%%e&!'(e D)!e$ January 22, 2007 D*+)!'"n$ This amendment is effective until superseded or removed. A,,+"(e $ FR ! R"#$ %&R'(R) *ssociate !eputy #hief, %F+ D)!e A,,+"(e $ 12,2-,200-
P"-!'n. In-!+*&!'"n-$ *mendments are num.ered consecutively .y title and calendar year. /ost .y document0 remove the entire document and replace it 1ith this amendment. Retain this transmittal as the first pa2e3s4 of this document. The last amendment to this title 1as 2300-200--3 to F+5 2360. New Document Superseded Document(s) by Issuance Number and Effective Date 2320 2320.1-2323.2-. 3*mendment 2300-70-2, 0-,21,17704 2323.3-2328.09 3*mendment 2300-70-1, 0-,01,17704 id:2320-200--1, 06,30,20066 /a2es 2- /a2es 22 /a2es 3 /a2es
D'.e-!$ 2327 - "ncorporates "nterim !irective %o. 2320-200--1, reservin2 code and caption for mana2ement of 1ilderness study areas for supplementation .y field units.
WO AMENDMENT 2300-2007-1 EFFECTIVE DATE: 01/22/2007 DURATION: T !" a#e$%#e$& !" effe'&!(e )$&!* ")+e,"e%e% o, ,e#o(e%-
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FSM 2300 - RECREATION, WILDERNESS, AND RELATED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CHAPTER 2320 - WILDERNESS MANAGEMENT
T)/0e "% C"n!en!2320.1 - *uthority........................................................................................................................2320.11 - Re2ulations..............................................................................................................7 2320.2 - &.;ectives......................................................................................................................7 2320.3 - /olicy.............................................................................................................................8 2320.6 - !efinitions.....................................................................................................................7 2320.- - The <ilderness 5ana2ement 5odel and the <ilderness *ct....................................11 2321 - ESTA2LISHMENT OR MODIFICATION#############################################################13 2321.1 - =e2al !escription and 5ap.........................................................................................19 2322 - WILDERNESS PLANNING##################################################################################13 2322.01 - *uthority................................................................................................................19 2322.02 - &.;ectives..............................................................................................................19 2322.03 - /olicy.....................................................................................................................16 2322.09 - Responsi.ilities......................................................................................................12322.09a - #hief.....................................................................................................................12322.09. - Re2ional Forester.................................................................................................12322.09c - Forest +upervisor.................................................................................................12322.1 - <ilderness "mplementation +chedules........................................................................12322.2 - Revision of 5ana2ement !irection.............................................................................12323 - MANAGEMENT OF OTHER RESOURCES IN WILDERNESS##########################14 2323.09 - Responsi.ilities......................................................................................................17 2323.09a - /resident...............................................................................................................17 2323.09. - #hief....................................................................................................................17 2323.09c - Re2ional Forester.................................................................................................17 2323.09d - Forest +upervisor.................................................................................................18 2323.09e - !istrict Ran2er.....................................................................................................17 2323.1 - 5ana2ement of Recreation..........................................................................................17 2323.11 - &.;ectives..............................................................................................................17 2323.12 - /olicy.....................................................................................................................17 2323.13 - "mprovements and %onconformin2 Facilities and *ctivities................................20 2323.13a - #ampsites.............................................................................................................20 2323.13. - +helters................................................................................................................20 2323.13c - <ater +ources......................................................................................................20 2323.13d - 'oat !oc>s..........................................................................................................21 2323.13e - Recreation +toc> +tructures.................................................................................21 2323.13f - Transportation +ystem..........................................................................................21 2323.132 - &utfitter and ?uide &perations...........................................................................22 2323.13h - #ompetitive vents..............................................................................................22 2323.19 - @isitor 5ana2ement..............................................................................................22 2323.2 - 5ana2ement of Ran2e.................................................................................................22 2323.21 - &.;ective................................................................................................................22 2323.22 - /olicy.....................................................................................................................23
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2323.23 - ?raAin2 5ana2ement............................................................................................28 2323.29 - /ermits...................................................................................................................28 2323.26 - Ran2e *nalysis......................................................................................................28 2323.2- - Ran2e "mprovements.............................................................................................28 2323.2-a - +tructural Ran2e "mprovements..........................................................................27 2323.2-. - %onstructural Ran2e "mprovements....................................................................30 2323.3 - 5ana2ement of <ildlife and Fish...............................................................................31 2323.31 - &.;ectives..............................................................................................................31 2323.32 - /olicy.....................................................................................................................31 2323.33 - <ildlife 5ana2ement............................................................................................32 2323.33a - Reintroductions....................................................................................................32 2323.33. - Ba.itat +urveys and /opulation "nventories.......................................................32 2323.33c - /redator #ontrol...................................................................................................32 2323.33d - &ther <ildlife !ama2e #ontrol..........................................................................32 2323.33e - Fur.earers............................................................................................................32 2323.39 - Fisheries 5ana2ement...........................................................................................33 2323.39a - +toc>in2 /ro2rams...............................................................................................33 2323.39. - +toc>in2 5ethods................................................................................................33 2323.39c - +toc>in2 /olicy....................................................................................................33 2323.39d - "nventory of +uita.le <aters...............................................................................39 2323.39e - +pa1n Ta>in2......................................................................................................39 2323.39f - #hemical Treatment.............................................................................................39 2323.36 - <ildlife and Fish Ba.itat......................................................................................39 2323.36a - 5anipulation of <ildlife Ba.itat........................................................................39 2323.36. - 5anipulation of Fish Ba.itat...............................................................................36 2323.3- - !isease &ut.rea>s.................................................................................................36 2323.37 - <ildlife and Fish Research....................................................................................36 2323.38 - @isitor 5ana2ement to /rotect <ildlife or Fish Resources..................................32323.9 - 5ana2ement of +oil and <ater Resources..................................................................32323.91 - &.;ective................................................................................................................32323.92 - /olicy.....................................................................................................................32323.93 - <atershed "mprovements......................................................................................32323.93a - <atershed #ondition "mprovement.....................................................................32323.93. - mer2ency 'urned *rea Reha.ilitation..............................................................32323.93c - %e1 <ater !evelopment +tructures...................................................................37 2323.93d - Cistin2 <ater !evelopment +tructures.............................................................37 2323.99 - ?atherin2 <ater Resource "nformation................................................................37 2323.99a - +no1 5easurement +ites.....................................................................................38 2323.96 - <eather 5odification &ver <ilderness................................................................38 2323.6 - 5ana2ement of Forest #over......................................................................................37 2323.61 - &.;ective ..............................................................................................................37 2323.62 - /olicy.....................................................................................................................37 2323.63 - Tree (se.................................................................................................................37
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2323.63a - *dministrative (se..............................................................................................37 2323.63. - Fuel1ood.............................................................................................................37 2323.69 - Reforestation..........................................................................................................90 2323.- - 5ana2ement of *ir Resource......................................................................................90 2323.-1 - &.;ectives..............................................................................................................90 2323.-2 - /olicy.....................................................................................................................90 2323.7 - 5ana2ement of 5inerals and 5ineral 5aterials........................................................90 2323.71 - *uthority................................................................................................................90 2323.72 - &.;ectives..............................................................................................................91 2323.73 - /olicy.....................................................................................................................91 2323.79 - ?atherin2 5ineral "nformation.............................................................................91 2323.76 - @alid Cistin2 Ri2hts.............................................................................................92 2323.76a - 5inin2 #laim.......................................................................................................92 2323.76. - Federal =ease or /ermit.......................................................................................93 2323.76c - 5ineral Reservation or &utstandin2 5ineral Ri2ht............................................93 2323.7- - 5ineral 5aterials..................................................................................................93 2323.8 - 5ana2ement of #ultural and Bistoric Resources........................................................93 2323.81 - *uthority................................................................................................................93 2323.82 - /olicy.....................................................................................................................93 2323.83 - +tudies and 5ana2ement.......................................................................................99 2323 - MANAGEMENT OF SUPPORT ACTIVITIES IN WILDERNESS########################33 2329.09 - Responsi.ilities......................................................................................................99 2329.09a - #hief.....................................................................................................................99 2329.09. - Re2ional Forester.................................................................................................96 2329.09c - Forest +upervisor.................................................................................................96 2329.1 - 5ana2ement of "nsects and !iseases..........................................................................92329.11 - &.;ectives..............................................................................................................92329.12 - /olicy.....................................................................................................................92329.13 - !etection................................................................................................................92329.19 - valuation of pidemics........................................................................................92329.16 - #ontrol 5easures...................................................................................................97 2329.2 - 5ana2ement of Fire.....................................................................................................97 2329.21 - &.;ectives..............................................................................................................97 2329.22 - /olicy.....................................................................................................................97 2329.23 - Fire 5ana2ement *ctivities..................................................................................98 2329.3 - 5ana2ement of +tructures and "mprovements............................................................97 2329.31 - &.;ective................................................................................................................97 2329.32 - /lannin2.................................................................................................................97 2329.33 - +tructures and "mprovements %eeded for *dministration....................................97 2329.33a - *dministrative +ites.............................................................................................97 2329.33. - Fire =oo>outs.......................................................................................................97 2329.33c - Fences..................................................................................................................60 2329.33d - *irfields...............................................................................................................60
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2329.33e - Beliports and Belispots........................................................................................60 2329.33f - +i2ns.....................................................................................................................60 2329.332 - #ommunication +tructures..................................................................................61 2329.39 - &ther *2ency +tructures.......................................................................................61 2329.36 - +tructures and "mprovements %eeded for +pecial (se /ermit &perations...........61 2329.9 - Research in <ilderness...............................................................................................61 2329.91 - &.;ective................................................................................................................61 2329.92 - /olicy.....................................................................................................................61 2325 - PRIVATE LANDS WITHIN WILDERNESS DESIGNATED UNDER PU2LIC LAW 63-722#####################################################################################################################52 2326.01 - *uthority................................................................................................................62 2326.09 - Responsi.ilities......................................................................................................62 2326.09a - Re2ional Forester.................................................................................................62 2326.09. - Forest +upervisor.................................................................................................62 2327 - USE OF MOTORI8ED EQUIPMENT OR MECHANICAL TRANSPORT IN WILDERNESS#################################################################################################################53 232-.02 - &.;ectives..............................................................................................................63 232-.03 - /olicy.....................................................................................................................63 232-.09 - Responsi.ility........................................................................................................63 232-.09a - #hief.....................................................................................................................63 232-.09. - Re2ional Forester.................................................................................................63 232-.09c - Forest +upervisor.................................................................................................69 232-.1 - #onditions (nder <hich (se 5ay 'e *pproved.......................................................69 232-.11 - (se of 5otoriAed Duipment .y &ther ?overnment *2encies............................66 232-.12 - (se of 5otoriAed Duipment .y @alid &ccupants of %ational Forest =and........66 232-.13 - *ccess to +urrounded +tate and /rivate =and, @alid 5inin2 #laims, or &ther @alid &ccupancies.................................................................................................................66 2324 - RECORDS AND REPORTS################################################################################57 2327.1 - *nnual Report to #on2ress..........................................................................................62329 - MANAGEMENT OF CERTAIN WILDERNESS AREAS#####################################57 2328.09 - Responsi.ilities......................................................................................................62326 - MANAGEMENT OF WILDERNESS STUD: AREAS ;RESERVED<##################57
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This chapter contains direction for those portions of the %ational Forest +ystem that are desi2nated .y #on2ress as units in the %ational <ilderness /reservation +ystem. <ilderness is a uniDue and vital resource. "n addition to offerin2 primitive recreation opportunities, it is valua.le for its scientific and educational uses, as a .enchmar> for ecolo2ical studies, and for the preservation of historical and natural features. 5ana2e the 1ilderness resource to ensure its character and values are dominant and endurin2. "ts mana2ement must .e consistent over time and .et1een areas to ensure its present and future availa.ility and en;oyment as 1ilderness. 5ana2e 1ilderness to ensure that human influence does not impede the free play of natural forces or interfere 1ith natural successions in the ecosystems and to ensure that each 1ilderness offers outstandin2 opportunities for solitude or a primitive and unconfined type of recreation. 5ana2e 1ilderness as one resource rather than a series of separate resources 3sec. 2320.-4. 2320#1 - A*!="+'!> The principal la1s affectin2 the administration of %ational Forest 1ilderness areas areE 1. The <ilderness *ct of 17-9, as enacted +eptem.er 3, 17-9, and amended &cto.er 21, 1778 31- (.+.#. 1131-113-4, specifies con2ressional policy to secure for the *merican people an endurin2 resource of 1ilderness for the en;oyment of present and future 2enerations. "t defines 1ildernesses as areas untrammeled .y people that offer outstandin2 opportunities for solitude and directs a2encies to mana2e 1ilderness to preserve natural ecolo2ical conditions 3section 2320.-4. <ith certain eCceptions, the *ct prohi.its motoriAed eDuipment, structures, installations, roads, commercial enterprises, aircraft landin2s, and mechanical transport. The *ct permits minin2 on valid claims, access to private lands, fire control, insect and disease control, 2raAin2, 1ater resource structures 3upon the approval of the /resident4, and visitor use. 2. The Forest 5ana2ement *cts of 1877, 1877, and 1701 3&r2anic *ct4 31- (.+.#. 973-976, 977-982, 6614 reDuire the Forest +ervice to protect the %ational Forest +ystem includin2 desi2nated 1ilderness areas, 1hich are a part of that system from fire and other depredations. The authority to re2ulate and monitor 1ilderness derives from these acts. 3. The 5ultiple-(se +ustained-)ield *ct of 17-0 31- (.+.#. 628-6314 provided that the esta.lishment and mana2ement of 1ilderness 1as consistent 1ith the mana2ement of the %ational Forest +ystem for multiple uses. 9. The %ational nvironmental /olicy *ct 392 (.+.#. 93214 provides for analyAin2 the environmental conseDuences of proposed mana2ement actions on all %ational Forest +ystem lands, includin2 mana2ement actions ta>en in 1ilderness.
