Ray Optics Modify

INTRODUCTION
The branch of physics which deals with the nature of light, its sources, properties, effects and vision is
called optics. Light is that form of energy which makes objects visible to our eye.
USES
The science of optics is by far an important part of our life and our economy. It is due to optics that we have
discovered our universe from the microscopic virus to the largest galaxy. It is due to optics that we see the
colours of a rainbow, sparkling of diamond, twinkling of stars, shining of air bubble in water etc.
NATURE, PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR
1. Huygen gave wave theory of light. Maxwell showed that light is an electromagnetic wave, which consists
of oscillation of electric feld and magnetic feld perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to direction
of propagation in space.
2. The wavelength of light typically varies form 400nm to 700 nm. The limits of the visible spectrum are
not well defned because the eye sensitivity curve approaches the axis asymptotically at both long and
short wavelengths. This theory explained beautifully refection, refraction, interference, diffraction and
polarization.
Photoelectric effect, Compton effect and several other phenomena associated with emission and absorption
of light could not be explained by wave theory. Therefore, quantum theory of light was developed, mainly
by Planck and Einstein. At present it is believed that light has dual nature i.e., it propagates as a wave but
interacts with matter as a particle.
CLASSIFICATION INTO GEOMETRICAL AND WAVE OPTICS, AND ITS NECESSITY
To make the study of optics easy, it is divided into two parts.
(a) Geometrical or Ray Optics: The phenomena of rectilinear propagation of light, refection and
refraction, are studied in this section.
(b) Wave Optics: The wave behavior of light (like diffraction and interference) is studied in this section.
Geometrical optics can be treated as the limiting case of wave optics when size of obstacle or
opening is very much large than the wavelength of light. Under such conditions, wave nature
of light can be ignored and light can be assumed to be travelling in straight line (rectilinear
propagation). But when size of obstacle or opening is comparable to wavelength of light, rectilinear
propagation is no longer valid and resulting phenomena are explained by using wave nature of
light.
REFLECTION AND ITS LAWS
When light falls on the surface of a material it is either re-emitted without change in frequency or is
absorbed in the material and turned into heat. When the re-emitted light is returned into the same medium
from which it comes, it is called refected light and the process is known refection.
LAW OF REFLECTION:
OPTICS
2 OPTICS
(I) (I)
(N) (N)
(R) (R)
(P)
i i r r
Reflecting
Surface
(P)
T T
Note: To apply laws of refection draw tangent (T) and Normal (N) at the point of refection (P)
1
st
Law : Incident ray (I), normal (N) and refected ray (R) are in same plane.
2
nd
Law : Angle of incidence = Angle of refection

i r =
Mirrors:
1. Plane Mirror 2. Concave Mirror

3. Convex Mirror

REFLECTION AT PLANE SURFACE WITH DIFFERENT EXAMPLES
Image Formation of Point Object by Plane Mirror:
1. Point of intersection of incident light ray is known as object.
2. The point of intersection of refected rays or refracted ray is known as image.
Note: The object and image may be real or virtual
3. For real object the image formed by plane mirror is virtual.
I
M
MO=MI
O
4. For virtual object image formed by plane mirror is real.
M I
R
MO=MI
O
Field of view: Region in which diverging rays from object or image are actually present is known as
feld of view.
Case 1: Field of view for real object
3 OPTICS
Field of view
Field of view
O
I
I
Case 2: Field of view for virtual object
Field of view
O
I
Image formation of extended object by plane mirror :
Case 1: Case 2:

A
B
A
B

A
B
A
B
NGE OF VISION, DEVIATION PRODUCED BY MIRROR
Angle of Deviation: The angle between the direction of incident and refected (refracted) light ray is known
as angle of deviation.
i i r r

angle of deviation
(i r) = +
Assume
i r , = =
then
(2 ) =
180
90
(angle of
incidence)
(angle of deviation)
Normal incidence:
(N)
(R)
(I)
(N)
(R)
(I)
i r 0, = = =
4 OPTICS
Grazing Incidence:
(N)
(R)
(I)
(N)
(R) (I)
i 90 r = =
and
0 =
PROPERTIES OF IMAGE FORMED BY PLANE MIRROR
Properties of Image Formed by a Plane Mirror of an Extended Object
(i) size of the object = size of the image
(ii) image is laterally inverted.
Illustration 1: A man is standing at distance x from plane mirror in front of him. He wants to see the entire
wall in mirror which is at distance y behind the man. Find the size of mirror ?
O
A
B
M
1
M
2
A
B
O
h
y
x x

Solution: From
1 2
O' MM
and D
O' AB

1 2
MM x
h 2x y
=
+

size of mirror,
1 2
hx
MM
(2x y)
=
+
Note : If
1 2
h
x y, MM
3
= =
Rotation of Plane Mirror:
1. If a plane mirror is rotated through an angle q about an axis in the plane of mirror then refected ray,
image and spot are rotated through an angle 2q in the same sense.
2. If plane mirror is rotated about an axis perpendicular to plane of mirror then refected ray image, spot
do not rotate.
Velocity of image formed by a plane mirror :
(x ,o)
IM
(x ,o)
oM
(o, o)

OM
x
x co-ordinate of object relative to mirror

IM
x
x co-ordinate of image relative to mirror
Here,
IM OM
x x =
differentiating,
OM IM
dx dx
dt dt
=
5 OPTICS

IM OM
v v =

velocity of image relative to mirror = velocity of object relative to mirror.
Illustration 2: Find velocity of image when object and mirror both are moving towards each other with
velocity 2 m/s and 3 ms
-1
. How they are moving ?
Solution: Here
OM IM
v v =

1 1
0 M I M I
v v (v v ) ( 2ms ) ( 3ms ) v ( 3)

= + = +

1
I
v 8ms
=
Combination of Plane Mirrors
To fnd net deviation produced by combination of plane mirror and deviation produced by each mirror. While
adding the deviation ensure that they must be in same direction either clockwise or anticlockwise.
Illustration 3: Two plane mirrors are inclined at 30 as shown in fgure. A light ray is incident at angle 45.
Find total deviation produced by combination of mirror after two successive refection.
30 45
M
1
Solution: deviation at mirror
1 1
M, 180 2 45 90 = =
(clockwise)

deviation at mirror
2 2
M , =
180 - 2 15 = 150 (anti clockwise)

total deviation
2 1
= =
150 - 90 = 60 (anti clockwise)
IMAGES FORMED BY TWO MIRRORS
CASE 1: When the mirrors are parallel to each other
M
1
M
2
I
1
I
2
y
I
1
I
2
(2x+y)
O
x
(2y+x)
y
x
Above fgure shows image formed by object placed at distance y, from M
1
and at distance x
from M
2
. Number of image formed by parallel plane mirrors is infnity.
CASE 2: (when the mirrors are inclined at angle q)
1. All the images formed by two mirrors lie on circle having centre C. Here if angle between
mirror is q then image will formed on circle at angle (2p - q). If angle q is less number of
image formed will be more.

C
2 -
2. If n is number of images, n then
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(a)
360
n 1 =
If

i
360
( ) is even.
360
(ii) is odd and object is kept symmetrically

(b) If
360
n
(
=
(

= fractional number then only integral part is taken.
(c)
360
n
(
=
(

For all other conditions .
Refection at a spherical surface, paraxial and marginal rays
Spherical mirrors are part of polished spherical surface

Convex
mirror
Concave
mirror
R
C
P
P
1. Center of curvature (C): Center of circle of which mirror is a part.
2. Radius of curvature (R): Radius of circle of which mirror is a part .
3. Pole (P): Centre of mirror refecting portion
4. Principal axis: Line which join pole to the centre of curvature
5. Diameter of mirror: Shortest distance between two ends of mirror.
Concept of focus:
According to fgure,
SC
cosi
CQ
=
Here
R
SC
2
=
So,
( )
R
R
2
CQ CQ
cosi 2cosi
= =

Also,
h
sini
R
=

C Q
P
i
h
S
i
2i
T
When
R
i o, CQ
2
=
and
h o
and
TC PC
Paraxial Ray: Rays whose angle of incidence are small are known as paraxial rays.
Marginal Ray: Rays whose angle of incidence are not small are known as marginal rays.
7 OPTICS
FOCUS, FOCAL PLANE, CENTRE OF CURVATURE, RADIUS OF CURVATURE
Focus:
F P f
f
F P
F = Focus
f = Focal length
If paraxial rays are parallel to the axis of mirror they will meet or appear to meet at a point on the axis, the
point is known as focus and the distance between pole and focus is called focal length
Focal plane:
Plane perpendicular to principal axis and passing through focus is known as focal plane
F Primary focus
F Secondary focus
(i) Rays coming from primary focus will become parallel after refection.
(ii) Parallel rays of light after refection will meet at secondary focus.
Centre of curvature:
It is the geometrical centre of the mirror. If light ray passes or appear to pass through centre of curvature
then, it retraces its path.

P F
C
R

P
C F
R
R = Radius of curvature
8 OPTICS
RULES FOR IMAGE FORMATION BY SPHERICAL MIRROR AND RAY DIAGRAM
1. (i) Rays parallel to principal axis passes through focus.
(ii) Rays passing through focus goes parallel to principal axis.
C F
F
2. Ray passing through center of curvature returns in same path.
C
3. In case of convex mirror for real object, image is erect diminished virtual and between pole and focus
Position, nature and magnifcation of image and mirror formula
SIGN CONVENTION:
1. Pole is taken as origin and principal axis is taken as x-axis
2. Direction of incident light is taken as direction of +ve x-axis
3. Object, focus, image are referred by their co-ordinates.
4. Height above principal axis is taken as positive.
MIRROR FORMULA:

1 1 1
v u f
+ =
1. Mirror formula holds only for paraxial rays.
2. Proof : (for point object and concave mirror)
In
CMO i = +
(i)
In
CMI i = +
(ii)
From eqn. (i) and (ii),

( ) = +

2 =

2 + =
(iii)

,
and
are very small

MP MP
tan , tan
PO PI
= = = =
and
MP
tan
PC
= =
9 OPTICS
Substitute the value in equation (iii), we will get
M
P
I
i

i
C

O

1 1 2
PO PI PC
+ =
using,
PO u, PI v = =
and
PC R =

1 1 2
( u) ( v) ( R)
+ =

1 1 2
v u R
+ =

1 1 2 1 1 1
v u 2f v u f
+ = + =
Magnifcation (m):

height of image I
m
height of object O
= =
Proof:
PAB
and
PA' B'
are similar

A' B' AB A' B' PA'
PA' PA AB PA
= =

( I) ( v) I v
m
( O) ( u) O u

= = =
+
1. For Concave mirrors
a. If the object is real, the image formed is real and inverted
b. If the object is real, the image formed is virtual and erect.
c. If the object is virtual, the image formed is real and erect.
2. For Convex mirrors
a. If the object is real, the image formed is virtual and erect.
b. If the object is virtual, the image formed is real and erect.
c. If the object is virtual, the image formed is virtual and inverted.
Method of fnding co-ordinates of image of a point object if the coordinates of objects are known:
10 OPTICS

Here f, should be substituted with sign
Illustration:
Lex

REFRACTION AND ITS LAWS, REFRACTIVE INDEX, SPEED OF LIGHT IN DIFFERENT MEDIA
1. Change in the speed of light as it passes from one medium to other is called refraction
2. Light is deviated due to medium when it is not along the normal
3. Velocity of light in medium

r
r r
C
v =

relative permeability of medium

C
velocity of light in vacuum

r

relative permitivity of medium
4. Absolute refractive index of medium is defned by

m
C
V
=
V
velocity of light in medium.
SNELLS LAW:
(N) Normal
(I) Incident Ray
(R) Refracted Ray

(I)
(N)
Medium(1)
Medium(2)
r
i
2 (R)
11 OPTICS
1.
1 1 2
2 1
2
c
V sini
c
sinr V

= = =

1 2
sini sinr =
where, V
1
and V
2
are velocity of light in frst and second medium.
m
1
and m
2
are refractive index of frst and second medium.
2.
2 1
i r > >

2 1
i r < <

r
i
Denser medium
Rarer medium
2
r
i
Rarer medium
Denser medium
SNELLS LAW IN GENERAL FORM:
1. For different medium of RI

1 2 3
, and
..

1 1 2 2
sin sin =
. = constant

sin =
constant
REFRACTION AT PLANE SURFACE, MEDIUM OF VARIABLE R.I. ALONG ONE DIMENSION
12 OPTICS

REFRACTION AT PLANE SURFACE
Let us consider the situation as shown in fgure. A point object O in medium (1) is viewed from me-
dium (2).
Medium (1)
Medium (2)
Interface
A
i
r
I
M
O
u
v
i
r
From Snells law, we have

1 2
sini sinr =
(i)
Rays are assumed to be paraxial (i.e., near normal viewing). So i and r are very small

sin i tan i i

sin r tan r r
Hence, equation (i) can be rewritten as

1 2
tan i tan r =
or
1 2
AM AM
MO MI
=
or
1 2
u v

=

or
1 2
u v

=
In general, for refraction at plane surface following relation is used :

i r
u v

=
(ii)
where,
i
= refractive index of the medium in which incident rays are present

r
= refractive index of the medium in which refracted rays are present.

Particular Case (I):
When object is in denser medium and viewed from rarer medium. Using equation (ii), we get
Interface
H
H
I
O
Denser Medium (R.I. = )
D
Rarer Medium (R.I. = )
R

0 R
H v

=
or
R D
H
v

=

R D
H
H =
13 OPTICS
also, shift (S) = Real depth (H) Apparent depth (H)
or
Particular Case (II):
When object is in rarer and viewed from denser medium Using equation (ii), we get

R D
H v

=
or
R D
v H =

R D
H' H =
Interface
H
H
I
O
Denser Medium (R.I. = )
D
Rarer Medium (R.I. = )
R
Also, shift (S) = Apparent height (H) Real height (H)
or
R D
S H( 1) =
.
2. If refractive index of a medium is function of
x, f(x) =
then normal should be along x axis.
3. If refractive index of a medium is function of
y, f(y) =
then normal should along y- axis.
Critical angle and T.I.R
i
D
i<
C

i=
C
i
D
i>
C
i

D

Refractive index of denser medium ;
R

Refractive index of rarer medium.
1. When a ray propagates from denser medium to rarer medium for 90 angle of refraction
corresponding angle of incidence is known as critical angle.
2. At critical angle refraction takes place

R
D C R C
D
sin sin90 sin

= =
3. Critical angle does not depend on angle of incidence.

REFRACTION THROUGH SLAB AND PRISM, DEVIATION
Refraction through slab:
Let us consider a slab of thickness d and R.I.
as shown in fgure.
14 OPTICS
d
x
S
O
I
1
I
2
Air
Slab
Air
Consider refraction at airslab interface

1
x v
or
1
v x =
Now, I
1
will act as object for refraction at slabair interface

2
1
(d x) v
=
+
or
2
d
v x
| |
= +
|
\ .

shift (S)
d 1
d x x d 1
| | | |
= + + =
| |

\ . \ .
.
1. For real or virtval object the shift will be in the direction of incident wave
2. For multiple slabs, the net shift S is given by

Dispersion by Prism:
Prism is combination of two plane refracting surface

A
angle of prism

i
angle of incidence

e
angle of emergence

angle of deviation

1 2
180 A 180 (r r ) = +
15 OPTICS

1 2
A r r = +
(i)
deviation
1 2 1 2
(i r ) (e r ) = + = +

1 2
(i e) (r r ) = + +
Using equation (i),
(i e) A = +
(ii)
d - i graph
(angle of incidence)
Minimum Deviation:
For minimum deviation
i e =
,
So,
min
min
A
2i A i
2
+
= =
(i)
Also,
1 2
A
r r r 2r A r
2
= = = =
(ii)
Using Snells law,

1sini sinr =

min
A A
sin sin
2 2
+
=

min
( A)
sin
2
A
sin
2
+
=
Maximum Deviation:
At maximum deviation
e 90 =
and
max min
i 90 A = +
To fnd i
min
in different condition