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6. The *ct of January 3, 1776 31- (.+.#. 1131-11324 provides special direction relatin2 to the acDuisition, sale, and condemnation of private lands for 1- specific 1ilderness areas in the eastern (nited +tates. The la1 reDuires o1ners of private lands 1ithin these areas to notify the Forest +ervice of proposed chan2es in use or o1nership of the land. -. The %ational Forest 5ana2ement *ct of 177-, as amended 31- (.+.#. 1-004 provides that mana2ement direction for 1ilderness .e incorporated into forest plans and sets minimum standards for the content of the plans. 7. The #lean *ir *ct, as amended *u2ust 7, 1777 392 (.+.#. 7901, 7918, 7970, 7972, 7979, 7976, 7971, 760-, 7-024 directs the Forest +ervice to protect class " air Duality standards in certain 1ilderness areas and class "" standards on the remainin2 1ilderness areas. 8. The specific la1s desi2natin2 1ilderness areas in the %ational Forest +ystem. 2320#11 - Re.*0)!'"nThe follo1in2 re2ulations in Title 3- of the #ode of Federal Re2ulations apply to 1ilderness mana2ementE 1. /art 273 - <ilderness - /rimitive *reas. 2. /art 2-1 - /rohi.itions. 3. /art 217 - /lannin2. 9. /art 228 - 5inerals. 2320#2 - O/?e&!'(e1. 5aintain and perpetuate the endurin2 resource of 1ilderness as one of the multiple uses of %ational Forest +ystem land. 2. 5aintain 1ilderness in such a manner that ecosystems are unaffected .y human manipulation and influences so that plants and animals develop and respond to natural forces. 3. 5inimiAe the impact of those >inds of uses and activities 2enerally prohi.ited .y the <ilderness *ct, .ut specifically eCcepted .y the *ct or su.seDuent le2islation. 9. /rotect and perpetuate 1ilderness character and pu.lic values includin2, .ut not limited to, opportunities for scientific study, education, solitude, physical and mental challen2e and stimulation, inspiration, and primitive recreation eCperiences.
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6. ?ather information and carry out research in a manner compati.le 1ith preservin2 the 1ilderness environment to increase understandin2 of 1ilderness ecolo2y, 1ilderness uses, mana2ement opportunities, and visitor .ehavior. 2320#3 - P"0'&> 1. <here there are alternatives amon2 mana2ement decisions, 1ilderness values shall dominate over all other considerations eCcept 1here limited .y the <ilderness *ct, su.seDuent le2islation, or re2ulations. 2. 5ana2e the use of other resources in 1ilderness in a manner compati.le 1ith 1ilderness resource mana2ement o.;ectives. 3. "n 1ildernesses 1here the esta.lishin2 le2islation permits resource uses and activities that are nonconformin2 eCceptions to the definition of 1ilderness as descri.ed in the <ilderness *ct, mana2e these nonconformin2 uses and activities in such a manner as to minimiAe their effect on the 1ilderness resource. 9. #ease uses and activities and remove eCistin2 structures not essential to the administration, protection, or mana2ement of 1ilderness for 1ilderness purposes or not provided for in the esta.lishin2 le2islation. 6. 'ecause 1ilderness does not eCist in a vacuum, consider activities on .oth sides of 1ilderness .oundaries durin2 plannin2 and articulate mana2ement 2oals and the .lendin2 of diverse resources in forest plans. !o not maintain .uffer strips of undeveloped 1ildland to provide an informal eCtension of 1ilderness. !o not maintain internal .uffer Aones that de2rade 1ilderness values. (se the Recreation &pportunity +pectrum 3F+5 23104 as a tool to plan ad;acent land mana2ement. -. 5ana2e each 1ilderness as a total unit and coordinate mana2ement direction 1hen they cross other administrative .oundaries. 7. (se interdisciplinary s>ills in plannin2 for 1ilderness use and administration. 8. ?ather necessary information and carry out research pro2rams in a manner that is compati.le 1ith the preservation of the 1ilderness environment. 7. <henever and 1herever possi.le, acDuire non-Federal lands located 1ithin 1ildernesses, as 1ell as non-Federal lands 1ithin those areas recommended for inclusion in the system.
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10. "nform 1ilderness visitors that they face inherent ris>s of adverse 1eather conditions, isolation, physical haAards, and lac> of rapid communications, and that search and rescue may not .e as rapid as eCpected in an ur.an settin2 in all pu.lications and personal contacts. 11. 5ana2e primitive areas as 1ilderness areas consistent 1ith 3- #FR 273.17 until their desi2nation as 1ilderness or to other use is determined .y #on2ress. 2320#5 - De%'n'!'"n1. <ilderness. *n area of 1ilderness is defined in sec. 23c4 of the <ilderness *ct 31(.+.#. 1131-113-4. The term F1ildernessF shall .e applied to all %ational Forest +ystem lands included in the %ational <ilderness /reservation +ystem 3%</+4. +ee 3- #FR 2-1 and 273. 2. (ntrammeled. "n the conteCt of the <ilderness *ct, an untrammeled area is 1here human influence does not impede the free play of natural forces or interfere 1ith natural processes in the ecosystem. 3. 5echanical Transport. *ny contrivance for movin2 people or material in or over land, 1ater, or air, havin2 movin2 parts, that provides a mechanical advanta2e to the user, and that is po1ered .y a livin2 or nonlivin2 po1er source. This includes, .ut is not limited to, sail.oats, han2 2liders, parachutes, .icycles, 2ame carriers, carts, and 1a2ons. "t does not include 1heelchairs 1hen used as necessary medical appliances. "t also does not include s>is, sno1shoes, rafts, canoes, sleds, travois, or similar primitive devices 1ithout movin2 parts. 9. 5otoriAed Duipment. 5achines that use a motor, en2ine, or other nonlivin2 po1er sources. This includes, .ut is not limited to, such machines as chain sa1s, aircraft, sno1mo.iles, 2enerators, motor.oats, and motor vehicles. "t does not include small .attery or 2as po1ered handcarried devices such as shavers, 1rist1atches, flashli2hts, cameras, stoves, or other similar small eDuipment. 6. /ermanent "mprovement. * structural or nonstructural improvement that is to remain at a particular location for more than one field season. /ermanent improvements include such items as trails, toilet .uildin2s, ca.ins, fences, tent frames, fire 2rills, and instrumentation stations. -. /rimitive *rea. *ll areas so desi2nated .y the +ecretary of *2riculture on the effective date of the <ilderness *ct and that have not yet .een permanently desi2nated as 1ilderness or to other use .y act of #on2ress 33- #FR 273.174. 7. Temporary +tructure. *ny structure that is easy to dismantle, that could .e removed completely from a site .et1een periods of actual use, and that must .e removed at the end of each season of use if the non-use period is 2reater than 30 days.
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8. =ivestoc> ?raAin2 &perations. Those operations authoriAed .y a 2raAin2 permit 1here the primary purpose of the 2raAin2 is for livestoc> production. "ncludes pac> and saddle stoc> used in con;unction 1ith such operations. 7. !omestic =ivestoc>. *nimals >ept and mana2ed for their products or for .reedin2 purposes, not visitorsG animals or administrative livestoc>. 10. "ndi2enous +pecies. *ny species of flora or fauna that naturally occurs in a 1ilderness area and that 1as not introduced .y man. 11. %ative +pecies. *ny species of flora or fauna that naturally occurs in the (nited +tates and that 1as not introduced .y man. 12. %aturaliAed +pecies. *ny non-indi2enous species of flora or fauna that is close 2enetically or resem.les an indi2enous species and that has .ecome esta.lished in the ecosystem as if it 1ere an indi2enous species. 13. Cotic +pecies. *ny species that is not indi2enous, native, or naturaliAed.
19. /rospectin2 for <ater Resources. The act of drillin2 or di22in2 to locate under2round 1ater supplies. 16. *deDuate *ccess. The com.ination of routes and modes of travel that the Forest +ervice has determined 1ill have the least-lastin2 impact on the 1ilderness resource and, at the same time, 1ill serve the reasona.le purposes for 1hich +tate or private land or ri2hts is held or used. 1-. @alid Cistin2 Ri2hts. Those property ri2hts in eCistence on the date of 1ilderness desi2nation or on such date as provided for in the particular *ct that desi2nated an area as 1ilderness0 that 1ere created .y a le2ally .indin2 conveyance, lease, deed, contract, or other document0 or as other1ise provided .y Federal la1. 17. <ildfire. *ny 1ildland fire not desi2nated and mana2ed as a prescri.ed fire. 18. /rescri.ed Fire. * 1ildland fire .urnin2 under preplanned, specified conditions, to accomplish specific, planned resource mana2ement o.;ectives. 17. "mplementation +chedules. The schedules of pro;ects and specific actions to implement the 1ilderness mana2ement direction found in the forest plan. They include the schedule desi2n and eCecution information previously found in 1ilderness mana2ement, trail mana2ement, si2n, fire mana2ement, and other plans for the 1ilderness.
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2320#7 - T=e W'0 e+ne-- M)n).emen! M" e0 )n !=e W'0 e+ne-- A&! The <ilderness 5ana2ement 5odel 3eC. 014 illustrates the 1ilderness resource, as defined .y the <ilderness *ct, and the .asis for Forest +ervice 1ilderness mana2ement direction. The <ilderness 5ana2ement 5odel 3eC. 014 sho1s the relationship .et1een the natural, undistur.ed purity of a 1ilderness area and the human influence that affects it. The more human influence, the lo1er the purity of a 1ilderness is0 the less human influence on a 1ilderness, the hi2her, or purer, the 1ilderness area could .e. "n a.solute 1ilderness there is no human influence preventin2 the area from retainin2 its purest natural form. "t is unli>ely, ho1ever, that this condition eCists any1here on earth. There are fe1 places, if any, remainin2 1here humans have neither set foot nor 1here human influences, throu2h pollution, have not .een felt. The <ilderness *ct defines 1ilderness at some point .elo1 a.solute 1ilderness. The *ct permits certain activities and contains prero2atives that also tend to lessen the opportunities to reach a.solute 1ilderness. 5inin2 is permitted on valid claims0 access to valid occupancies and private land is provided for0 and fire control, insect and disease control, 2raAin2, and visitor use are permitted. #onsidered to2ether, these modifications define le2al 1ilderness. 5ana2e 1ilderness to1ard attainin2 the hi2hest level of purity in 1ilderness 1ithin le2al constraints. ach desi2nated 1ilderness is affected .y a variety of human influences that vary in intensity. "n one area, human influence may .e very limited0 in another area, ma;or distur.ances occur. The num.er and intensity of these influences cause a 2ap .et1een the attaina.le le2islative 1ilderness and the conditions that eCist on a 1ilderness 3FHF4. The 2oal of 1ilderness mana2ement is to identify these influences, define their causes, remedy them, and close the 2ap 3F*F4 .et1een the attaina.le level of purity and the level that eCists on each 1ilderness 3FHF4. <here a choice must .e made .et1een 1ilderness values and visitor or any other activity, preservin2 the 1ilderness resource is the overridin2 value. conomy, convenience, commercial value, and comfort are not standards of mana2ement or use of 1ilderness. 'ecause uses and values on each area vary, mana2ement and administration must .e tailored to each area. ven so, all 1ilderness areas are part of one %ational <ilderness /reservation +ystem and their mana2ement must .e consistent 1ith the <ilderness *ct and their esta.lishin2 le2islation.
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2321 - ESTA2LISHMENT OR MODIFICATION !irection for evaluatin2 potential 1ilderness and recommendin2 areas to the #on2ress for 1ilderness desi2nation is found in 3- #FR 217.17 and F+5 1723. The procedure for identifyin2 and evaluatin2 potential 1ilderness in the %ational Forest +ystem is found in F+B 1707.12, =and and Resource 5ana2ement /lannin2 Band.oo>, #hapter 7, F+5 1760, nvironmental /olicy and /rocedures, and F+B 1707.16, %ational nvironmental /olicy *ct /rocedures Band.oo>. 2321#1 - Le.)0 De-&+',!'"n )n M), * le2al description and map shall .e prepared .y the Re2ional Forester for each 1ilderness usin2 the .oundaries #on2ress has provided. The Forest +ervice does not have authority to modify the 2iven .oundaries. This is true even thou2h the ne1 1ilderness may contain constructed roads, tim.er harvest areas, summer homes, or other evidences of development. The le2al description and map must .e prepared accordin2 to the standards descri.ed in the <ilderness 5ana2ement Band.oo>, F+B 2307.17. 2322 - WILDERNESS PLANNING <ilderness mana2ement direction is prepared as a part of the forest plannin2 process as reDuired .y 3- #FR /art 217 and F+5 1722. /lannin2 is also done in compliance 1ith the %ational nvironmental /olicy *ct 3F+5 1760 and F+B 1707.164. "mplementation of the forest plan is accomplished throu2h development of implementation schedules that include pro;ects and activities desi2ned to achieve and comply 1ith the mana2ement standards and 2uidelines esta.lished for the desi2nated 1ilderness. 2322#01 - A*!="+'!> *uthority to conduct 1ilderness mana2ement plannin2 is found in the %ational Forest 5ana2ement *ct 31- (.+.#. 1-004 and 3- #FR 217. 2322#02 - O/?e&!'(e1. nsure that 1ilderness resource is fully inte2rated into the Forest =and and Resource 5ana2ement /lan. 2. nsure that other resources and activities 1ithin each 1ilderness are coordinated and in harmony 1ith the 1ilderness resource.