2 C
r =
and
1 C
r A =
A
i
min e r
2 r
1
Using Snells law,
min C
sini sin(A ) =

| |
1
min C
i sin sin(A )
=
1. If
C
A 2 =
then
min
i 90 =
16 OPTICS
2. If
C
A 2 >
then
min
i 0 >
3. If
C
A <
then
4. For
min
i i 90 < <
light ray comes out.
5. For
min
i i <
T.I.R. occurs.
Thin Prism:
For thin prism
A 10

sini i, =

1 1
sinr r , =

2 2
sinr r =
,
sine e =
and,
1 1
2 2
1sini sinr i r
sinr i sine e r
= = (
(
= =

(i)
deviation
1 2
(i e) A (r r ) A = + = +
using equation (i) and
1 2
r r A, A( 1) + = =
Illustration 4: The cross-section of the glass prism has the form of an
isosceles triangle. One of the equal faces is silvered.
A ray of light incident normally on the other equal face
and after being refected twice, emerges through the
base of prism along the normal. Find the angle of the
prism.
Solution:
From the fgure,

o
90 A =

o
i 90 A = =

(i)

Also,
o o
90 2i 90 2A = =

And
o
90 2A = =

Thus,
r 2A = =
From geometry,

o
A 180 + + =
or
o
180
A 36
5
= =
17 OPTICS
Dispersion of Light:
1. The angular splitting of a ray of white light into a number of components and spreading in
different direction is called dispersion of light.
2. Angle of Dispersion :
A
Violet
Mean ray
(yellow)
Red
r

y

v
Angle between the rays of the extreme colours in the refracted (dispersed) light is called angle
of dispersion.
v r
=
3. Dispersive power ( w) of the medium of the material of prism is given by

y
angular dispersion
deviation of mean ray (yellow)

= =
4. For small angled prism

A 10

v v
(n 1)A =

R R
(n 1)A =

y t
(n 1)A =
here
v R
n ,n
and
y
n
refractive index of material for violet, red and yellow colours respectively.

y R
v R
y y
(n n )
(n 1)

= =

If
y
n
is not given in the problem then take
v R
y
n n
n
2
+
=
5. Cause of dispersion :
Dependence of n on l according to cauchys formula
2
b
n( ) a = +
Combination of Two Prism:

(i) Achromatic Combination :
It is used for deviation without dispersion. For this combination

comb
0 =

1 1 2 2
v R 1 v R 2
(n n )A (n n )A =
A
1
A
2
1
2
Net mean deviation
1 2
net y 1 y 2
[n 1]A [n 1]A =

1 1 2 2
v R v R
net 1 2
n n n n
1 A 1 A
2 2
+ ( (
=
( (

18 OPTICS
Also
1
net 1
2
1
(
=
(

and
1 1 2 2
0 + =
where
1
and
2
are depressive powers for the

two prisms and
1
and
2
are the mean deviation produced by them.

(ii) Direct vision combination
It is used for producing dispersion without deviation, condition for direct vision combination is
A
1
A
2
White
light
Mean ray
(yellow)
Deviation of mean ray (d
y
) = 0

1 2
y 1 y 2
(n 1)A (n 1)A =

1 1 2 2
v R v R
1 2
n n n n
1 A 1 A
2 2
+ + ( (
=
( (

Net angle of dispersion

1 1 2 2
net v R 1 v R 2
(n n )A (n n )A =
or
1
net y 1 2
( ) =
REFRACTION AT SPHERICAL SURFACE (PARAXIAL RAY) CHROMATIC ABBERATION
In
OCM, i
= +
(i)
In
CMI,
r = +
(ii)
According to Snells law,
1 2
sini sinr =
For paraxial ray,
1 2
i r =
From eq. (i) and (ii),
1 2
( ) ( ) + =
M
P
I
O
C

r
u
v
i
1

2
1 2 2 1
( ) + =

1 2 2 1
PM PM PM
( )
PO PI PC
+ =
1 2 2 1
( )
u v R

+ =

2 1 2 1
( )
v u R

=
Note: 1. The formula is applicable only for paraxial rays.
2. When surface is plane,
R =

2 1
V u

=
Magnifcation by Curved Surface :
From Snells law,
1 2
sini sinr =
For paraxial rays,
1 2
i r =
19 OPTICS

1 2
1 2
( O) ( I) OO' II'
( )
PO PI ( u) v
+ | | | |
= =
| |
+
\ . \ .
So, magnifcation,
1
2
v I
m
O u
= =
O
O
P
C
i
r
I
I
u
v
Illustration 5: A linear object of length 4 cm is placed at 30 cm from
the plane surface of hemispherical glass of radius 10
cm. The hemispherical glass is surrounded by water.
Find the fnal position and size of the image

Solution: For 1
st
surface
1 2
4 3
, , u 20
3 2
= = =
cm,

and
R 10 = +
cm,

using
2 1 2 1
( )
v u R

=

( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 4 4
2 3 2 3
v ( 20) 10

v 30 =
cm

Using

( )
( )
1
2
4
( 30)
v A' B' A' B'
3
3 AB u (4cm)
( 20)
2
= =

4cm
A
B
B
A
B
A
1 surface
st
u
v
u
v
5.3cm 5.3cm

20 OPTICS
A' B' 5.3 =
cm.

A' B'
behaves as the object for plane surface

' '
1 2
3 4
,
2 3
= =
and
R , u' 40 = =

( ) ( )
' '
2 1
3 4
3 2
v ' u' v ' ( 40)

= =

Solving it we will get,
v ' 25.4 =
cm

Now using,
( )
( )
'
1
'
2
v
A"B"
A' B'
u

( )
( )
( )
( )
3
35.4
A"B"
2
A"B" 5.3
4 (5.3)
40
3
= =
cm

The fnal images in all the above cases are shown in fgure.
30cm
20cm
Right
= 4/3
C A
= 1
P
Left
B
D
O
15cm
Illustration 6: The slab of a material of refractive index 2
shown in fgure has a curved surface APB of
radius of curvature 10 cm and a plane sur-
face CD. On the left of APB is air & on the
right of CD is water with refractive indices
as given in the fgure. An object O is placed
at a distance of 15 cm from the pole P as
shown. What is the distance of fnal image
of O from P as shown. What is the distance
of fnal image of O from P as viewed from
the left?
Solution: In case of refraction from a curved surface, we have

Here ;
R = - 10 cm and u = - 15 cm
So
1 2 1 2
, i.e., 30cm
( 15) 10
= =

i.e., the curved surface will form virtual image I at a distance of 30 cm from P. Since, the image is virtual
there will be no refraction at the plane surface CD (as the rays are not actually passing through the bound-
ary), the distance of fnal image I from P will remain 30 cm.
THIN LENS AND ITS PROPERTIES
1. A lens is a homogenous transparent medium (such as glass) bounded by two curved surfaces or one
curved and a one plane surface.
21 OPTICS
Types of Lens:
Assume
1 2
R and R
are Radius of curvature of frst and second surface.
(i)
Biconvex Lens
(ii)
Plano convex lens

(iii)
Biconcave Lens
(iv)
Plano concave lens

(v)
Concavo convex lens
2. Centre most point (P) of lens is known as optical centre
3. Line joining both the center of curvature and optical center is called principal axis.
(I) Real focus: (2
nd
focus, Main focus)
converging point of parallel beam of light is known as real focus
(u , v f ) = =

F
2
f
2

f
2
F
2
(II) 1
st
Focus: If ray coming from a point or converging to a point after refraction become parallel
then the point is known as 1
st
focus.

f
1
F
1

f
1
F
1
Note: (1) For convex lens
2 1
f ve, f ve = + =
(2) For concave lens
2 1
f ve, f ve = = +
REFRACTION THROUGH THIN LENS
22 OPTICS

F
C
f
(a) Refraction through a
convex lens
Focal Plane

F
C
f
(b) Refraction through a
concave lens
Focal Plane

LENS MAKER FORMULA, POWER OF LENS
Lens Makers Formula:

s

refractive index of surrounding.

l

refractive index of lens
For surface of radius R
1
:

=
s l s I
1
( )
v ' u R
(i)
and for surface of radius R
2
:

s s l l
2
( )
v v ' R

=
(ii)
adding equation (i) and (ii)

l s
s 1 2
( ) 1 1 1 1
v u R R
| |
| |
=
|
|

\ .
\ .

l
s 1 2
1 1 1 1
1
v u R R
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
(iii)
If
u =
then
v f =

| | | |

| |
\ . \ .
l
s 1 2
1 1 1
= 1
f R R
(Lens Makers Formula) (iv)
From equation (iii) and (iv)

1 1 1
= -
f v u
Lens Formula
Note: (Condition for application of Lens makers formula)
P Q C P
1
Q
1
23 OPTICS
1. Medium on both sides of lens should be same
2. Lens should be thin
3. Light rays should be paraxial
POWER OF LENS
Power of a lens is defned as the ratio of the refractive index of the surrounding medium and the
focal length of the lens in that medium f. The unit of power is dioptre.
Mathematically it can be written as
P =
f
. [f in metre]
RULES FOR IMAGE FORMATION AND MAGNIFICATION ETC. RAY DIAGRAM
Position and Nature of Image formed for a given Position of Object.
The following rules are used for image formation in case of thin lenses :
(i) A ray passing through optical centre proceeds undeviated through the lens as shown in fgure.

C
(a)

C
(b)
(ii) A ray passing parallel to the principal axis after refraction through the lens passes or appears to
pass through second focal point as shown in fgure.

(a)
f
F
2
C

C
(b)
f
F
2
(iii) A ray passing through frst focus or directed towards frst focus, after refraction from the lens
becomes parallel to the principal axis as shown in fgure.

(a)
f
F
1
C

C
(b)
f
F
1
Magnifcation:
This is defned as the ratio of size of image to the size of object.

Size of image (I)
Magnification (m) =
Size of object (O)
(a) Transverse or Lateral magnifcation (m
T
)
It is defned as the ratio of any transverse dimension of the image to the corresponding transverse
dimension of the object. Let the size of the object and image be denoted by O and I respectively.

T
I
m
O
=
.
(b) It is defned as the ratio of the length of the image to the corresponding length of the object.
24 OPTICS

P Q
L
P Q
v v
m
u u

For small object,
L
dv
m
du
=
Differentiating lens equation, we get

2 2
dv du
0
v v
| |
=
|
\ .
or
2 2
dv du
0
v u
=
and therefore,
2
2
2
L 2
dv v v
m m
du u u
| |
= = = =
|
\ .
Therefore, for small object longitudinal magnifcation is square of transverse magnifcation.
(a) For Convergent or Convex Lens
S. No. Position of Object Ray-Diagram Details of Image
1. At infnity Real, inverted, Diminished (m << -1) at F

F
1
F
2
2. Between infnity and 2F Real, inverted, Diminished (m < -1) between F and
2F

I
O
3. At 2F Real, inverted, Equal m = -1 at 2F

I
O
4. Between 2F and F Real, inverted, Enlarged (m >-1) between 2F and
infnity

I
O
2F F
2F
F
5. At F Real, inverted, Enlarged (m >>-1) at infnity.

O
2F
F
F
2F
25 OPTICS
6. Between F and O Virtual Erect Enlarged (m>>-1)

2F F
F 2F
(b) For Divergent or Concave Lens
S. No. Position of Object Ray-Diagram Details of Image
1. At infnity Virtual, inverted, very small (m << -1), at F

F
2. Between F and optical centre Near Lens Virtual, Erect Diminished (m<+1)

F I
O
Sign Convention:
Focal length of converging lens is taken as positive and that of the diverging lens is taken as negative, if it is
kept in vacuum or in a medium whose refractive index is less than the lens.
1. For convex lens
a) If object is real, image formed is real & inverted
b) If object is real, image formed is virtual & erect
c) If object is virtual, image formed is real & erect
2. For concave lens
a) If object is real, image formed is virtual of erect
b) If object is virtual, image formed is real & erect
c) If object is virtual, image formed is virtual & inverted
COMBINATION OF LENSES
Equivalent Focal Length of Combination of Lenses:
If number of lenses of focal lengths are placed coaxially in contact then the equivalent focal length
of the combination is given by

1 2 n
1 1 1 1
.....
F f f f
= + + +
...(iii)
In terms of power
1 2 n
P p p ..... p = + + +
SILVERING OF LENSES
When a lens is silvered, it behaves like a spherical mirror whose power
eq
(P )
is given by

eq i
P P =
26 OPTICS
where P
i
is the power of lens or mirror to be taken as many times as the number of refraction or
refection. For example, let us consider silvered equiconvex lens then

eq L M
P 2P P = +
as fnal image is formed after three optical events involving two refraction through lens and one
refection at plane mirror. The focal length of equivalent spherical mirror is given by

eq
eq
1
f
P
=
If f
eq
is ve then mirror is concave and, if f
eq
is +ve, then mirror is convex.
FORMATION OF IMAGE BY DISPLACEMENT METHOD
In this method, an object and a screen are placed at a distance a apart. A convex lens of focal length
f(f < a/4) can be placed in two position between the object and the screen such that a real image of the
same object is formed on the screen in both the positions.
A
B
Screen
A'
B'
B"
u v
V
a
d
u
Let a be the distance between the object and the screen and let d be the distance between the two
position of the lens. From the fgure :
u + v = a
v u = d
Solving, we get
a d a d
v , u
2 2
+
= =
Using the lens formula and simplifying, we get

2 2
a d
f
4a
=
...(i)
Let
1 2
I A' B'; I A' B ; O AB = = =

1
1
I a d
m
O a d
+
= =
i.e. the one image is larger than the object

2
2
I a d
m
O a d
= =
+
i.e. the other image is shorter than the object
\
1 2
O I I =
...(ii)
i.e. the size of the object is the geometric mean of the sizes of the two images.
27 OPTICS
Illustration 7: For two positions of a converging lens between an object and a screen which are 96 cm apart,
two real images are formed. The ratio of the lengths of the two images is 4.84. Calculate the
focal length of the lens.
Solution: Here
1
2
m
4.84
m
=

2
a d
4.84
a d
+ | |
=
|
\ .

a d 2.2
a d 1
+
=

Putting a = 96 cm gives d = 36 cm

2 2
a d
f 20.625
4a
= =
cm .
KEY CONCEPTS
Light is said to move rectilinearly if,
a D >>
Mirror formula.

1 1 2 1
v u R f
+ = =
Newtons Formula. XY = f
2
Optical power of a mirror (in Diopters)
=
m
1
f
; f
m
is meter.
Laws of refraction.

2 1 1
1 2 2
n v sini
sinr n v

= = =
Refractive index of the medium relative of vacuum

r r
=
Deviation (d) of ray incident at
i
and refracted at

r
is given by
| i r | =
Principle of Reversibility of light Rays.

1 2
2 1
1
n
n
=
Refraction through a Parallel Slab

( ) t sin i r
d
cosr
=
Apparent Depth and shift of Submerged object.
Apparent shift
rel
1
d 1
n
| |
=
|
\ .
Refraction through a Composite Slab
Apparent shift =
1 2 n
1rel 2rel n rel
1 1 n
t 1 t 1 .... 1 t
n n n
(
( (
+ + +
(
( (
(

Critical Angle and Total Internal Refection (T.I.R.).

1 r
d
n
C sin
n
=
Angle of deviation.
d = i + e A
Angle of dispersion.
q = d
v
d
r
28 OPTICS
Cauchys formula.

( )
2
b
n a = +
Dispersive power

v r
y
n n
n 1
Dispersion without deviation

The condition for direct vision combination is.
y y
n 1 A n 1 A ( ( =

v r
n n
1
2
+ (
(

v r
n n
A 1 A
2
+ (
=
(

Deviation without dispersion
Condition for achromatic combination is.

( ) ( )
v r v r
n n A n n A =
Spherical Surfaces

2 1 2 1
n n n n
v u R
=
Transverse magnifcation

2
1
v / n v R
m
u R u / n
| |
= =
|
\ .
Refraction at plane Surface

2
1
n u
v
n
=
For a spherical, thin lens having the same medium on both sides.

( )
rel
1 2
1 1 1 1
n 1
v u R R
| |
=
|
\ .
(a)
when
lens
rel
medium
n
n
n
=
Transverse magnifcation (m)

v
m
u
=
Lens formula

1 1 1
v u f
=
The equivalent focal length of thin lenses in contact is given by

1 2 3
1 1 1 1
F f f f
= + +
.
The combination of lens and mirror behaves like a mirror of focal length f given by

m
1 1 2
f F F
=
29 OPTICS
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
1. A thick plane mirror shows a number of images of the flament of an electric bulb. Of these, the
brightness image is the
(a) frst (b) second
(c) fourth (d) last.
2. A light beam is being refected by using two mirrors, as in a periscope used in submarines. If one of
the mirrors rotates by an angle
, the refected light will deviate from the original path by the angle
(a)
2
(b) 0
(c)
(d)
4
.
3. A convex mirror is used to form the image of an real object. Then which of the following statements
is wrong
(a) the image lies between the pole and the focus
(b) the image is diminished in size
(c) the image is erect
(d) the image is real.
4. All the following statements are correct except
(a) A real, inverted same sized image can be formed using convex mirror
(b) The magnifcation produced by a convex mirror is always less than one
(c) A virtual erect and same sized image can be obtained using a plane mirror
(d) A virtual, erect, magnifed image can be formed using a cancave mirror
5. When light travels from one medium to the other which the refractive index is different, then which of
the following will change
(a) frequency, wavelength and velocity (b) frequency and wavelength
(c) frequency and velocity (d) wavelength and velocity.
6. Light of different colours propagates through air
(a) with the velocity of air (b) with different velocities
(c) with the velocity of sound (d) having the equal velocities.
7. A cut diamond sparkles because of its
(a) hardness (b) high refractive index
(c) emission of light by the diamond (d) absorption of light by the diamond.
8. A diver in a swimming pool wants to signal his distress to a person lying on the edge of the pool by
fashing his water proof fash light
(a) he must direct the beam vertically upwards
(b) he has to direct to the beam horizontally
(c) he has to direct the beam at an angle to the vertical which is slightly less than the critical angle
of incidence for total internal refection
(d) he has to direct the beam at an angle to the vertical which is slightly more than the critical angle
of incidence for total internal refection.
9. When white light passes through a glass prism, one gets spectrum on the other side of the prism. In
the emergent beam, the ray which is deviating least is or deviation by a prism is lowest for
(a) violet ray (b) green ray
(c) red ray (d) yellow ray.
10. We use fint glass prism to disperse polychromatic light because light of different colours
30 OPTICS
(a) travel with same speed
(b) travel with same speed but deviate differently due to the shape of the prism
(c) have different anisotropic properties while travelling through the prism
(d) travel with different speeds.
11. A glass lens is placed in a medium in which it is found to behave like a glass plate. Refractive index
of the medium will be
(a) greater than the refractive index
(b) smaller than the refractive index of glass
(c) equal to refractive index of glass
(d) no case will be possible from above.
12. A biconvex lens from a real image of an object placed perpendicular to its principal axis. Suppose
the radii of curvature of the lens tend to infnity. Then the image would
(a) disappear
(b) remain as real image still
(c) be virtual and of the same size as the object
(d) suffer from aberrations.
KEY
1. (b) 2. (a)
3. (d) 4. (a)

5. (d) 6. (d)
7. (b) 8. (c)
9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (c)CINTSHI
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
1. Several images will be formed but second image will be brightest
90%
10%
100%
9%
Incident light
First image
Second brightest
image
Third image
10%
90%
10%
80%
10%
.
2. When a mirror is rotated by an angle
, the refected ray deviate from its original path by angle

2
.
3. The image formed by a convex mirror is always virtual.
4. Convex mirror can produce real & erect or virtual & inverted.
5. Velocity and wavelength change but frequency remains same.
6. In vacuum, the speed of light is independent of wave length. Thus vacuum (or air) is a non dispersive
medium in which all colours travel with the same speed.
7. Due to high refractive index its critical angle is very small so that most of the light incident on the diamond
is total internally refected repeatedly and diamond sparkles.
8. When incident angle is greater than critical angle, then total internal refection takes place and will come
31 OPTICS
back in same medium.
9.
R
( 1)
is least so
R
is least.
10. Conceptual
11.
a g
I
a I g
( 1)
f
f ( 1)

=

1
f =
if
I g
1 =

a I a g
=
.
12.
1 2
1 1 1
( 1)
f R R
| |
=
|
\ .
For biconvex lens
2 1
R R =

1 2
( 1)
f R
| |
=
|
\ .
Given
R f = =
, so no focus at real distance.
LEVEL I
MODEL QUESTIONS
SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT QUESTIONS
1. A concave mirror is placed on a horizontal table, with its axis directed vertically upwards. Let O be the
pole of the mirror and C its centre of curvature. A point object is placed at C. It has a real image, also
located at C. If the mirror is now flled with water, the image will be
(a) real and will remain at C
(b) real and located at a point between C and
(c) virtual and located at a point between C and O

(d) real and located at a point between C and O.
2. A ray of light passes through four transparent media with refractive indices
1 2 3
, ,
and
4
as
shown in the fgure, the surfaces of all media are parallel. If the emergent ray CD is parallel to the
incident ray AB, we must have
(a)
1 2
=
(b)
2 3
=
(c)
3 4
=
(d)
4 1
=
.
32 OPTICS
3. A ray of light passes through an equilateral prism such that the angle of incidence and the angle of
emergence are both equal to 3/4
th
of the angle of prism. The angle of minimum deviation is
(a) 15 (b) 30
(c) 45 (d) 60.
4. A ray of light falls on a transparent glass slab with refractive index (relative to air) of 1.62. The angle of
incidence for which the refected and refracted rays are mutually perpendicular is.
(a)
1
tan (1.62)
(b)
1
sin (1.62)
(c)
1
cos (1.62)
(d) none of these.

5. A 4.0 cm thick water layer
( 4 / 3) =
rests on a 6.0 cm layer of
4
CCl ( 1.5) =
in a tank. How far below
the water surface, viewed normally from above, does the bottom of the tank seem to be
(a) 7.0 cm (b) 8.0 cm
(c) 9.0 cm (d) 10.0 cm.
6. Which one of the following spherical lenses does not exhibit dispersion? The radii of curvature of the
surfaces of the lenses are as given in the diagrams
(a)
R
1
R
2
2 1
R R
(b)
R
(c)
R R
(d)
R
.
7. A lens of focal length f projects m times magnifed image of an object on a screen. The distance of the
screen from the lens is
(a)
f
(m 1)
(b)
f
(m 1) +
(c)
f(m 1)
(d)
f(m 1) +
.
8. A thin equiconvex lens of refractive index 3/2 and radius of curvature 30 m is put in water (refractive
index
4
3
=
). Its focal length is
(a) 0.15 m (b) 0.30m (c) 0.45 m (d) 1.20 m.
9. A 16 cm long image of an object is formed by a convex lens on a screen. On moving the lens towards
the screen, without changing the positions of the object and the screen, a 9 cm long image is formed
again on the screen. The size of the object is
(a) 9 cm (b) 11 cm (c) 12 cm (d) 13 cm.
10. Two lenses, one concave and the other convex of same power are placed such that their principal axes
coincide. If the separation between the lenses is x, then
(a) real image is formed for x = 0 only
(b) real image is formed for all values of x
(c) system will behave like a glass plate for x = 0
(d) virtual image is formed for all values of x other than zero.
33 OPTICS
MAY BE MORE THAN ONE CORRECT CHOICE ANSWERS
11. For which of the pairs of u and f for a mirror image is smaller in size.
(a) u = 10 cm, f = 20 cm (b) u = 20 cm, f = 30 cm
(c) u = 45 cm, f = 10 cm (d) u = 60 cm, f = 30 cm
12. There are three optical media 1, 2 and 3 with their refractive indices
1 2 3
> >
.
(TIR total internal refection)
(a) when a ray of light travels from 3 to 1 no TIR will take place
(b) critical angle between 1 and 2 is less than the critical angle between 1 and 3
(c) critical angle between 1 and 2 is more than the critical angle between 1 and 3
(d) chances of TIR are more when ray of light travels from 1 to 3 as compare to the case when it
travel from 1 to 2
13. A ray of light is incident in situation as shown in fgure which of the following statements is/are true?