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2322#03 - P"0'&> 1. 5ana2ement direction for each 1ilderness must .e stated in the forest plan as mana2ement area prescriptions 1ith associated standards and 2uidelines. ach 1ilderness is uniDue as esta.lished .y la10 therefore, each 1ill .e identified as a separate mana2ement area. 2. The 1ilderness component of the forest plan shall include, as a minimum, the follo1in2E a. 5ana2ement direction in accordance 1ith 3- #FR 217 and 3- #FR 273. .. !isplay of the relationships and coordination .et1een the 1ilderness resource and other resources and activities present in the 1ilderness, as 1ell as activities outside of 1ilderness that affect the mana2ement of the 1ilderness. Resources and other elements to .e addressed includeE recreation 3includin2 visitor education4, forest cover, fora2e, fish and 1ildlife, federally listed threatened or endan2ered flora or fauna, domestic livestoc>, soil and 1ater 3includin2 1eather modification4, minerals, historical and cultural resources, fire, land o1nership, insect and diseases, air Duality, other a2ency use, the trail system 3includin2 trailheads4, si2nin2, communication, and research. c. 5onitorin2 reDuirements for determinin2 1hether prescriptions, standards, and 2uidelines are met. 3. "ndividual 1ilderness mana2ement plans completed prior to the 1ritin2 of the forest plan may .e incorporated as an entity into the forest plan if theyE a. Bave .een prepared in accordance 1ith the % /* process 3F+5 17604. .. *re considered current and valid. c. *re appropriately referenced to and discussed in the forest plan. d. /rovide at least the same level of direction and 2uidance as 1ould .e found in the completed forest plan. 9. 5ana2ement direction shall .e consistent for each 1ilderness that occurs in more than one +tate, Re2ion, or %ational Forest. 6. "n some instances, the la1 desi2natin2 a specific 1ilderness reDuires preparation of a 1ilderness mana2ement plan. These specified plans are inte2rated into the forest plan 1hen completed .efore the forest plannin2 process. "f a 1ilderness plan is reDuired su.seDuent to
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adoption of the forest plan, the reDuired plan should not duplicate information contained in the forest plan. "t should tier from and ultimately .e appended to the Forest =and and Resource 5ana2ement /lan. 2322#03 - Re-,"n-'/'0'!'e2322#03) - C='e% The #hief desi2nates a lead Re2ion 1hen a 1ilderness involves more than one Re2ion. 2322#03/ - Re.'"n)0 F"+e-!e+ The Re2ional Forester desi2nates a lead Forest 1hen a 1ilderness involves more than one Forest and approves 1ilderness mana2ement direction .y approvin2 the forest plan. 2322#03& - F"+e-! S*,e+('-"+ The Forest +upervisor ensures that mana2ement of the 1ilderness resource is a part of the forest plan. 2322#1 - W'0 e+ne-- Im,0emen!)!'"n S&=e *0e"mplementation schedules should .e prepared to ensure that direction and o.;ectives esta.lished in the forest plan are met 3F+5 1722.64. They include coordination of the 1or> done on all resources and activities 1ithin each 1ilderness and are normally revised annually. "mplementation schedules containE 1. +pecific action needed to follo1 forest plan direction and accomplish forest plan o.;ectives. 2. ?eneral prioritiAation of action items. 3. (nit or individual responsi.ilities. 9. Tar2et dates for completion of the actions. 2322#2 - Re('-'"n "% M)n).emen! D'+e&!'"n "f 1ilderness mana2ement direction in the forest plan is found to .e inadeDuate, the plan should .e amended follo1in2 the procedure outlined in 3- #FR 217.103f4 and F+5 1760. "f lac> of direction is identified, .ut chan2e is not 1arranted durin2 the plannin2 period, the concern should .e noted and dealt 1ith in the neCt revision of the plan. sta.lishment of ne1 1ilderness mana2ement direction reDuires appropriate pu.lic involvement and conformance 1ith .oth the %ational Forest 5ana2ement *ct and %ational nvironmental /olicy *ct processes.
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2323 - MANAGEMENT OF OTHER RESOURCES IN WILDERNESS 2323#03 - Re-,"n-'/'0'!'e2323#03) - P+e-' en! The /resident is responsi.le for approvin2E 1. The esta.lishment and maintenance of ne1 reservoirs, 1ater conservation 1or>s, po1er pro;ects, transmission lines, and other related facilities in 1ilderness. 2. "ncreases in the stora2e capacity of a reservoir or replacement of a reservoir not under valid permit or other authority at the time the unit .ecame part of the %ational <ilderness /reservation +ystem. 3. /rospectin2 for 1ater resources. 2323#03/ - C='e% The #hief is responsi.le for approvin2E 1. @e2etative cover manipulation. 2. Fish and 1ildlife ha.itat manipulation. 3. <atershed condition improvement. 9. Final environmental statements or proposals for ne1 1ater-resource developments. 6. Reconstruction of any structure for 1ater control or use, eCcept as provided in F+5 2323.09a. -. <eather modification proposals or activities or installations resultin2 in 1eather modification that affects 1ilderness. 7. *ny reforestation activities. 2323#03& - Re.'"n)0 F"+e-!e+ (nless specifically reserved to the /resident 3F+5 2323.09a4 or the #hief 3F+5 2323.09.4 or assi2ned to the Forest +upervisor 3F+5 2323.09d4 or the !istrict Ran2er 3F+5 2323.09e4, the Re2ional Forester is responsi.le for approvin2 all measures that implement F+5 direction on the use of other resources in 1ilderness. +pecific responsi.ilities include .ut are not limited toE 1. ReDuirin2 visitor re2istration and,or permits to measure visitor use.
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2. *pprovin2 construction of trails 1ith tread more than 29 inches in 1idth. 3. *pprovin2 seedin2 methods other than .roadcast seedin2, eCcept as provided in F+5 2323.09.. 9. !evelopin2, 1ith the involved +tate3s4, a supplement to the +tate,Forest +ervice memorandum of understandin2, 1hich 1ill esta.lish fish and 1ildlife mana2ement coordination in 1ilderness. The ;oint Forest +ervice and "nternational *ssociation of Fish and <ildlife *2encies ?uidelines 1ill .e used to develop compati.le mana2ement activities 3F+B 2307.174. 6. *pprovin2 fish control pro;ects. -. *pprovin2 control measures for predators or pro.lem fish and 1ildlife species. 7. *pprovin2 de.ris clearin2 on spa1nin2 streams for anadromous species. 8. *pprovin2 the practice of droppin2 fish from aircraft, if deemed necessary, in cases 1here such practice 1as esta.lished .efore the area .ecame part of the %ational <ilderness /reservation +ystem. 7. *pprovin2 the use of pesticides 1ithin 1ilderness. 10. *pprovin2 activities for 2atherin2 information a.out resources. 11. *pprovin2 emer2ency .urned area reha.ilitation pro;ects. 12. +ta.iliAin2 or restorin2 and su.seDuently maintainin2 structures 1ith cultural resources values. 2323#03 - F"+e-! S*,e+('-"+ The Forest +upervisor is responsi.le for approvin2E 1. #onstruction and installation of improvements or facilities necessary for the protection of the 1ilderness resource in accordance 1ith the forest plan direction. 2. Removal of nonconformin2 uses, developments, or facilities not under permit. 3. =imitin2 the num.er of visitors, parties, party siAe, or duration of visitor stays in a specific area 1hen the 1ilderness resource is threatened or dama2ed .ecause of use .y an eCcessive num.er of people. 9. Re2ulations for the use of pac> and saddle stoc> and restrictions on specific areas to certain forms of travel.
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6. #onstruction and reconstruction of trails 1ith treads less than 29 inches in 1idth. -. &peratin2 plans for mineral eCploration and development 3F+5 2810, F+5 2820, and F+5 28304. 7. Responses to reDuests of the 'ureau of =and 5ana2ement for Forest +ervice concurrence as to terms and conditions of operatin2 plan approval for licenses, prospectin2 permits, and leases0 and consent to the &ffice of +urface 5inin2 for coal leases 3F+5 28204. 8. Routine maintenance on any eCistin2 1ater use or 1ater-control structure as lon2 as this maintenance does not chan2e the structureGs location, siAe, or type, or increase the stora2e capacity of a reservoir. 2323#03e - D'-!+'&! R)n.e+ The !istrict Ran2er is responsi.le for approvin2E 1. The construction and installation of simple and temporary structures, includin2 corrals, .ut eCcludin2 ca.ins, for outfitter and 2uide pac> stoc> operations in accordance 1ith forest plan direction. 2. 5aintenance or replacement of eCistin2 si2ns, instruments, and other minor improvements. 3. Trail mana2ement schedules. 2323#1 - M)n).emen! "% Re&+e)!'"n 2323#11 - O/?e&!'(e1. /rovide, consistent 1ith mana2ement of the area as 1ilderness, opportunities for pu.lic use, en;oyment, and understandin2 of the 1ilderness, throu2h eCperiences that depend upon a 1ilderness settin2. 2. /rovide outstandin2 opportunities for solitude or a primitive and unconfined type of recreation. 2323#12 - P"0'&> 1. 5aCimiAe visitor freedom 1ithin the 1ilderness. 5inimiAe direct controls and restrictions. *pply controls only 1hen they are essential for protection of the 1ilderness resource and after indirect measures have failed. 2. (se information, interpretation, and education as the primary tools for mana2ement of 1ilderness visitors.
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3. 5ana2e for recreation activities that are dependent on the 1ilderness environment so that a minimum of adaptations 1ithin 1ilderness are necessary to accommodate recreation. 9. #onsistent 1ith mana2ement as 1ilderness, permit outfitter,2uide operations 1here they are necessary to help se2ments of the pu.lic use and en;oy 1ilderness areas for recreational or other 1ilderness purposes. 2323#13 - Im,+"(emen!- )n N"n&"n%"+m'n. F)&'0'!'e- )n A&!'('!'e/rovide facilities and improvements only for protection of the 1ilderness resource. !ocument and ;ustify conditions for providin2 facilities and improvements in the forest plan. "nstall facilities as a last resort only after tryin2 education, other indirect mana2ement techniDues, or reasona.le limitations on use. 2323#13) - C)m,-'!e!o not desi2nate campsites eCcept as a last resort. Relocate or remove eCistin2 camps to allo1 maCimum opportunity for solitude and to minimiAe the evidence of human use. 1. +tructures. !ismantle and remove improvised camp structures 1hen they are not in use. 2. +olid <aste 5ana2ement. (tiliAe a Fpac>-in, pac>-outF policy. !o not permit .uryin2 of 2ar.a2e. !ispose of past accumulations of de.ris. 3. Buman <aste 5ana2ement. (tiliAe the Fcat methodF of dispersed shallo1 .urial of human 1aste. <here education of visitors a.out this method is not effective or in the case of lar2e 2roups, temporary slit trench latrines may .e a preferred alternative. *s a last resort to protect the 1ilderness resource pit or vault toilet structures may .e used. +ervicin2 or replacement should .e .y nonmotoriAed means. 2323#13/ - S=e0!e+Ccept for *las>a, provide no ne1 shelters. +helters that eCisted at the time of 1ilderness desi2nation may .e maintained if allo1ed .y specific le2islation, or until they reDuire eCtensive maintenance. Remove them at this time. For administrative facilities see F+5 2329.33. 2323#13& - W)!e+ S"*+&e<here necessary for 1ilderness purposes, developed enclosed sprin2s and hand pumps may .e maintained to a minimum pota.le standard in 1ilderness. /orta.ility of open 1ater sources shall not .e 2uaranteed. "nform visitors throu2h literature and trailhead notices outside of 1ilderness of the eCistence of ra1 1ater, the pro.a.ility of contamination, and that 1ater should .e .oiled,
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treated 1ith chemicals, or filtered .efore usin2. !o not install 1arnin2 si2ns in 1ilderness unless a specific haAard is >no1n to eCist and cannot .e corrected. 2323#13 - 2")! D"&@/rovide no .oat doc>s eCcept 1here approved for 1ilderness purposes. /hase out and remove eCistin2 doc>s 1ithin ten years of 1ilderness desi2nation. 2323#13e - Re&+e)!'"n S!"&@ S!+*&!*+e#onstruct hitchrac>s and drift fences to control recreation stoc> only 1here they are essential to protect the 1ilderness resource. 'uild them 1ith materials and locate them in places that harmoniAe 1ith the environment. 2323#13% - T+)n-,"+!)!'"n S>-!em !esi2n, construct, and maintain the transportation system in 1ilderness to provide access to and 1ithin a 1ilderness that meets the 1ilderness o.;ectives descri.ed in the forest plan. 1. Trails. Trails are an accepta.le improvement. #onstruct and maintain trails to standards descri.ed in F+B 2307.18, Trails 5ana2ement Band.oo>. %ational Recreation Trails are 2enerally not desi2nated 1ithin 1ilderness 3F+5 23604. a. !esi2n and locate trails so that nonmotoriAed and nonmechanical eDuipment can .e used for construction and mana2ement. .. !esi2n and locate trails to fit into the natural landscape as uno.trusively as possi.le. c. 5aintain trails .y nonmotoriAed methods eCcept for situations descri.ed in section 232-. 2. 'rid2es. !esi2n .rid2es to minimiAe the impact on the 1ilderness. +elect locations that minimiAe the siAe and compleCity of the structure. /rovide or replace .rid2es onlyE a. <hen no other route or crossin2 is reasona.ly availa.le. .. <here the crossin2, durin2 the primary season of pu.lic use, cannot .e ne2otiated afoot safely, or cannot .e forded .y horses safely. c. <here unaccepta.le .an> dama2e 1ill occur from visitors see>in2 a crossin2. d. <here flood 1aters freDuently destroy or dama2e less sturdy structures.
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2323#13. - O*!%'!!e+ )n G*' e O,e+)!'"n*ddress the need for and role of outfitters in the forest plan. The plan must address the type, num.er, and amount of recreation use that is to .e allocated to outfitters. nsure that outfitters provide their service to the pu.lic in a manner that is compati.le 1ith use .y other 1ilderness visitors and that maintains the 1ilderness resource. *pprove only temporary structures and facilities for outfitter and 2uide operations necessary to properly meet their pu.lic service in a manner compati.le 1ith the 1ilderness environment. These structures shall .e located a1ay from main trails, streams, la>es, >ey interest features, and non-outfitted pu.lic use areas. +pecify in forest plans, su.seDuent implementation schedules, or special use permits 1hat improvements are permitted and their locations. nsure that outfitters remove all eDuipment and material, other than structures authoriAed to remain such as dismantled structure frames and poles made of native material, from the 1ilderness at the end of each season. !o not permit caches, and phase out eCistin2 ones on a planned .asis. !o not allo1 permanent improvements such as ca.ins, toilet .uildin2s, or tent frames 1ith floors and sides. Further direction for mana2in2 outfitter and 2uides operations is found in section 2329.3, F+5 2393, F+5 2700 and F+B 2307.17, the <ilderness 5ana2ement Band.oo>. 2323#13= - C"m,e!'!'(e E(en!!o not permit competitive events, includin2 competition involvin2 physical or mental endurance of a person or animal, foot races, canoe or .oat races, competitive trail rides, survival eCercises 3includin2 military4, or other activities of this nature in 1ilderness. 2323#13 - V'-'!"+ M)n).emen! /lan and mana2e pu.lic use of 1ilderness in such a manner that preserves the 1ilderness character of the area. /rovide for the limitin2 and distri.ution of visitor use accordin2 to periodic estimates of capacity in the forest plan. @isitor mana2ement direction for protectin2 1ildlife and fish resources is in F+5 2323.3 and F+B 2307.17. !irection for methods and techniDues of visitor mana2ement is in F+B 2307.17. 2323#2 - M)n).emen! "% R)n.e 2323#21 - O/?e&!'(e 5ana2e 1ilderness ran2e in a manner that utiliAes the fora2e resource in accordance 1ith esta.lished 1ilderness o.;ectives 33- #FR 273.74.