30
1
=4
3
=2
(I) if then angle of deviation is 60
(II) if then angle of deviation is 60
(III) if then angle of deviation is 120
(IV) if then angle of deviation is zero
(a) I and IV (b) III and I
(c) II and IV (d) none
14. In the fgure light is incident at angle which is slightly greater than the critical angle. Now, keeping
the incident ray fxed a parallel slab of refractive index n3 is placed on surface AB. Which of the
following statements are correct .

A B
n
2
n <n
1 2
(a)
n
1

A B
n
2
(b)
n
3
n
1
C
D
(a) total internal refection occurs at AB for n3 < n1
(b) total internal refection occurs at AB for n3 > n1
(c) the ray will return back to the same medium for all values of n3
(d) total internal refection may occur at CD for n3 > n1
15. For refraction through a small angled prism, the angle of minimum deviation .
(a) increases with the increases in R.I. of the prism
34 OPTICS
(b) will be 2D for a ray of R.I. 2.4, if it is D for a ray of R.I. 1.2
(c) is directly proportional to the angle of the prism
(d) will decrease with the increase in R.I. of the prism
16. Parallel rays of light are falling on convex spherical surface of radius of curvature R = 20 cm as
shown. Refractive index of the medium is
1.5 =
. After refraction from the spherical surface parallel
rays

(a) actually meet at some point
(b) appears to meet after extending the refracted rays backwards
(c) meet (or appears to meet) at a distance of 30 cm from the spherical surface
(d) meet (or appears to meet) at a distance of 60 cm from the spherical surface
17. A point object is placed at 30 cm from a convex glass lens
S
3
2
| |
=
|
\ .
of focal length 20 cm. The fnal
image of object will be formed at infnity if
(a) another concave lens of focal length 60 cm is placed in contact with the previous lens
(b) another convex lens of focal length 60 cm is placed at a distance of 30 cm from the frst lens
(c) the whole system is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 4/3
(d) the whole system is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 9/8
18. The radius of curvature of the left and right surface of the concave lens are 10 cm and 15 cm respec-
tively. The radius of curvature of the mirror is 15 cm .

(a) equivalent focal length of the combination is 18 cm
(b) equivalent focal length of the combination is + 36 cm
(c) the system behaves like a concave mirror
(d) the system behaves like a convex mirror
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
A ray of light enters a spherical drop of water of refractive index m as shown in the fgure.
A
19. Select the correct statement .
(a) Incident rays are partially refected at point A.
(b) Incident rays are totally refected at point A.
(c) Incident rays are totally transmitted through A.
(d) None of these.
35 OPTICS
20. An expression of the angle between incidence ray and emergent ray (angle of deviation) as shown in
the fgure is
A
(a) 0 (b)
(c) (d)
21. Consider the fgure of previous question the angle for which minimum deviation is produced will
be given by
(a)
2
2
1
cos
3
+
=
(b)
2
2
1
cos
3

=
(c)
2
2
1
sin
3
+
=
(d)
2
2
1
sin
3

=
.
@ Write-up 2
Magnifcation by a lens of an object at distance 10 cm from it is 2. Now a second lens is placed
exactly at the same position where frst was kept, without changing the distance between the object
and lens. The magnifcation by this second lens is 3.
22. Now both the lens are kept in contact at the same place. What will be the new magnifcation?
(a) 13/5 (b) 12/7
(c) 6/11 (d) 5/7
23. What is the focal length of the combination when both lenses are in contact ?
(a)
60
cm
17
(b)
5
cm
17
(c)
12
cm
7
(d)
13
cm
9
24. What is the focal length for the frst lens
(a) 10 cm (b) 20 cm
(c) 20/3 cm (d) 10/3 cm
ASSERTION / REASON
Codes.
(a) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True; Statement 2 is a correct explanation for State-
ment 1.
(b) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True; Statement 2 is Not a correct explanation for State-
ment 1.
(c) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is False.
(d) Statement 1 is False, Statement 2 is True.
25. STATEMENT 1
For all types of mirrors, object and image always move in opposite directions.
STATEMENT 2
Speeds of object and image are equal for a stationary plane mirror.
36 OPTICS
26. STATEMENT 1
For a prism of refracting angle 60 and refractive index
2
, minimum deviation is 30.
STATEMENT 2
At minimum deviation,
m
A D
sin
2
A
sin
2
+
=
; where the symbols have their usual meanings
27. STATEMENT 1
When light travels from denser to rarer medium the critical angle of incidence have different values
for different wavelengths of light.
STATEMENT 2
Refractive index of a medium varies with wavelength of light.
28. STATEMENT 1
White light splits into seven colours when refraction occurs even at single surface.
STATEMENT 2
For different wavelength angles of refraction are different, as their corresponding refractive indices
are different.
29. STATEMENT 1
The focal length of a thin converging lens, made of glass, for violet light is f
v
, while that for red light is
f
r
, these satisfy the relation .
f
r
> f
v
.
STATEMENT 2
The refractive index of the material of the lens (glass) satisfes
m
v
> m
r
;
and
1 2
1 1 1
( 1)
f R R
| |
=
|
\ .
applies to the lens.
MATRIX MATCH
Each question contains statements given in two column which have to be matched. Statements (a, b, c, d) in
Column A have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s) in Column B. The answers to these questions have
to be appropriately bubbled as illustrated in the following example.
30. A real object is being seen by optical component listing in column A and nature of image of this object
is listing in column B .
Column A Column B
Nature of image
(a) Convex lens. (p) Real.
(b) Convex mirror. (q) Virtual.
(c) Concave lens. (r) Erect.
(d) Concave mirror. (s) Inverted.
31. ColumnB shows the optical phenomenon that can be associated with optical components given in
ColumnA. Note the ColumnI may have more than one matching options in ColumnB.
Column A Column B
(a) Convex mirror. (p) Dispersion.
(b) Converging lens. (q) Deviation.
(c) Thin prism. (r) Real image of real object.
(d) Glass slab. (s) Virtual image of real object.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
37 OPTICS
Q
P R
32. A given ray of light suffers minimum deviation in an equilateral
prism P. Additional prisms Q and R of identical shape and of the
same material as P are now added as shown in the fgure. The
ray will now suffer
(a) greater deviation (b) no deviation
(c) same deviation as before (d) total internal refection.
n
S
i
l
i
33. A diverging beam of light from a point source S having divergence angle
, falls symmetrically on a glass slab as shown. the angles of incidence of

the two extreme rays are equal. If the thickness of the glass slab is t and
the refractive index n, then the divergence angle of the emergent beam is
(a) zero (b)
(c)
1
sin (1/ n)
(d)
1
2sin (1/ n)
.
34. An isosceles prism of angle 120 has a refractive index of
2
. Two parallel
monochromatic rays enter the prism parallel to each other in air as shown. the
rays emerging from the opposite faces

a) are parallel to each other (b) are diverging
(c) make an angle 30 with each other (d) make an angle 60 with each other.
35. The velocity of light in a medium is half its velocity in air. If a ray of light emerges from such a medium
into air, the angle of incidence, at which it will be totally internally refected, is
(a) 15 (b) 30
(c) 45 (d) 60.
36. White light is incident from under water on the water-air interface. If the angle of incidence is slowly
increased from zero, the energent beam coming out into the air will turn from
(a) white to violet (b) white to black
(c) white to red (d) white to yellow.
37. The refractive index of diamond is 2.0. The velocity of light in diamond in cm/s is
(a)
10
6 10
(b)
10
1.5 10
(c)
8
1.5 10
(d)
8
6 10
.
38. A parallel beam of light is incident on a crown glass convex lens of focal length f. A fint glass concave
38 OPTICS
lens of the same focal length is placed in contact with it. The image will now be formed at
(a) f (b) between f and 2f
(c) 2f (d) infnity.
39. A thin double convex lens has radii of curvature each of magnitude 40 cm and is made of glass with
1.5 =
. The focal length of the lens is
(a) 30 cm (b) 31 cm
(c) 40 cm (d) 41 cm.
40. A hollow double concave lens is made of very thin transparent material. It can be flled with air or either
of two liquids L
1
or L
2
having refracting indices n
1
and n
2
respectively
2 1
(n n 1) > >
. The lens will diverge
a parallel beam of light if it is flled with
(a) air and placed in air. (b) air and immersed in
(c) L1 and immersed in L2 (d) L2 and immersed in L1.
MLAY BE MORE THAN ONE CORRECT CHOICE ANSWERS
41. A plane mirror M is arranged parallel to a wall W at a distance
from it. The light produced by a

point source S kept on the wall is refected by the mirror and produces a light spot on the wall. The
mirror moves with velocity n towards the wall. Then.

(a) The spot of light will move with the speed n on the wall.
(b) The spot of light will not move on the wall.
(c) As the mirror comes closer, the spot of light will becomes larger and shift ways from the wall with
speed larger then n.
(d) The size of the light spot on the wall remains the same.
42. Two points P and Q lie on either side of an axis XY as shown. It
is desired to produce an image of p at Q using a spherical mir-
ror, with XY as the optic axis. The mirror must be
(a) converging and positioned to the left of P
(b) diverging and positioned to the left of P
(c) converging and positioned to the right of Q
(d) diverging and positioned to the right of Q.
43. The deviation produced by a prism depends on
(a) the angle of incidence of light on its face
(b) the refracting angle of prism
39 OPTICS
(c) the refractive index of the prism
(d) the wavelength of the light used.
44. In the fgure, a ray of light falls on face 1 of a piece of glass (refrac-
tive index = m) kept in air. Faces 1 and 3 are planar, and the ray is
not intercepted by faces 2 and 4. The angle(s) independent of m is/
are
(a) i + i + d (b) i + i d
(c)
i i '
2
+
(d)
i i '
2
+
d
45. For the refraction of light through a prism.
(a) For every angle of deviation there are two angles of incidence
(b) the light traveling inside and equilateral prism is necessarily parallel to the base when prism is
set for minimum deviation
(c) There are two angles of incidence for maximum deviation
(d) Angle of minimum deviation will increase if refractive index of prism is increased keeping the
outside medium unchanged and if m
p
> m
s
.
46. A diminished image of an object is to be obtained on a screen 1.0 m away from it. This can be achieved
by approximately placing
(a) a convex mirror of suitable focal length
(b) a concave mirror of suitable focal length
(c) a convex lens of focal length less than 0.25 m
(d) a concave lens of suitable focal length.
47. An image of a bright square is obtained on a screen with the aid of a convergent lens. The distance
between the square and the lens is 40 cm. The area of the image is nine time larger than that of the
square. Select the correct statement(s) .
(a) Image is formed at a distance 120 cm from lens.
(b) Image is formed at a distance 360 cm from lens.
(c) Focal length of lens is 30 cm.
(d) Focal length of lens is 36 cm.
48. A lens of focal length f is placed in between an object and screen separated by a distance D. The
lens forms two real images of object on the screen for two of its different positions, a distance x
apart. The two real images have magnifcations m
1
and m
2
respectively (m
1
> m
2
).
(a)
1 2
x
f
m m
=
(b) m
1
m
2
= 1
(c)
2 2
D x
f
4D
=
(d) D 4f.
49. Consider the rays shown in the diagram as paraxial. The image of the virtual point object O formed
by the lens LL is

40 OPTICS
(a) Virtual. (b) Real.
(c) Located below the principal axis. (d) Located left of the lens.
50. A thin lens having power P is cut into three parts A, B and C as shown. The power of
(a) A is twice of B (b) B is equal to A
(c) C is equal to B (d) A is equal to C
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
A thin biconvex lens of refractive index
3
2
is placed on a horizontal plane mirror as shown in the fgure.
The space between lens and the mirror is then flled with water of refractive index
4
3
.
It is found that when a point object is placed 15 cm above the lens on the principal axis the object
coincides with its own image.
51. At what distance object should be placed before water is flled so that image coincides with object if R
is radius of curvature of lens
(a) 1.5 R (b) R (c) 2R (d)
R
2
52. What is value of R from above information
(a) R = 10 cm (b) R = 15 cm (c) R = 5 cm (d) R = 20 cm
53. In the above experiment when water is present, and parallel rays are incident then it will converge at
a distance
(a) 2.25 cm (b) 15 cm (c) 10 cm (d) 7.5 cm
54. If an object is placed at 30 cm from lens then image obtained will be
(a) Magnifed, real (b) Magnifed, virtual
(c) Diminished, real (d) Diminished, Virtual
55. On repeating the above experiment in which water is replaced by a liquid of refractive index m image
again coincide at a distance 25 cm from the lens then refraction index of liquid is
(a) 1.5 (b) 1.4 (c) 1.8 (d) 1.6
@ Write-up 2
The convex surface of a thin concavoconvex lens of glass of refractive index 1.5 has a radius of
curvature of 20 cm. The concave surface has a radius of curvature of 60 cm. The convex side is silvered
and placed on a horizontal surface as shown in the fgure.
41 OPTICS
56. The focal length of the combination has the magnitude
(a) 8.6 cm (b) 7.5 cm
(c) 1.5 cm (d) 15 cm
57. The combination behaves like
(a) a concave mirror (b) a convex mirror
(c) a concave lens (d) a convex lens
58. A small object is placed on the principal axis of the combination, at a distance of 30 cm in front of the
mirror. The magnifcation of the image is
(a)
1
3
(b)
3
4
(c) 5 (d) none of these.
ASSERTOPM / REASON
Codes.
ment 1.
(b) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True; Statement 2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement 1.
59. STATEMENT - 1
Geometrical optics can be regarded as the limiting case of wave optics.
STATEMENT - 2
When size of obstacle or opening is very large compared to the wavelength of light then wave nature
can be ignored and light can be assumed to be traveling in straight line.
60. STATEMENT - 1
Virtual images cannot be photographed.
STATEMENT - 2
Rays from virtual image are diverging.
61. STATEMENT - 1
Virtual object cant be seen by human eye.
STATEMENT - 2
Virtual object is formed by converging rays.
62. STATEMENT - 1
A convex mirror is used as rear view mirror.
STATEMENT - 2
Convex mirror always forms virtual, erect and diminished image.
42 OPTICS
63. STATEMENT - 1
The behavior of any lens depends on surrounding medium.
STATEMENT - 2
A lens can be looked upon as a collection of small prisms with varying prism angle.
MATRIX MATCH
64. A ray of light strikes at the boundary separating two media at angle . and are refractive indices
of media with .

65. Four rays of light parallel to optic axis and their path after passing through an optical system are shown
in column-A match the corresponding optical instrument from Column-B
Column-A Column-B
a) p) convex lens
b) q) concare lens
c) r) convex mirror
d) s) concare mirror
LEVEL
MODEL QUESTIONS
43 OPTICS
KEY
1. (d) 2. (d)
3. (b) 4. (a)
5. (a) 6. (c)
7. (d) 8. (d)
9. (c) 10. (b, c)
MAY BE MORE THAN CORRECT CHOICE ANSWERS
11. (a, c, d) 12. (a, c, d)
13. (b) 14. (a, d)
15. (a, c) 16. (a, d)
17. (a, d) 18. (a, c)
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 2
19. (a) 20. (d) 21. (b)
@ Write-up 2
22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (c)
ASSERTION / REASON
25. (b) 26. (a)
27. (a) 28. (a)
29. (a)
MATRIX MATCH
30. (a p, q, r, s), (b q, r), (c q, r), (d p, q, r, s)
31. (a q, s), (b p, q, r, s), (c p, q, s), (d s)
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
32. (c) 33. (b)
34. (c) 35. (b)
36. (b) 37. (b)
38. (d) 39. (c)
44 OPTICS
40. (d)
41. (b, d) 42. (a)
43. (a, b, c, d) 44. (b)
45. (b, d) 46. (b, c)
47. (a, c) 48. (a, b, c, d)
49. (a, c, d) 50. (b, c, d)
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
51. (b) 52. (a)
53. (d) 54. (c)
55. (d)
@ WRITE-UP 2
56. (b) 57. (a) 58. (d)
ASSERTION / REASON
59. (a) 60. (a)
61. (a) 62. (a)
63. (b)
MATRIX MATCH
64. (a s)
(b p)
(c q)
(d r)
65. (a r)
(b q)
(c p)
(d s)
LEVEL - 1
MODEL QUESTIONS
SINGE CHOICE CORRECT QUESTIONS
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
1. The image will be real and between C and O.
2. According to Snells Law,

sin
=constant
which gives

1 4
=
.
3. Given A = 60

3
i i A 45
4
= = =

45 OPTICS

i i A + = +

or 90 = 60 +

30 =

Note that
i i =
is the condition for minimum deviation.
Hence
min
30 = =
.
4 we know that

sini
sinr
=
and
i r 90 + =
or r = 90 - i

sini
tani
sin(90 i)
= =

or
1 1
i tan ( ) tan (1.62)