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2323#22 - P"0'&> *pply con2ressional 2uidelines and policies re2ardin2 2raAin2 in %ational Forest <ilderness *reas 3sec. 108, /.=. 7--6-0, B.R. Report 7---17 dated 11,19,774 3eC. 014, in a practical, reasona.le, and uniform manner in all %ational Forest 1ildernesses. These 2uidelines and policies are applica.le only to livestoc> 2raAin2 operations 3F+5 2320.64. 2323.22 - Ex ibit !" #on$ressiona% &ra'in$ &uide%ines ?raAin2 in %ational Forest <ilderness *reas +ection 93d4394324 of the <ilderness *ct statesE Fthe 2raAin2 of livestoc>, 1here esta.lished prior to the effective date of this *ct, shall .e permitted to continue su.;ect to such reasona.le re2ulations as are deemed necessary .y the +ecretary of *2riculture.F The le2islative history of this lan2ua2e is very clear in its intent that livestoc> 2raAin2, and activities and the necessary facilities to support a livestoc> 2raAin2 pro2ram, 1ill .e permitted to continue in %ational Forest 1ilderness areas, 1hen such 2raAin2 1as esta.lished prior to classification of an area as 1ilderness. "ncludin2 those areas esta.lished in the <ilderness *ct of 17-9. #on2ress has desi2nated some 188 areas, coverin2 lands administered .y the Forest +ervice, Fish and <ildlife +ervice, %ational /ar> +ervice and 'ureau of =and 5ana2ement as components of the %ational <ilderness /reservation +ystem. * num.er of these areas contain active 2raAin2 pro2rams, 1hich are conducted pursuant to eCistin2 authorities. "n all such cases, 1hen enactin2 le2islation classifyin2 an area as 1ilderness, it has .een the intent of the #on2ress, .ased on solid evidence developed .y testimony at pu.lic hearin2s, that the practical lan2ua2e of the <ilderness *ct 1ould apply to 2raAin2 1ithin 1ilderness areas administered .y all Federal a2encies, not ;ust the Forest +ervice. "n fact, special lan2ua2e appears in all 1ilderness le2islation, the intent of 1hich is to assure that the applica.le provisions of the <ilderness *ct, includin2 +ection 93d4394 324, 1ill apply to all 1ilderness areas, re2ardless of a2ency ;urisdiction.
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2323.22 - Ex ibit !"--#ontinued Further durin2 the 76th #on2ressional committees .ecame increasin2ly distur.ed that, despite the lan2ua2e of section 93d4394324 of the <ilderness *ct and despite a history of nearly 16 years in addressin2 and providin2 2uidance to the 1ilderness mana2ement a2encies for development of 1ilderness mana2ement policies, %ational Forest administrative re2ulations and policies 1ere actin2 to discoura2e 2raAin2 in 1ilderness, or unduly restrictin2 on-the-2round activities necessary for proper 2raAin2 mana2ement. To address this pro.lem, t1o Bouse #ommittee on "nterior and "nsular *ffairs Reports 376--20 and 76-18214 specifically provided 2uidance as to ho1 section 93d4394324 of the <ilderness *ct should .e interpreted. This 2uidance appeared in these reports as follo1sE +ection 93d4394324 of the <ilderness *ct states that 2raAin2 in 1ilderness areas, if esta.lished prior to desi2nation of the area as 1ilderness, Fshall .e permitted to continue su.;ect to such reasona.le re2ulations as are deemed necessary .y the +ecretary of *2ricultureF. To clarify any lin2erin2 dou.ts, the committee 1ishes to stress that this lan2ua2e means that there shall .e no curtailment of 2raAin2 permits or privile2es in an area simply .ecause it is desi2nated as 1ilderness. *s stated in the Forest +ervice re2ulations 33- #FR 273.74, 2raAin2 in 1ilderness areas ordinarily 1ill .e controlled under the 2eneral re2ulations 2overnin2 2raAin2 of livestoc> on %ational ForestsI I I. This includes the esta.lishment of normal ran2e allotments and allotment mana2ement plans. Furthermore, 1ilderness desi2nation should not prevent the maintenance of eCistin2 fences or other livestoc> mana2ement improvements, nor the construction and maintenance of ne1 fences or improvements 1hich are consistent 1ith allotment mana2ement plans and,or 1hich are necessary for the protection of the ran2e. !espite the lan2ua2e of these t1o reports, R*R "" hearin2s and field inspection trips in the 7- #on2ress have revealed that %ational Forest administrative policies on 2raAin2 in 1ilderness are su.;ect to varyin2 interpretations in the field, and are frau2ht 1ith pronouncements that simply are not in accordance 1ith section 93d4394324 of the <ilderness *ct. This had led to demands on the part of 2raAin2 permittees that section 93d4394324 of the <ilderness *ct .e amended to clarify the intentions of #on2ress. Bo1ever, .ecause of the 2reat diversity of
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2323.22 - Ex ibit !"--#ontinued conditions under 1hich 2raAin2 uses 3includin2 different classes of livestoc>4 are mana2ed on the pu.lic lands, the #onferees feel that the ori2inal .road lan2ua2e of the <ilderness *ct is .est left unchan2ed. *ny attempts to draft specific statutory lan2ua2e coverin2 2raAin2 in the entire 1ilderness system 3presently administered .y four separate a2encies in t1o different !epartments4 mi2ht prove to .e unduly ri2id in a specific area, and deprive the land mana2ement a2encies of fleCi.le opportunities to mana2e 2raAin2 in a creative and realistic site specific fashion. Therefore, the conferees declined to amend section 93d4394324 of the <ilderness *ct, a2reein2 instead to reaffirm the eCistin2 lan2ua2e and to include the follo1in2 nation1ide 2uidelines and specific statements of le2islative policy. "t is the intention of the conferees that the 2uidelines and policies .e considered in the overall conteCt of the purposes and direction of the <ilderness *ct of 17-9 and this *ct, and that they .e promptly, fully, and dili2ently implemented and made availa.le to Forest +ervice personnel at all levels and to all holders of permits for 2raAin2 in %ational Forest <ilderness areasE 1. There shall .e no curtailments of 2raAin2 in 1ilderness areas simply .ecause an area is, or has .een desi2nated as 1ilderness, nor should 1ilderness desi2nations .e used as an eCcuse .y administrators to slo1ly Fphase outF 2raAin2. *ny ad;ustments in the num.ers of livestoc> permitted to 2raAe in 1ilderness areas should .e made as a result of revisions in the normal 2raAin2 and land mana2ement plannin2 and policy settin2 process, 2ivin2 consideration to le2al mandates, ran2e condition, and the protection of the ran2e resource from deterioration. "t is anticipated that the num.ers of livestoc> permitted to 2raAe in 1ilderness 1ould remain at the approCimate levels eCistin2 at the time an area enters the 1ilderness system. "f land mana2ement plans reveal conclusively that increased livestoc> num.ers or animal unit months 3*(5s4 could .e made availa.le 1ith no adverse impact on 1ilderness values such as plant communities, primitive recreation, and 1ildlife populations or ha.itat, some increases in *(5s may .e permissi.le. This is not to imply, ho1ever, that 1ilderness lends itself to *(5 or livestoc> increases and construction of su.stantial ne1 facilities that mi2ht .e appropriate for intensive 2raAin2 mana2ement in non-1ilderness areas.
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2323.22 - Ex ibit !"--#ontinued 2. The maintenance of supportin2 facilities, eCistin2 in the area prior to its classification as 1ilderness 3includin2 fences, line ca.ins, 1ater 1ells and lines, stoc> tan>s, etc.4, is permissi.le in 1ilderness. <here practical alternatives do not eCist, maintenance or other activities may .e accomplished throu2h the occasional use of motoriAed eDuipment. This may include, for eCample, the use of .ac>hoes to maintain stoc> ponds, pic>up truc>s for ma;or fence repairs, or specialiAed eDuipment to repair stoc> 1aterin2 facilities. +uch occasional use of motoriAed eDuipment should .e eCpressly authoriAed in the 2raAin2 permits for the area involved. The use of motoriAed eDuipment should .e .ased on a rule of practical necessity and reasona.leness. For eCample, motoriAed eDuipment need not .e allo1ed for the placement of small Duantities of salt or other activities 1here such activities can reasona.ly and practically .e accomplished on horse.ac> or foot. &n the other hand, it may .e appropriate to permit the occasional use of motoriAed eDuipment to haul lar2e Duantities of salt to distri.ution points. 5oreover, under the rule of reasona.leness, occasional use of motoriAed eDuipment should .e permitted 1here practical alternatives are not availa.le and such use 1ould not have a si2nificant adverse impact on the natural environment. +uch motoriAed eDuipment uses 1ill normally only .e permitted to those portions of a 1ilderness area 1here they had occurred prior to the areaGs desi2nation as 1ilderness or are esta.lished .y prior a2reement. 3. The placement or reconstruction of deteriorated facilities or improvements should not .e reDuired to .e accomplished usin2 Fnatural materialsF, unless the material and la.or costs of usin2 natural materials are such that their use 1ould not impose unreasona.le additional costs on 2raAin2 permittees. 9. The construction of ne1 improvements or replacement of deteriorated facilities 1ilderness is permissi.le if in accordance 1ith those 2uidelines and mana2ement plans 2overnin2 the area involved. Bo1ever, the construction of ne1 improvements should .e primarily for the purpose of resource protection and the more effective mana2ement of these resources rather than to accommodate increased num.ers of livestoc>. 6. The use of motoriAed eDuipment for emer2ency purposes such as rescuin2 sic> animals or the placement of feed in emer2ency situations is also permissi.le. This privile2e is to .e eCercised only in true emer2encies, and should not .e a.used .y permittees.
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2323.22 - Ex ibit !"--#ontinued "n summary, su.;ect to the conditions and policies outlined a.ove, the 2eneral rule of thum. on 2raAin2 mana2ement in 1ilderness should .e that activities or facilities esta.lished prior to the date of an areaGs desi2nation as 1ilderness should .e allo1ed to remain in place and may .e replaced 1hen necessary for the permittee to properly administer the 2raAin2 pro2ram. Thus, if livestoc> 2raAin2 activities and facilities 1ere esta.lished in an area at the time #on2ress determined that the area 1as suita.le for 1ilderness and placed the specific area in the 1ilderness system, they should .e allo1ed to continue. <ith respect to areas desi2nated as 1ilderness prior to the date of this *ct, these 2uidelines shall not .e considered as a direction to re-esta.lish uses 1here such uses have .een discontinued.
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2323#23 - G+)A'n. M)n).emen! (se the direction in the forest plan 3F+5 17204, the allotment mana2ement plan 3F+5 22104, and the ?raAin2 ?uidelines to mana2e livestoc> 2raAin2 operations in desi2nated 1ilderness. 2323#23 - Pe+m'!*uthoriAe livestoc> 2raAin2 operations on 2raAin2 allotments 1ithin 1ilderness areas .y 2raAin2 permit 3F+5 22304. "ssue permits for livestoc> operations only in areas 1here 2raAin2 1as esta.lished as defined .elo1E 1. ?raAin2 may .e continued on any allotment 1here a 2raAin2 permit 1as in eCistence at the time of desi2nation and 1here there is recent history of 2raAin2 use immediately prior to 1ilderness desi2nation. This includes permits that 1ere in non-use status for either personal convenience or ran2e protection. "t also includes situations 1here there 1ere no actual permits in eCistence on the desi2nation date .ecause permit 1aivers 1ere in process or .ecause the eCpiration date of term permits happened to have coincided 1ith the desi2nation date. *t any time after desi2nation, ne1 term permits and livestoc> use permits may .e issued, in the event of 1aiver, .ecause of sale of .ase property or permitted livestoc>. *t any time after desi2nation, ne1 term or temporary permits and livestoc>-use permits may .e issued to other applicants if an eCistin2 permit is terminated voluntarily .y the holder, or canceled for cause .y the Forest +ervice, or if surplus fora2e other1ise .ecomes availa.le. 2. ?raAin2 may .e authoriAed on an allotment 1hich, althou2h vacant on date of 1ilderness desi2nation, previously included 2raAin2 that 1as only temporarily discontinued and that 1as clearly documented for such purposes as ran2e restoration. 2323#25 - R)n.e An)0>-'Follo1 the standards in F+5 2210 for ran2e analysis in 1ilderness. <here an approved allotment mana2ement plan eCists at the time an area is desi2nated as 1ilderness, revie1 it in conteCt 1ith the con2ressional 2uidelines and policy. !ocument necessary modifications in the Forest or allotment mana2ement plan. 2323#27 - R)n.e Im,+"(emen!+ee F+5 2290 for a definition of ran2e improvements. Follo1 the 2raAin2 2uidelines and direction in F+B 2307.17 for the construction and maintenance of ran2e improvements. #riteria for the use of motoriAed eDuipment in constructin2, maintainin2, or applyin2 improvements and practices is in F+B 2307.17.
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#onduct an environmental analysis for ran2e improvement construction and,or maintenance and the use of motor vehicles, motoriAed eDuipment, and mechanical transport 3F+5 1760 and F+B 1707.164. =ist all ran2e improvements in the allotment mana2ement plan alon2 1ith the maintenance schedule. 2323#27) - S!+*&!*+)0 R)n.e Im,+"(emen!5odify permits for the construction of ne1 ran2e improvements or for the replacement of eCistin2 ran2e improvements in accordance 1ith F+5 2291.31. #onsider the 1ilderness resource 1hen preparin2 ran2e improvement construction standards and techniDues. 1. 5aintenance. *llo1 permittees to continue to maintain eCistin2 necessary ran2e improvements. &n a schedule a2reed to .y the permittee, phase out and remove those improvements determined to .e unnecessary. Revie1 eCistin2 use and reDuests for ne1 use of motor vehicles, motoriAed eDuipment, or other forms of mechanical transport, includin2 emer2ency use, and apply #on2ressional ?raAin2 ?uidelines 3sec. 2323.22, eC. 014. /ermit the occasional use of motor vehicles, motoriAed eDuipment, or mechanical transport 1here practical alternatives are not availa.le 3F+5 232-4. 2. %e1 "mprovements. #onstruction of ne1 ran2e improvements may .e approved if they are necessary for resource protection 3ran2e and,or 1ilderness4 and for the effective mana2ement of these resources. !o not approve construction solely to accommodate increased 2raAin2. 3. Types of 5aterials. <hen permitted, ensure that ne1 improvements are constructed of materials that harmoniAe 1ith the 1ilderness character of the area. (se natural 3native4 materials for improvements unless costs are prohi.itive or they do not harmoniAe 1ith the 1ilderness. 9. Replacement of Cistin2 "mprovements. (se the follo1in2 procedures 1hen considerin2 replacement of an eCistin2 ran2e improvementE a. Camine 1hether the ran2e improvement is necessary for livestoc> 2raAin2 operations, resource protection, or protection of 1ilderness values. Cplore other alternatives for meetin2 these needs. .. nsure that the desi2n, location, and type of materials needed harmoniAe 1ith natural features of the 1ilderness. c. #onsult 1ith permittees in determinin2 1hat is reasona.le for the permitteeGs livestoc> 2raAin2 operation. 'alance the particular 1ilderness values involved and the cost of material and la.or.
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2323#27/ - N"n-!+*&!*+)0 R)n.e Im,+"(emen!%onstructural ran2e improvement practices may .e approved in cases 1here they 1ere part of the mana2ement of the area at the time the 1ilderness 1as esta.lished and 1here their continued use is necessary to maintain livestoc> 2raAin2 operations 3F+5 22904. (se the follo1in2 specific criteria in addition to the procedures in section 2323.2- and section 2323.2-a in approvin2 nonstructural ran2e improvements. 1. +eedin2. +eed only species that are indi2enous or naturaliAed to the area. (se .roadcast seedin2 methods. *pprove seedin2 only forE a. *reas 1here human activities have caused the loss or threaten the eCistence of indi2enous plant species. .. *reas 1here human activities, includin2 their livestoc>, have denuded or caused loss of soil, providin2 that the actions or activities responsi.le for the deterioration no lon2er eCist and that natural reve2etation is insufficient and,or ineffective. c. 5aintenance of livestoc> 2raAin2 operations 1here seedin2 1as practiced .efore the area 1as desi2nated as 1ilderness. 2. /lant #ontrol. *pprove plant control only forE a. "ndi2enous plants 1hen needed to maintain livestoc> 2raAin2 operations that 1ere in effect .efore the area 1as desi2nated as 1ilderness. .. %oCious farm 1eeds .y 2ru..in2 or 1ith chemicals 1hen they threaten lands outside 1ilderness or 1hen they are spreadin2 1ithin the 1ilderness, provided that it is possi.le to effect control 1ithout causin2 serious adverse impacts on 1ilderness values. 3. "rri2ation. (se irri2ation or 1ater spreadin2 only to maintain livestoc> 2raAin2 operations and only 1here practiced .efore the desi2nation of 1ilderness. 9. FertiliAin2. (se fertiliAation only as an aid to reve2etation of the areas provided in item 1 or to maintain livestoc> 2raAin2 operations 1here practiced .efore the desi2nation of 1ilderness. =imin2 is considered a fertiliAation practice in this conteCt. 6. /rescri.ed Fire. (se mana2ement i2nited prescri.ed fire only 1hereE a. "t is necessary to maintain livestoc> 2raAin2 operations0 and
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.. "t 1as practiced .efore the desi2nation of 1ilderness0 and c. =i2htnin2 caused prescri.ed fire does not meet the livestoc> mana2ement purpose 3F+5 2329.24. 2323#3 - M)n).emen! "% W'0 0'%e )n F'-= 2323#31 - O/?e&!'(e1. /rovide an environment 1here the forces of natural selection and survival rather than human actions determine 1hich and 1hat num.ers of 1ildlife species 1ill eCist. 2. #onsistent 1ith o.;ective 1, protect 1ildlife and fish indi2enous to the area from human caused conditions that could lead to Federal listin2 as threatened or endan2ered. 3. /rovide protection for >no1n populations and aid recovery in areas of previous ha.itation, of federally listed threatened or endan2ered species and their ha.itats. 2323#32 - P"0'&> 1. Reco2niAe that +tates have ;urisdiction and responsi.ilities for the protection and mana2ement of 1ildlife and fish populations in 1ilderness. #ooperate and 1or> closely 1ith +tate 1ildlife and fish authorities in all aspects of 1ildlife and fish mana2ement. 'ase any Forest +ervice recommendation to +tate 1ildlife and fish a2encies on the need for protection and maintenance of the 1ilderness resource. Reco2niAe 1ilderness protection needs and identify any needed reDuirements in coordination efforts and in cooperative a2reements 1ith +tate a2encies. 2. <ildlife and fish mana2ement pro2rams shall .e consistent 1ith 1ilderness values. 3. !iscoura2e measures for direct control 3other than normal harvest4 of 1ildlife and fish populations. 9. 5ana2e 1ilderness to protect >no1n populations of federally listed threatened or endan2ered species 1here necessary for their perpetuation and aid in their recovery in areas of previous ha.itation. <hen alternative areas outside of 1ilderness offer eDual or .etter protection, ta>e actions to recover threatened or endan2ered species outside of 1ilderness areas first. 6. *pply the F/olicies and ?uidelines for Fish and <ildlife 5ana2ement in <ilderness and /rimitive *reas,F developed ;ointly .y the Forest +ervice, 'ureau of =and 5ana2ement, and the "nternational *ssociation of Fish and <ildlife *2encies in a practical, reasona.le, and uniform manner in all %ational Forest 1ilderness units. (se the 2uidelines as a foundation for or as addendums to +tate or individual 1ilderness cooperative a2reements.
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2323#33 - W'0 0'%e M)n).emen! 2323#33) - Re'n!+" *&!'"nReintroduce 1ildlife species only if the species 1as once indi2enous to an area and 1as eCtirpated .y human induced events. Favor federally listed threatened or endan2ered species in reintroduction efforts. Reintroductions shall .e made in a manner compati.le 1ith the 1ilderness environment. 5otoriAed or mechanical transport may .e permitted if it is impossi.le to do the approved reintroduction .y nonmotoriAed methods 3sec. 232-4. 2323#33/ - H)/'!)! S*+(e>- )n P",*0)!'"n In(en!"+'e#onduct 1ildlife ha.itat surveys and population assessments in a manner compati.le 1ith the 1ilderness environment 3F+5 2-004. 2323#33& - P+e )!"+ C"n!+"0 /redacious mammals and .irds play a critical role in maintainin2 the inte2rity of natural ecosystems. #onsider the .enefits of a predator species in the ecosystem .efore approvin2 control actions. The Re2ional Forester may approve predator control pro2rams on a case-.ycase .asis 1here control is necessary to protect federally listed threatened or endan2ered species, to protect pu.lic health and safety, or to prevent serious losses of domestic livestoc>. Focus control methods on offendin2 individuals and under conditions that ensure minimum distur.ance to the 1ilderness resource and visitors. /oison .aits or cyanide 2uns are not accepta.le. /oison .ait collars may .e approved. The (.+. Fish and <ildlife +ervice or approved +tate a2encies shall carry out control pro2rams. The Forest +ervice is responsi.le for determinin2 the need for control, the methods to .e used, and approvin2 all proposed predator dama2e control pro2rams in 1ilderness 3F+5 2-604. &nly approve control pro;ects 1hen stron2 evidence eCists that removin2 the offendin2 individual3s4 1ill not diminish the 1ilderness values of the area. 2323#33 - O!=e+ W'0 0'%e D)m).e C"n!+"0 The Re2ional Forester may approve other 1ildlife dama2e control pro;ects on a case-.y-case .asis if necessary to protect federally listed threatened or endan2ered species or for pu.lic health and safety. 2323#33e - F*+/e)+e+(nder +tate la1s, it is accepta.le to trap fur.earers, such as min>, marten, .eaver, and mus>rat, in 1ilderness 1hen population levels ;ustify a harvest pro2ram. Reco2niAe the role of fur.earers in natural ecosystems 1hen ma>in2 recommendations to +tate a2encies on harvest.
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2323#33 - F'-=e+'e- M)n).emen! mphasiAe Duality and naturalness in mana2in2 fisheries in 1ilderness. 2323#33) - S!"&@'n. P+".+)m"n cooperation 1ith the +tates, develop fish-stoc>in2 pro2rams that meet 1ilderness mana2ement o.;ectives. Reco2niAe the pro.a.ility of increased visitor use of stoc>ed 1aters and their full impact and effect on the 1ilderness resource. !irect practices at achievin2 Duality fishin2 opportunities. Re2ional Foresters shall develop 1ith each +tate a supplement to the +tate-Forest +ervice 5emorandum of (nderstandin2 3F+5 2-004 that esta.lishes a stoc>in2 policy for each 1ilderness. +pell out .asic stoc>in2 decisions in the forest plan or in implementation schedules for each 1ilderness. 2323#33/ - S!"&@'n. Me!=" +toc>in2 shall normally .e done .y primitive means, ho1ever, Re2ional Foresters may permit droppin2 of fish from aircraft for those 1aters 1here this practice 1as esta.lished .efore the area 1as desi2nated a 1ilderness. #onduct aerial stoc>in2 pre-or post-visitor seasons. =andin2s are prohi.ited. +pecify miti2ation for stoc>in2 methods in 1ilderness implementation schedules. 2323#33& - S!"&@'n. P"0'&> 1. !o not stoc> eCotic species of fish in 1ilderness. The order of preference for stoc>in2 fish species isE a. Federally listed threatened or endan2ered, indi2enous species. .. "ndi2enous species. c. Threatened or endan2ered native species if species is li>ely to survive and spa1n successfully. d. %ative species if species is li>ely to survive and spa1n successfully. 2. +toc> .arren 1aters only after determinin2 that the scientific and research values of such .arren 1aters 1ill not .e eliminated from a 1ilderness and documentin2 the desira.ility of such action in the forest plan. 3. #onsider on a case-.y-case .asis presently unstoc>ed 1aters that at one time supported an indi2enous fish population and that could provide suita.le ha.itat for an indi2enous species 1ith unusual 1ilderness appeal.
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2323#33 - In(en!"+> "% S*'!)/0e W)!e+"nventory suita.le 1aters for present or potential fisheries as part of 1ilderness mana2ement prescriptions 3F+5 2-004. 2323#33e - S,)Bn T)@'n. /ermit the collection of fish spa1n from a 1ilderness 1hen alternative sources are noneCistent or unrelia.le or 1here spa1n ta>in2 1as an esta.lished practice prior to the areaGs desi2nation. 2323#33% - C=em'&)0 T+e)!men! #hemical treatment may .e used to prepare 1aters for reesta.lishment of indi2enous, threatened or endan2ered, or native species, or to correct undesira.le conditions caused .y human influence. The Re2ional Forester approves all proposed uses of chemicals in 1ilderness 3F+5 21604. 2323#35 - W'0 0'%e )n F'-= H)/'!)! *chieve a .alance of 1ildlife and fish 1ith their ha.itat throu2h cooperation 1ith +tate a2encies in mana2ement of pu.lic huntin2, fishin2, and trappin2. &.;ectives for the mana2ement of 1ildlife and fish ha.itat are normally compati.le 1ith the o.;ectives for maintainin2 1ilderness values. <here incompati.le, the reDuirements for maintenance of 1ilderness values ta>e precedence. 2323#35) - M)n',*0)!'"n "% W'0 0'%e H)/'!)! The o.;ective of all pro;ects must .e to perpetuate the 1ilderness resource0 pro;ects must .e necessary to sustain a primary value of a 2iven 1ilderness or to perpetuate a federally listed threatened or endan2ered species. To Dualify for approval .y the #hief, ha.itat manipulation pro;ects must satisfy the follo1in2 criteriaE 1. The condition needin2 chan2e is a result of a.normal human influence. 2. The pro;ect can .e accomplished 1ith assurance that there 1ill .e no serious or lastin2 dama2e to 1ilderness values. 3. There is reasona.le assurance that the pro;ect 1ill accomplish the desired o.;ectives. Test ma;or pro;ects throu2h a pilot study. The pilot study should ta>e place in a compara.le area outside of 1ilderness if possi.le. ?ive first priority to locatin2 ha.itat improvement pro;ects outside 1ilderness for the .enefit of 1ildlife that spend only part of the year in 1ilderness.
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2323#35/ - M)n',*0)!'"n "% F'-= H)/'!)! The o.;ective of all pro;ects must .e to perpetuate the 1ilderness resource. To Dualify for approval .y the #hief, fish ha.itat pro;ects must satisfy the criteria esta.lished for 1ildlife 32323.36a4. Bo1ever, the Re2ional Forester may permit the clearin2 of de.ris that impedes the movement of fish on critical spa1nin2 streams. "dentify critical spa1nin2 streams in the forest plan or a 1ilderness implementation schedule as essential for the propa2ation of fish. #lear de.ris only .y nonmotoriAed eDuipment. (se eCplosives only 1hen the use of hand tools is not practical and only outside of heavy visitor use periods. <hen stream and la>e improvement structures, flo1 maintenance dams, unused reservoirs, and other alterations of fish ha.itat eCist in 1ilderness areas, consider ma>in2 them as compati.le as possi.le 1ith 1ilderness o.;ectives rather than attemptin2 to remove them. "f permitted to remain, maintain them .y nonmotoriAed eDuipment and comply 1ith reDuirements in section 2323.9. !escri.e the disposition and mana2ement of each structure in the forest plan or 1ilderness implementation schedule. 2323#37 - D'-e)-e O*!/+e)@The Forest +ervice, in cooperation 1ith +tate and Federal pu.lic health authorities, may ma>e special eCceptions to policy and direction 1here necessary to control disease epidemics or other pu.lic health haAards in 1hich 1ildlife or fish species are carriers. +ee F+5 2323.09 for approvals. 2323#34 - W'0 0'%e )n F'-= Re-e)+&= <ildlife and fish research is an appropriate activity in 1ilderness. "n all cases, research shall .e conducted in such a 1ay as to minimiAe any adverse impacts on the 1ilderness resource or its users. +ee F+B 2307.17 for specific direction and 2uidelines for approvin2 these activities. 1. Research methods that temporarily infrin2e on the 1ilderness character may .e used, provided the information sou2ht is essential for 1ilderness mana2ement and alternative methods or locations are not availa.le. 2. +cientific samplin2 of 1ildlife and fish populations is essential to the mana2ement of natural populations in 1ilderness. 3. #apturin2 and inconspicuous mar>in2 of animals, includin2 radio telemetry, is permitted. 9. "nstallations, such as temporary shelters for cameras and scientific apparatus, and enclosures or eCclosures, essential for 1ildlife research and mana2ement studies may .e approved on a case-.y-case .asis.
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2323#39 - V'-'!"+ M)n).emen! !" P+"!e&! W'0 0'%e "+ F'-= Re-"*+&eThe <ilderness *ct reDuires mana2ers to search for a .alance .et1een preservin2 the 1ilderness resource, .y protectin2 natural ecolo2ical processes that can cause plant and animal populations or ran2es to chan2e, 1hile at the same time ma>in2 the resource availa.le for visitor use and en;oyment. To do .oth, it may .e necessary at times to limit visitor use to ensure that human influence does not impair natural 1ildlife or fish populations or their ha.itat. +pecify the mana2ement of pu.lic use necessary to minimiAe conflicts 1ith 1ildlife or fish in the forest plan. 2323#3 - M)n).emen! "% S"'0 )n W)!e+ Re-"*+&e2323#31 - O/?e&!'(e 5aintain satisfactory natural 1atershed condition 1ithin 1ilderness. 2323#32 - P"0'&> The policy for soil and 1ater mana2ement is 2enerally the same as for all %ational Forest 1atersheds 3F+5 26024. Bo1ever, in 1ilderness natural processes shall dominate0 measures that modify plant cover and treat soil mantles or other activities desi2ned to supplement natural 1ater yield are inappropriate. 2323#33 - W)!e+-=e Im,+"(emen!2323#33) - W)!e+-=e C"n '!'"n Im,+"(emen! 3+ee F+5 26224. (se 1atershed improvements to restore 1atersheds 1here deteriorated soil and hydrolo2ic conditions caused .y humans or their influences create a serious threat or loss of 1ilderness values. <atershed condition improvements are also appropriate 1here natural conditions present a definite haAard to life or property0 or 1here such conditions could cause serious depreciation of important environmental Dualities outside of the 1ilderness. /romote natural healin2 1here such dan2ers are not imminent or 1here natural ve2etation 1ould return in a reasona.le time. (se indi2enous or appropriate naturaliAed species to reesta.lish ve2etation 1here there is no reasona.le eCpectation of natural healin2. (se nonmotoriAed eDuipment to accomplish improvement o.;ectives. &nly imminent threat to important values do1nstream ;ustifies the use of motoriAed eDuipment. 2323#33/ - Eme+.en&> 2*+ne A+e) Re=)/'0'!)!'"n /ermit emer2ency .urned area reha.ilitation only if necessary to prevent an unnatural loss of the 1ilderness resource or to protect life, property, and other resource values outside of 1ilderness. %ormally use hand tools and eDuipment to install selected land and channel treatments.
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2323#33& - NeB W)!e+ De(e0",men! S!+*&!*+e&nly the /resident 3F+5 2323.094 can approve ne1 1ater development structures, includin2 1ater-re2ulatin2 structures, po1er installations, transmission conduits, 1ater conservation 1or>s, related improvements, and proposals to increase the stora2e capacity of a reservoir or to replace a reservoir that 1as not under a valid permit or other authority at the time the unit .ecame 1ilderness. Ran2e and 1ildlife 1aters are not included here. (se provisions in section 2323.2 and section 2323.3 to 2uide these pro;ects. valuate and recommend actions on proposals for ne1 structures throu2h the %ational nvironmental /olicy *ct process 3F+5 17604. Recommendations for approval must clearly sho1 that pu.lic values to .e 2ained eCceed those values lost and that the need cannot .e met outside 1ilderness. 2323#33 - EC'-!'n. W)!e+ De(e0",men! S!+*&!*+e"f needed and in the pu.lic interest, or a part of a valid eCistin2 ri2ht, permit maintenance or reconstruction of eCistin2 structures that does not chan2e the location, siAe, or type, or 1hich 1ould not increase the stora2e capacity of a reservoir. +tructures include reservoirs, ditches, and related facilities for the control or use of 1ater that 1ere under valid special-use permit or other authority 1hen the area involved 1as incorporated under the <ilderness *ct. For approval, see F+5 2323.09. !o not permit the use of motoriAed eDuipment and mechaniAed transportation for maintenance of 1ater-development structures eCcept 1here practiced .efore the area 1as desi2nated 1ilderness. +ee section 232- for motoriAed and mechanical use approval responsi.ilities. valuate each improvement in the forest plan to determine if continued use of the improvement is compati.le 1ith the 1ilderness resource. "f the improvement is to remain, descri.e maintenance needs and methods of accomplishin2 the 1or> in the 1ilderness implementation schedule. "f not, allo1 the improvement to deteriorate naturally. "n the case of hi2h haAard dams or other lar2e structures 1here do1nstream values are ;eopardiAed .y imminent failure or loss, .reach or remove the structure in a manner that does not have an adverse effect on the do1nstream values 3F+5 2329.34. 2323#33 - G)!=e+'n. W)!e+ Re-"*+&e In%"+m)!'"n =ine &fficers may permit 2atherin2 information a.out 1ater resources eCcept actual prospectin2 3drillin2 and di22in24 for 1ater. nsure that these efforts are compati.le 1ith the preservation of the 1ilderness environment and meet the conditions in section 93c4 of the <ilderness *ct. nsure that the applicant understands that the approval to 2ather 1ater resource information does not imply a precommitment .y the Forest +ervice to approve any development proposals that may result from such studies. For approvals, see F+5 2323.09.
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2323#33) - Sn"B Me)-*+emen! S'!e1. *llo1 the measurement of sno1 on eCistin2 sites only and only .y nonmotoriAed means. /ermit helicopter transport to sno1 measurement sites in locations 1here it 1as an esta.lished practice .efore the <ilderness *ct 1as passed. Bo1ever, discoura2e the use of helicopter transport to sno1 measurement sites. 2. sta.lish no ne1 sno1 measurement or climatolo2ical data collection sites unless they are part of pro;ects esta.lished .y the /resident under provision of section 93d4394 of the <ilderness *ct. 3. ncoura2e the transfer of eCistin2 1ilderness sites to locations outside of 1ilderness. (se eCistin2 sites until sno1 measurement sites outside of 1ilderness areas are esta.lished and correlations .et1een the 1ilderness site and the outside site are accomplished. "n the interim, automated eDuipment may .e installed at the eCistin2 1ilderness site to accelerate correlation efforts. *2ree in 1ritin2 to the len2th of these temporary arran2ements .efore efforts .e2in. ?enerally this should not eCceed 10 years. 9. <here approved, install only miniaturiAed and uno.trusive types of sno1 measurement and climatolo2ical monitorin2 eDuipment at eCistin2 sites. #amoufla2e eDuipment to .lend 1ith the terrain and ve2etation. <here possi.le, use eDuipment and antennae that can .e removed 1hen not in use. 6. Remove eCistin2 shelters used .y personnel ta>in2 sno1 measurements from 1ilderness as soon as possi.le after esta.lishin2 adeDuate correlations .et1een manual sno1 course measurement and the automated sensin2 device. -. #ooperate fully 1ith other Federal or +tate a2encies and other entities collectin2 sno1 measurements. Belp them to 1or> 1ithin the constraints of the <ilderness *ct and assist them in data 2atherin2 or locatin2 data sites outside of 1ilderness areas. 2323#35 - We)!=e+ M" '%'&)!'"n O(e+ W'0 e+ne-!o not permit lon2-term 1eather modification pro2rams that produce, durin2 any part of successive years, a repeated or prolon2ed chan2e in the 1eather directly affectin2 1ilderness areas. +ee F+5 2323.09 for approvals. *pprove 1ilderness as a tar2et area for 1eather modification only 1henE 1. The proponent can provide scientifically supporta.le evidence that the activities 1ill not produce permanent, su.stantial chan2es in natural conditions. 2. The proposal includes no feature that 1ill visi.ly alter or other1ise impact the 1ilderness environment.
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3. The proposal includes no feature that is li>ely to reduce the value of 1ilderness for recreation, scenic, scientific, educational, conservation, or historical use. +hort-term 1eather modification activities that produce only occasional, incidental, temporary, or transitory chan2es in the 1eather 1ith carryover 2round effects that last only a fe1 days .eyond the actual cloud-seedin2 period may .e permitted. 2323#5 - M)n).emen! "% F"+e-! C"(e+ 2323#51 - O/?e&!'(e 5ana2e forest cover to retain the primeval character of the environment and to allo1 natural ecolo2ical processes to operate freely. 2323#52 - P"0'&> 1. /ermit ecolo2ical processes to operate naturally. 2. Reco2niAe .oth climaC and successional .iotic communities as natural and desira.le. 3. *llo1, 1herever possi.le, the natural process of healin2 in handlin2 distur.ed communities. #onsider structural or ve2etative assistance only as a last resort. 9. &nly allo1 ve2etation to .e cut or sold 1hen necessary for 1ilderness purposes or on valid minin2 claims under specified conditions, or 1hen emer2ency conditions li>e fire, insect and disease, or protectin2 pu.lic safety ma>e it necessary. 2323#53 - T+ee U-e 2323#53) - A m'n'-!+)!'(e U-e Trees may .e cut for use in the construction and maintenance of authoriAed structures located 1ithin the 1ilderness 1hen it is not reasona.ly possi.le to o.tain the necessary material from outside the 1ilderness. #ut trees a1ay from trails or campsites and remove or dis2uise the evidence of cuttin2. 5eet the visual Duality o.;ective of retention. 2323#53/ - F*e0B"" =imit fuel1ood cuttin2 to dead or do1n material. !efine any restrictions on the use of 1ood for fuel in the forest plan or implementation schedule. #onsider 1ildlife needs for standin2 dead trees.
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2323#53 - Re%"+e-!)!'"n *llo1 reforestation only if a loss of the 1ilderness resource, due to human influence, has occurred and there is no reasona.le eCpectation of natural reforestation. 2323#7 - M)n).emen! "% A'+ Re-"*+&e 2323#71 - O/?e&!'(e1. /rotect air Duality and related values, includin2 visi.ility, on 1ilderness land desi2nated class " .y the #lean *ir *ct as amended in 1777 3F+5 21204. 2. /rotect air Duality in 1ilderness areas not Dualifyin2 as class " under the same o.;ectives as those for other %ational Forest +ystem lands 3F+5 21204. 2323#72 - P"0'&> 1. !efine air Duality related values 3*JR@4 and initiate action to protect those values. 2. For each air Duality related value, select sensitive indicators, monitor, and esta.lish the accepta.le level of protection needed to prevent adverse impacts 3F+5 21204. 3. !etermine the potential impacts of proposed facilities in coordination 1ith +tate air Duality mana2ement a2encies. 5a>e appropriate recommendations in the permittin2 process follo1in2 esta.lished /revention of +i2nificant !eterioration application revie1 procedures for ma;or emission sources. ReDuests to air Duality mana2ement a2encies for consideration of class "" values in the permit process are appropriate 3F+5 21204. 9. 5ana2e smo>e from mana2ement i2nited prescri.ed fires occurrin2 in or ad;acent to class " 1ilderness areas in a manner that causes the least impact on air Duality related values 3F+5 23294. 2323#4 - M)n).emen! "% M'ne+)0- )n M'ne+)0 M)!e+')02323#41 - A*!="+'!> +ection 93d4324 of the <ilderness *ct authoriAes activity for the purpose of 2atherin2 information a.out mineral resources. +ection 93d4334 authoriAes mineral eCploration and development operations only 1here there are valid eCistin2 ri2hts. +u.seDuent acts desi2natin2 specific 1ilderness areas may provide specific direction for the mana2ement of mineral activities. Re2ulations at 3- #FR 228 and 273 provide direction for mana2in2 mineral activities in 1ilderness.
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2323#42 - O/?e&!'(e1. To preserve the 1ilderness environment 1hile allo1in2 activities for the purpose of 2atherin2 information a.out mineral resources. 2. To ensure that mineral eCploration and development operations conducted in accordance 1ith valid eCistin2 ri2hts for federally o1ned, locata.le, and leasa.le minerals 3F+5 2810 and F+5 28204 and for nonfederally o1ned minerals 3F+5 28304 preservin2 the 1ilderness resource to the eCtent possi.le. 3. To ensure the restoration of lands distur.ed durin2 eCploration and development activities as nearly as practica.le promptly upon a.andonment of operations. 2323#43 - P"0'&> 1. *llo1 the 2atherin2 of information on mineral resources if the activity is conducted in a manner compati.le 1ith the preservation of the 1ilderness environment. !o not authoriAe si2nificant surface distur.ance in search of indirect evidence or indications of mineral resources, and do not allo1 motoriAed or mechanical eDuipment use unless it meets the conditions of section 93c4 of the <ilderness *ct. 2. @erify valid mineral ri2hts .efore approvin2 eCploration and development activities. 3. *pprove eCploration and development activities on valid mineral ri2hts only after ensurin2 that mineral operations plans contain stipulations to protect the 1ilderness character of the land consistent 1ith the ri2hts of the mineral o1ner or operator. 2323#43 - G)!=e+'n. M'ne+)0 In%"+m)!'"n /ermit information 2atherin2 activities that involve only very minor surface distur.ance and are compati.le 1ith the preservation of the 1ilderness environment. *uthoriAe these activities 1ith a 2eolo2ic eCploration permit 3F+5 28204 or intera2ency a2reement. "nformation 2atherin2 activities that may .e allo1ed are surface mappin20 eCcavation and samplin2 1ith hand tools0 seismic, 2ravity, ma2netic, heat flo1, resistivity, and other 2eophysical or 2eochemical surveys0 and stream sediment surveys. nsure that mineral surveys conducted .y the (.+. ?eolo2ical +urvey and 'ureau of 5ines 3reDuired .y section 93d4324 of the <ilderness *ct4 are conducted as much as practica.le 1ithout the use of motoriAed eDuipment or mechanical transport. *pprove the use of motoriAed eDuipment only under the same conditions specified in Forest +ervice *dministrative (se 3F+5 232-4.
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2323#45 - V)0' EC'-!'n. R'.=!(pon receipt of a %otice of "ntention to &perate or /roposed &peratin2 /lan for eCploration and development, determine if valid ri2hts eCisted prior to mineral 1ithdra1al and 1hat ri2hts are reco2niAed. 5ineral 1ithdra1al dates 1ere esta.lished .y the acts desi2natin2 the area as 1ilderness. 2323#45) - M'n'n. C0)'m #onsistent 1ith the valid eCistin2 ri2hts, revie1 and approve operatin2 plans that incorporate reasona.le terms and conditions for the protection of the 1ilderness character of the area, and that provide for restoration as near as practica.le of the distur.ed lands promptly upon a.andonment of operations 3see F+5 28104. #laimants may conduct on-the-2round minin2 or minin2 related activities on valid minin2 claims in desi2nated 1ilderness. Bo1ever, .efore authoriAin2 such activities under a /lan of &perations, the authoriAed officer must ensure that the claimantE 1. Bas complied 1ith the filin2 for record reDuirements of +ection 3193a4314 and 324 of the Federal =and 5ana2ement /olicy *ct of 177-. 2. 5ade a discovery of a valua.le mineral deposit .efore January 1, 1789, or other le2al date of mineral 1ithdra1al, and thus has a valid eCistin2 ri2ht as of that date. The authoriAed officer shall schedule an appropriate on-the-2round validity investi2ation .y a Dualified Forest +ervice mineral eCaminer 1hen a claimant,operator files a %otice of "ntention to &perate or /lan of &perations in accordance 1ith 33- #FR 228.94. The authoriAed officer should also schedule validity investi2ations in response to mineral patent applications, in cases involvin2 suspected occupancy misuse of minin2 claims, and for protection of Federal capital investments 3such as administrative sites, trailheads, and airfields4. "n accordance 1ith 3- #FR 227.63.4, the authoriAed officer may approve operations for the sole purpose of performin2 reDuisite annual assessment 1or> only 1hen proposed activities 1ill not cause si2nificant impact to 1ilderness values and such proposed activities are not specifically prohi.ited .y the <ilderness *ct. Bo1ever, if proposed assessment 1or> 1ill cause si2nificant impact and the operator is una.le or un1illin2 to propose accepta.le alternatives that 1ill not cause si2nificant impact, the authoriAed officer must first determine that a valid claim eCisted as of the 1ithdra1al date, .efore approvin2 the operation.
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"f assessment 1or> is not the purpose and,or the issue of validity has not .een determined, 3#FR 228.63a4334 provides a .asis for reDuestin2 chan2es in the proposed plan of operations to include supportin2 evidence from the claimant,operator that a claim is valid. This evidence may include, .ut is not limited to, reports .y minin2 en2ineers or 2eolo2ists, data re2ardin2 2rade and tonna2e, production records, and assay reports, and must .e verified .y a Forest +ervice mineral eCaminer. 2323#45/ - Fe e+)0 Le)-e "+ Pe+m'! #onsistent 1ith the valid eCistin2 ri2hts, revie1 1ith the 'ureau of =and 5ana2ement and provide recommendations a.out or consent to the approval of operatin2 plans that incorporate reasona.le terms and conditions for the protection of the 1ilderness character of the area, and that provide for restoration as near as practica.le of the distur.ed lands promptly upon a.andonment of operations 3F+5 28204. 2323#45& - M'ne+)0 Re-e+()!'"n "+ O*!-!)n 'n. M'ne+)0 R'.=! #onsistent 1ith the valid eCistin2 ri2hts, revie1 and approve operatin2 plans that incorporate reasona.le terms and conditions for the protection of the 1ilderness character of the area, and that provide for restoration as near as practica.le of the distur.ed lands promptly upon a.andonment of operations 3F+5 28304. 2323#47 - M'ne+)0 M)!e+')0!eny applications for permits and leases to eCtract mineral materials, such as common varieties of sand, 2ravel, stone, and similar materials. 2323#9 - M)n).emen! "% C*0!*+)0 )n H'-!"+'& Re-"*+&e2323#91 - A*!="+'!> The protection and mana2ement of cultural resources in 1ilderness are 2uided .y the *ntiDuities *ct 31- (.+.#. 931 et seD4., Bistoric +ites *ct 31- (.+.#. 9-14, %ational Bistoric /reservation *ct 31- (.+.#. 9704, and implementin2 re2ulations 3- #FR 800, Cecutive &rder 11673, *rchaeolo2ical and Bistoric !ata /reservation *ct 317794, %ational nvironmental /olicy *ct 392 (.+.#. 93214, *rchaeolo2ical Resource /rotection *ct of 1777, and the individual forest and mana2ement plans. 2323#92 - P"0'&> 1. #ultural resources are availa.le for scientific study to the eCtent that the study is consistent 1ith the concept of 1ilderness, the intent of the <ilderness *ct, and cultural resource mana2ement o.;ectives.
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2. #ultural resources are availa.le for recreational, scenic, scientific, educational, conservation, and historic uses, consistent 1ith mana2ement as 1ilderness. 2323#93 - S!* 'e- )n M)n).emen! *nalyAe on a case-.y-case .asis those studies reDuirin2 eCcavation of sites or dismantlin2 of structures. nsure that they are compati.le 1ith 1ilderness and cultural resource o.;ectives as stated in the forest plan. *s a 2eneral rule, ca.ins, shelters, or other structures approachin2 60 years of a2e should .e eCamined for their cultural resource value. Remove those sites or structures that do not Dualify for the %ational Re2ister 3F+5 23-04 or allo1 them to deteriorate naturally unless they areE 1. !eemed necessary to support pu.lic purposes of 1ilderness, as set forth in section 93.4 of the <ilderness *ct0 or, 2. +erve administrative purposes 3sec. 93c4 of the <ilderness *ct4. "nterpretation of cultural resources located in 1ilderness shall .e done outside the 1ilderness. @er.al interpretive services .y Dualified 1ilderness ran2ers, volunteers, or permitted 2uides are accepta.le. 5ana2ement direction for cultural resources eli2i.le for nomination to the %ational Re2ister is su.;ect to compliance 1ith section 10- of the %ational Bistoric /reservation *ct and 3- #FR 800 3F+5 23--4. * decision to remove, maintain, or allo1 a historic or prehistoric structure to deteriorate naturally is a Federal underta>in2 that 1ill affect the cultural resource. Re2ional Foresters may approve sta.iliAation or restoration and su.seDuent maintenance of such structures if their continued eCistence is essential to cultural resource mana2ement. !o not use motoriAed eDuipment for restoration or maintenance unless essential 3F+5 232-4. 2323 - MANAGEMENT OF SUPPORT ACTIVITIES IN WILDERNESS 2323#03 - Re-,"n-'/'0'!'e2323#03) - C='e% The #hief is responsi.le for approvin2E 1. "nsect and disease pro;ects that do not meet conditions descri.ed in F+5 2329.09.. 2. Replacement of Forest +ervice facilities at administrative sites and construction of .uildin2s for cooperatin2 a2encies that have responsi.ilities 1ithin %ational Forest 1ilderness. 3. Ctendin2 or 1idenin2 of eCistin2 airfields and construction of ne1 airfields.
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9. #onstruction and maintenance of heliports a1ay from eCistin2 administrative sites. 6. <ilderness si2n standards. 2323#03/ - Re.'"n)0 F"+e-!e+ The Re2ional Forester is responsi.le forE 1. *pprovin2 insect and disease control pro;ects 1ithin 1ilderness 1hen the follo1in2 conditions eCistE a. There is an immediate threat of unaccepta.le dama2e to resources outside the 1ilderness .oundary or of unnatural loss of the 1ilderness resource due to eCotic pests. .. The threat cannot reasona.ly .e a.ated .y control actions ta>en outside the 1ilderness .oundary. 2. *pprovin2 the use of prescri.ed fire on a 1ilderness .y 1ilderness .asis throu2h approval of the appropriate mana2ement plan. The mana2ement plan sets forth the standards and 2uidelines for the use and application of prescri.ed fire and the methods of monitorin2 results. 3. *pprovin2 construction of ne1 fire loo>outs. 9. !eterminin2 if it is in the pu.lic interest to continue use of installations or structures that eCisted under valid special-use permits or easements 1hen the 1ilderness 1as desi2nated. 6. *pprovin2 special-use permits for access to valid occupancies and private lands 1hen such use involves construction, reconstruction, or restoration of roads, or other su.stantial surface distur.ance. -. *pprovin2 construction of nonemer2ency helispots. 2323#03& - F"+e-! S*,e+('-"+ The Forest +upervisor is responsi.le for approvin2E 1. Reconstruction of eCistin2 fire loo>outs. 2. #onstruction of helispots for 1ildfire suppression and emer2encies. 3. ReDuests to conduct research.
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9. +pecial-use permits for access to valid occupancies and private lands, eCcept those involvin2 construction, reconstruction, or restoration of roads or 1here other su.stantial surface distur.ance is essential. 2323#1 - M)n).emen! "% In-e&!- )n D'-e)-e2323#11 - O/?e&!'(e1. To allo1 indi2enous insect and plant diseases to play, as nearly as possi.le, their natural ecolo2ical role 1ithin 1ilderness. 2. To protect the scientific value of o.servin2 the effect of insects and diseases on ecosystems and identifyin2 2enetically resistant plant species. 3. To control insect and plant disease epidemics that threatens ad;acent lands or resources. 2323#12 - P"0'&> 1. !o not control insect or plant disease out.rea>s unless it is necessary to prevent unaccepta.le dama2e to resources on ad;acent lands or an unnatural loss to the 1ilderness resource due to eCotic pests. 2. Trees 1ithin the 1ilderness have no commercial value. !o not consider the commercial value of trees in 1ilderness in evaluations for insect and disease control. 2323#13 - De!e&!'"n #onduct surveys to monitor forest insects or diseases in 1ilderness in a manner that preserves the 1ilderness character of the area. ?enerally this 1ill .e in the same manner as that prescri.ed for other %ational Forest +ystem lands 3F+5 39124. 5odify any procedures that are in conflict 1ith 1ilderness mana2ement o.;ectives. 2323#13 - E()0*)!'"n "% E,' em'&/erform a .iolo2ical evaluation of insect or disease out.rea>s that have .een detected as prescri.ed in F+5 3921. !o not allo1 cost-.enefit evaluation 3F+5 39224 to influence decisions on treatment of insect disease out.rea>s in 1ilderness to the same de2ree this evaluation affects decisions on other %ational Forest +ystem land. <ei2h the effects of insect or disease epidemics on the 1ilderness or on resource values outside the 1ilderness a2ainst the adverse effects of a control pro;ect in the 1ilderness.
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2323#15 - C"n!+"0 Me)-*+e<hen control of insects or disease is necessary in %ational Forest 1ilderness, it shall .e carried out .y measures that have the least adverse impact on the 1ilderness resource and are compati.le 1ith 1ilderness mana2ement o.;ectives. 5eet the reDuirements in F+5 2329.09, F+5 2161, F+5 3930, and F+5 1760 in carryin2 out insect and disease control pro;ects in 1ilderness. +pecial care must .e ta>en 1ith the use of chemicals inside 1ilderness .ecause of possi.le effects on the total .iolo2ical compleC. #onsider other alternatives to chemical use in the environmental analysis. 2323#2 - M)n).emen! "% F'+e 2323#21 - O/?e&!'(eThe o.;ectives of fire mana2ement in 1ilderness are toE 1. /ermit li2htnin2 caused fires to play, as nearly as possi.le, their natural ecolo2ical role 1ithin 1ilderness. 2. Reduce, to an accepta.le level, the ris>s and conseDuences of 1ildfire 1ithin 1ilderness or escapin2 from 1ilderness. 2323#22 - P"0'&> 1. T1o types of prescri.ed fires may .e approved for use 1ithin 1ildernessE those i2nited .y li2htnin2 and allo1ed to .urn under prescri.ed conditions and those i2nited .y Dualified Forest +ervice officers. 2. %o fire may .e i2nited or allo1ed to .urn 1ithout documented, preplanned, specified conditions. 3. !ocument specific o.;ectives, standards, and 2uidelines for the control of 1ildfire and the use of prescri.ed fire 1ithin each 1ilderness 3F+5 6100, 6160, and 61704 in a forest plan or, 1here the forest plannin2 process has not .een completed, in either an interim 1ilderness mana2ement or fire mana2ement area plan. !ocument specific direction for fire pro2ram implementation in the forest fire mana2ement action plan 3F+B 6107.174. 9. +uppress all 1ildfires 1ithin 1ilderness in accordance 1ith the direction F+5 6130. 6. Fire i2nited .y li2htnin2 may .e permitted to .urn if prescri.ed in an approved plan 3F+5 2329 and 61604.
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-. Forest +ervice mana2ers may i2nite a prescri.ed fire in 1ilderness to reduce unnatural .uildups of fuels only if necessary to meet at least one of the 1ilderness fire mana2ement o.;ectives set forth in F+5 2329.21 and if all of the follo1in2 conditions are metE a. The use of prescri.ed fire or other fuel treatment measures outside of 1ilderness is not sufficient to achieve fire mana2ement o.;ectives 1ithin 1ilderness. .. *n interdisciplinary team of resource specialists has evaluated and recommended the proposed use of prescri.ed fire. c. The interested pu.lic has .een involved appropriately in the decision. d. =i2htnin2-caused fires cannot .e allo1ed to .urn .ecause they 1ill pose serious threats to life and,or property 1ithin 1ilderness or to life, property, or natural resources outside of 1ilderness. 7. !o not use prescri.ed fire in 1ilderness to .enefit 1ildlife, maintain ve2etative types, improve fora2e production, or enhance other resource values. *lthou2h these additional effects may result from a decision to use prescri.ed fire, use fire in 1ilderness only to meet 1ilderness fire mana2ement o.;ectives. 8. !o not use mana2ement i2nited fire to achieve 1ilderness fire mana2ement o.;ectives 1here li2htnin2-caused fires can achieve them. 2323#23 - F'+e M)n).emen! A&!'('!'e#onduct all fire mana2ement activities 1ithin 1ilderness in a manner compati.le 1ith overall 1ilderness mana2ement o.;ectives. ?ive preference to usin2 methods and eDuipment that cause the leastE 1. *lteration of the 1ilderness landscape. 2. !istur.ance of the land surface. 3. !istur.ance to visitor solitude. 9. Reduction of visi.ility durin2 periods of visitor use. 6. *dverse effect on other air Duality related values. =ocate fire camps, helispots, and other temporary facilities or improvements outside of the 1ilderness .oundary 1henever feasi.le. Reha.ilitate distur.ed areas 1ithin 1ilderness to as natural an appearance as possi.le.
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2323#3 - M)n).emen! "% S!+*&!*+e- )n Im,+"(emen!2323#31 - O/?e&!'(e To limit structures and improvements for administrative purposes or under special-use permit to those actually needed for mana2ement, protection, and use of the 1ilderness for the purposes for 1hich the 1ilderness 1as esta.lished. 2323#32 - P0)nn'n. !ocument the need for administrative and eCistin2 special use permitted improvements in forest plans. !evelop removal schedules for those improvements considered unnecessary. /rovide an historical evaluation 1hen needed. !etermine the lon2-term need of the improvement and its location .efore authoriAin2 su.stantial maintenance for administrative or permitted improvements. #onsider alternative locations that may .e more compati.le 1ith the 1ilderness resource. 2323#33 - S!+*&!*+e- )n Im,+"(emen!- Nee e %"+ A m'n'-!+)!'"n 2323#33) - A m'n'-!+)!'(e S'!e(nless other1ise authoriAed .y the #hief, limit eCistin2 administrative sites to the eCistin2 structures or replace them 1ith similar structures of compati.le desi2n. Justify the need for eCistin2 stations in forest plans. !o not plan any ne1 stations in 1ilderness. 2323#33/ - F'+e L""@"*!3+ee F+5 61004. #onstruct or maintain loo>outs for fire detection purposes 1henE 1. They are necessary to achieve 1ilderness mana2ement o.;ectives and 1here it is not feasi.le to accomplish such o.;ectives .y means more compati.le 1ith 1ilderness values0 or 2. They are necessary to protect values outside the 1ilderness. The need and disposition of eCistin2 loo>outs shall .e documented in the forest plan. For approvals, see F+5 2329.09.
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2323#33& - Fen&e#onstruct permanent corrals and fences for the control of administrative pac> and saddle stoc> only at administrative sites 1here re2ular use of the animals is for periods of more than a fe1 days duration. 'uild and maintain fences 1ith materials compati.le to the 1ilderness environment. !o not .uild ne1 permanent 1ire fences. *s replacement .ecomes necessary, remove or replace eCistin2 1ire fences 1ith fences of compati.le materials. +ee F+5 2323.2- for livestoc> fences and 2323.13 for recreation stoc> facilities. 2323#33 - A'+%'e0 (nless other1ise approved .y the #hief, do not locate ne1 airfields, includin2 emer2ency airstrips, in 1ilderness. (nless other1ise approved .y the #hief, do not eCtend, 1iden, or resurface eCistin2 airfields. !ocument decisions a.out 1hether or not to permit the continued use of eCistin2 airfields for each 1ilderness in the forest plan. =e2islation may mandate that certain airfields remain open. 5aintain airfields .y nonmotoriAed methods only. For further direction see F+5 7720 and F+5 7730. 2323#33e - He0',"+!- )n He0'-,"!1. Beliports. #onstruct and maintain heliports at eCistin2 administrative and airfield sites 1here essential for 1ilderness purposes. ReDuire ;ustification for continued use of eCistin2 heliports or for constructin2 ne1 ones. (nless other1ise approved .y the #hief, do not locate other heliports 1ithin any 1ilderness. valuate and document the need for each heliport in the forest plan. &perate only those heliports considered vital to 1ilderness resource mana2ement. 2. Belispots. The Re2ional Forester may approve the construction of nonemer2ency individual helispots or systems of helispots. F+5 7720 contains 2uidelines for location, construction, and use of helispots. Ccept in emer2ency situations, evaluate and document the need for helispots in the forest plan. 2323#33% - S'.n1. (se a minimum of si2nin2 in 1ilderness. 2. !o not provide 1ilderness si2ns for the convenience of the visitor. *lon2 1ith accurate maps, and 1ilderness education materials, provide a minimum num.er of si2ns for either the routin2 or location of the traveler or the protection of the 1ilderness resource. 3. #onform to the standards and 2uidelines for 1ilderness si2nin2 in F+5 71-0. 9. !o not use interpretive and informational si2ns.
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2323#33. - C"mm*n'&)!'"n S!+*&!*+e5aintain communication structures only as necessary for administration and protection of the 1ilderness. valuate and document the need for communication structures in the forest plan 3F+5 72004. 2323#33 - O!=e+ A.en&> S!+*&!*+e*pprove, mana2e, construct, and maintain structures funded .y cooperatin2 a2encies on %ational Forest lands in the same manner as descri.ed in section 2329.3. <hen eCistin2 improvements deteriorate to the point that normal maintenance does not >eep them usa.le, analyAe the need for such structures. "f they are not essential to meet the minimum reDuirements of 1ilderness administration, or if they are not essential to a continuin2 pro2ram that 1as esta.lished on the .asis of the structure, do not replace them. /eriodically revie1 permits for structures in 1ilderness to determine 1hether or not their continued eCistence is in the pu.lic interest. "f not, terminate the permits and remove the improvements. Forest plans shall assess and direct the disposition of all such structures. 2323#35 - S!+*&!*+e- )n Im,+"(emen!- Nee e %"+ S,e&')0 U-e Pe+m'! O,e+)!'"n/olicy and direction for outfitter and 2uide operations is in F+5 2323.13. 5aintain structures and improvements under other special use permits under the same direction as 2iven for other a2encies or as other1ise authoriAed .y la1. 2323#3 - Re-e)+&= 'n W'0 e+ne-2323#31 - O/?e&!'(e To provide appropriate opportunity for scientific studies that are dependent on a 1ilderness environment. 2323#32 - P"0'&> 1. ncoura2e research in 1ilderness that preserves the 1ilderness character of the area 3F+5 2320.34. 2. "dentify 1ilderness mana2ement or national issues that may reDuire research in forest plans. 3. Revie1 proposals to conduct research in 1ilderness to ensure that research areas outside 1ilderness could not provide similar research opportunities. !irect pro;ects that 1ould ;eopardiAe 1ilderness values to areas outside 1ilderness.
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9. Revie1 research proposals to conduct research in 1ilderness to ensure that research methods are compati.le 1ith 1ilderness values. !o not allo1 the use of motoriAed eDuipment or mechanical transport unless the research is essential to meet minimum reDuirements for administration of the area as 1ilderness and cannot .e done another 1ay 3sec. 93c4 the <ilderness *ct4. "nclude specific stipulations in the approval document. 6. Ccept for studies that clearly reDuire contact 1ithin 1ilderness, allo1 intervie1s or direct contact 1ith visitors only outside 1ilderness. -. /ermit scientific study of cultural resource sites,areas consistent 1ith the direction in F+5 2323.8. 2325 - PRIVATE LANDS WITHIN WILDERNESS DESIGNATED UNDER PU2LIC LAW 63-722 2325#01 - A*!="+'!> 3+ee sec. 2320.1, item -4. 2325#03 - Re-,"n-'/'0'!'e2325#03) - Re.'"n)0 F"+e-!e+ The Re2ional Foresters of the +outhern Re2ion and the astern Re2ion are responsi.le for determinin2 the compati.ility of private land uses 1ithin the 1ilderness areas named in /u.lic =a1 73--22. "f condemnation is necessary, follo1 procedures as directed in F+5 6900. 2325#03/ - F"+e-! S*,e+('-"+ The Forest +upervisor 1ith ;urisdiction over a 1ilderness desi2nated .y the /= 73--22 is responsi.le forE 1. nsurin2 that all private lando1ners >no1 that they must notify the Forest +upervisor -0 days .efore any transfer of lands or land-use chan2e that results in ne1 construction, .efore any land distur.ance, or .efore use of motoriAed eDuipment. 2. "nitiatin2 and maintainin2 an inventory and record of the purpose for and manner of use of private lands 1ithin as 1ilderness areas desi2nated .y /u.lic =a1 73--22. 3. *c>no1led2in2 receipt of notification .y lando1ner of any proposed chan2e in use or status of private lands. 9. ReDuestin2 notification of land transfer or chan2e in use if an o1ner has failed to provide such notification.
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2327 - USE OF MOTORI8ED EQUIPMENT OR MECHANICAL TRANSPORT IN WILDERNESS 2327#02 - O/?e&!'(e1. *ccomplish mana2ement activities 1ith nonmotoriAed eDuipment and nonmechanical transport of supplies and personnel. 2. Cclude the si2ht, sound, and other tan2i.le evidence of motoriAed eDuipment or mechanical transport 1ithin 1ilderness eCcept 1here they are needed and ;ustified. 2327#03 - P"0'&> 1. nsure that Forest +ervice employees acDuire and maintain necessary s>ills for primitive travel .y foot, horse, canoe, or other nonmechanical means and the use of hand tools. For definitions see F+5 2320.6. 2. !o not approve the use of motoriAed eDuipment or mechanical transport unless ;ustified as descri.ed in 232-.1. For definitions see F+5 2320.6. 3. !iscoura2e fli2hts over 1ilderness 1ithin 2,000 feet of the 2round surface, eCcept in emer2encies or for essential military missions. 3The Federal *viation *dministration 3F**4 has a2reed to and the %ational &ceanic and *tmospheric *dministration 3%&**4 has posted, for the F**, a 2,000 foot over terrain fli2ht advisory on appropriate aeronautical charts. +pecific le2islative provisions re2ardin2 overfli2ht pertain to certain 1ildernesses.4 #ooperate 1ith the Federal *viation *dministration, the %ational &ceanic and *tmospheric *dministration, military authorities, and 1ith local pilots to promote compliance 1ith the 2,000 foot limit, to >eep aeronautical charts current, and to reduce lo1 level fli2ht. 2327#03 - Re-,"n-'/'0'!> 2327#03) - C='e% The #hief is responsi.le for approvin2 any use of motor vehicles and motoriAed eDuipment, eCcept 1here the authority has .een dele2ated to the Re2ional Forester 3F+5 232-.09.4 and the Forest +upervisor 3F+5 232-.09c4. 2327#03/ - Re.'"n)0 F"+e-!e+ The Re2ional Forester is responsi.le for approvin2E 1. Transport and supply .y aircraft, air drop, motor .oat, or mechanical transport for situations that meet the conditions under items 2, 9, or 6, in F+5 232-.1.
2320 Page 5. of 56
2. Band-porta.le motoriAed eDuipment for needs that meet conditions listed under item 6 of F+5 232-.1. 3. 5otoriAed 2round eDuipment not desi2ned for personnel transport and of a type or siAe that is controlled from a position afoot. 9. (se of motor vehicles, motoriAed eDuipment, and mechanical transport for situations involvin2 esta.lished livestoc> 2raAin2 operations 3F+5 2209 and 2323.24, and transport of 1ildlife or fish 1hen nonmotoriAed means are not feasi.le 3F+5 2323.34. 6. (se of motoriAed eDuipment specifically allo1ed .y individual 1ilderness acts su.seDuent to the <ilderness *ct. 2327#03& - F"+e-! S*,e+('-"+ The Forest +upervisor approves the use of motoriAed eDuipment or mechanical transport under conditions descri.ed in section 232-.1, item 1 or 3. Bo1ever, the Re2ional Forester shall approve the use of tractors for fire suppression. 2327#1 - C"n '!'"n- Un e+ W='&= U-e M)> 2e A,,+"(e *llo1 the use of motoriAed eDuipment or mechanical transport only forE 1. mer2encies 1here the situation involves an inescapa.le ur2ency and temporary need for speed .eyond that availa.le .y primitive means. #ate2ories include fire suppression, health and safety, la1 enforcement involvin2 serious crime or fu2itive pursuit, removal of deceased persons, and aircraft accident investi2ations. 2. *ircraft or motor.oat use esta.lished .efore the area 1as desi2nated as 1ilderness .y the *ct of 17-9 or su.seDuent 1ilderness le2islation. 3. Cploration and development of valid eCistin2 mineral ri2hts 3F+5 2323.74.
9. *ccess to surrounded +tate and private lands and valid occupancies 3F+5 232-.134. 6. To meet minimum needs for protection and administration of the area as 1ilderness, only as follo1sE a. * delivery or application pro.lem necessary to meet 1ilderness o.;ectives cannot .e resolved 1ithin reason throu2h the use of nonmotoriAed methods. .. *n essential activity is impossi.le to accomplish .y nonmotoriAed means .ecause of such factors as time or season limitations, safety, or other material restrictions.
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c. * necessary and continuin2 pro2ram 1as esta.lished around the use of motoriAed eDuipment .efore the unit .ecame a part of the %ational <ilderness /reservation +ystem, and the continued use of motoriAed eDuipment is essential to continuation of the pro2ram. d. Removal of aircraft 1rec>a2e 1hen nonmotoriAed methods are unsuita.le. +pecify, for each 1ilderness, the places and circumstances in 1hich motoriAed eDuipment, mechanical transport, or aircraft are necessary for protection and administration of the 1ilderness and its resources in the forest plan. The =ine &fficer approvin2 the use of motoriAed eDuipment, aircraft, or mechanical transport shall specify 1hat uses of that eDuipment are suita.le and 1ill have the least lastin2 impact to the 1ilderness resource. +chedule use of this eDuipment to minimiAe impact on 1ilderness visitors. 2327#11 - U-e "% M"!"+'Ae ED*',men! /> O!=e+ G"(e+nmen! A.en&'e*pprove the use of motoriAed eDuipment, aircraft, or mechanical transport .y other 2overnment a2encies in %ational Forest 1ilderness in the same manner and under the same conditions stipulated for Forest +ervice use 3sec. 232-.14. +pecial provision is 2iven for access to eCistin2 sno1 measurement sites 3sec. 2323.994. 2327#12 - U-e "% M"!"+'Ae ED*',men! /> V)0' O&&*,)n!- "% N)!'"n)0 F"+e-! L)n *pprove the use of motoriAed eDuipment and,or mechanical transport .y valid occupants of %ational Forest +ystem lands in 1ilderness usin2 criteria in section 232-.1. 2327#13 - A&&e-- !" S*++"*n e S!)!e )n P+'()!e L)n , V)0' M'n'n. C0)'m-, "+ O!=e+ V)0' O&&*,)n&'e1. +urrounded +tate and /rivate =and. nsure adeDuate access to +tates or persons, and their successors in interest, 1ho o1n land completely surrounded .y 1ilderness. *deDuate access is defined in 3- #FR 273.12 and section 2320.6. /revent unauthoriAed road construction or motoriAed transport across 1ilderness. The Re2ional Forester may provide these lando1ners 1ith 1ritten permission to use 1ilderness routes or motoriAed modes of travel not availa.le to the 2eneral pu.lic. <hen the eCercise of these ri2hts of access to surrounded land 1ould .e detrimental to 1ilderness values, attempt to acDuire the land .y purchase or eCchan2e or donation .efore 2rantin2 access. 2. @alid 5inin2 #laims or &ther @alid &ccupancies. /ermit access to valid occupancies accordin2 to the direction in 3- #FR 273.13.
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"nclude proposals for access 1ithin the .oundaries of the claim area in the operatin2 plan. *uthoriAe access off the claim area .y special use permit if there is approval for other than primitive access 3F+5 27104. 2324 - RECORDS AND REPORTS 2324#1 - Ann*)0 Re,"+! !" C"n.+e-Field units shall su.mit information a.out the status of the %ational <ilderness /reservation +ystem for the annual report .y %ovem.er 1. Report chan2es in acrea2e since the last report, re2ulations in effect, and current pertinent mana2ement information or recommendations. 2329 - MANAGEMENT OF CERTAIN WILDERNESS AREAS 2329#03 - Re-,"n-'/'0'!'eRe2ional Foresters and Forest +upervisors shall issue directions for implementin2 specific le2islation esta.lishin2 specific 1ilderness areas under their ;urisdiction throu2h the directives system. 2326 - MANAGEMENT OF WILDERNESS STUD: AREAS ;RESERVED<

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FOREST SERVICE MANUAL NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS (WO) WASHINGTON, DC

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