= =
.
5.
( )
4 / 3
v 6
1.5
=

final
16 1 28
cm; v 7 cm
3 4 / 3 3
| |
= = =
|
\ .
.
6.
( )
1 2
1 1 1
1
f R R
| |
=
|
\ .
,
For no dispersion
1
d 0
f
| |
=
|
\ .

1 2
1 1
d 0
R R
| |
=
|
\ .

1 2
R R =
.
7. Image will be real.
We know that

1 1 1
f v u
=

v v
1
f u
=

v
1 m
f
= +
[
u is negative]

v f(m 1) = +
.
8.
1
2 1 2
1 1 1
1
f R R
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .

1 3 / 2 1 1
1
f 4 / 3 0.3 0.3
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .

or
1 9 2
1
f 8 0.3
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
or
1 1 2
f 8 0.3
=
46 OPTICS
or
f 1.20m =
.
9.
1 2
y y y =
16 9 =
4 3 12cm = =
.
10.
1 2 1 2
1 1 1 x
f f f f f
= +

2
1 1 1
1 1 1 x
f f f f
= +

2
1 1
1 x
f f
=

f 0 >
for every x.
for
x 0, f = =

Hence for x = 0, system will behave like a glass plate.
11. For convex mirror (positive focal length) image is always smaller in size. For concave mirror (negative
focal length) image is smaller when object lies beyond 2f.
12. TIR takes place when ray of light travels from denser to rarer medium.
Further,
3 2
12 13
1 1
sin and sin

= =

Since,
3 2
1 1

>

12 13
>

Smaller the value of critical angle, more are the chances of TIR.
13. If m
2
< 2, because of total internal refection, angle of deviation is 20. If m
2
< 2, ray deviates by 60.
14.
3 1
n n <
and n
1
< n
2

n
3
< n
2
.
15. d = (m 1)A.
16. Using,
2 1 2 1
u R

=
, we get

1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0
20
=

or
60cm =
.
17. Final image is formed at infnity if the combined focal length of the two lenses (in contact) becomes 30
cm or

1 1 1
30 20 f
= +

i.e., when another concave lens of focal length 60 cm is kept in contact with the frst lens
Similarly, let be the refractive index of a liquid in which focal length of the given lens becomes
30 cm. Then
47 OPTICS

1 2
1 3 1 1
1
20 2 R R
| |
| |
=
|
|
\ .
\ .
..... (i)

1 2
1 3 / 2 1 1
1
30 R R
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
..... (ii)
From equations, (i) and (ii), we get

9
8
=
.
18.
eq g w m
1 1 1 1
2
F f f f
| |
= + + |
|
\ .
=
3 1 1 4 1 1 2
2 1 1
2 10 15 3 15 15 15
| | | | | | | |
+ +
`
| | | |

\ . \ . \ . \ . )

eq
90
F
17
=
cm.
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
19.

From Snells law,
m sin a = sin f

1 1
sin sin = <

a is less than critical angle.
20.
48 OPTICS

21.
d 4d
2
d d

= +

d
0
d
,

d 1
d 2

1
1
sin sin
| |
=
|
\ .

2
2
1
cos
3

=
.
@ Write-up 2
22 to 24.

1
v m =
, u = 20 cm;
1
1 1 1
f 20 10
=
V
2
= m
2
u = 30 cm;
2
1 1 1
f 30 10
=

1
2
cm
15

=

1 17
f 60
=

1 17 1 11
v 60 10 60
= + =

v
m
u
=

( )
60
11 10
=
60
11
=
.
ASSERTION / REASON
49 OPTICS
25. According to the mirror formula, as |u| decreases, |v| increases.
26. .
27.
2
B
A = +
and .
28.
2
B
A = +
and .
29.
2
B
A = +
for more materials; .

MATRIX MATCH
30. Real objects always give erect, virtual images with a diverging lens or mirror.
31. All four can form a virtual image; glass slab cannot cause deviation or visible dispersion.
PRACTICAL QUESTIONS
SINGLE ANSWER QUESTIONS
32. The effective situation is unchanged.
33. Each ray emerges without any deviation.
34. Each ray deviates towards the other by 15.
35.
2; 2sin 1 30 = = =
.
36. .
37.
c
v
2
=
.
38. Focal length of the combination will be zero.
39.
1 1 1
(1.5 1)
f 40 40
| |
= +
|
\ .
f = 40 cm.
40. The refraction index of the surrounding medium should be less than the fll.
41. Light keeps falling on the same spot.
42.
image is real, inverted and magnifed.

43.
1 2
i i A = +
All options are correct.
44.
i i ' A + =
.
45. (b) For minimum deviation
i i ' =
.
50 OPTICS
(d)
A m
sin
2
A
sin
2
+
=
.
46. Image can be formed on the screen if it is real. Real image of reduced size can be formed by a concave
mirror or a convex lens.
Let u = 2f + x, then

1 1 1
u v f
+ =

1 1 1
2f x v f
+ =
+

1 1 1 f x
v f 2f x f(2f x)
+
= =
+ +

f(2f x)
v
f x
+
=
+
It is given that u + v = lm

f(2f x) f
2f x (2f x) 1 lm
f x f x
+ (
+ + = + + <
(
+ +

or
2
f(2f x)
lm
f x
+
<
+
or
2
(2f x) (f x) + < +
This will be true only when f < 0.25 m.
47.
v
m
u
=

v mu 120 cm = =
;
1
1 1 1 1
cm
f 120 40 30

= =
.
48. For one image .
D x D x
u , v
2 2
+
= =
For the other image .
D x D 2
u , v
2 2
+
= =
All options are correct.
49.

L
O
F
(principal axis)
(first principal focus)
L
I
.
50. Focal length of A, B, C are equal.
COMPREHENSION
51 OPTICS
@ Write-up 1
51.
eq
1 3 1 1
1
f 2 R R
( (
=
( (

;
eq
f R =
;
\ object should be placed at
equivalent
2f R =
52.
glass water
1 1 1
f f f
=

=
3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1
1 1
2 R R 3 R R 3R
| | | | | | | |
+ =
| | | |

\ . \ . \ . \ .

3
f R
2
=

image will coincide with object if it placed at focus because if object is placed at this position ray will
be incident normally on mirror.

3R
15 10cm
2
= =
53. Since image coincides with object when object is at 15 cm
equivalent focal length is
15
7.5cm
2
=
54.
1 1 1
V 10
V 30 7.5
+ = =

diminished and real
55.
| |
1 3 1 1 1 1
1 1
25 2 R R R
| | ( (
+
|
( (

\ .
@ Write-up 2
56. to 58. Use the equation

1 2
1 1 1
.......
f f f
= +
to fnd the equivalent power of the combination, with proper sign. Then use the equation of the lens/
mirror as appropriate.
59. The path of light is ill defned at resolutions which are close to its wavelength.
60. Virtual images cannot be observed on a screen, because the rays of light coming from a virtual image
- only appear to come from the location of the image.
61. Converging rays forming a virtual object will not focus on the retina.
62. A concave mirror may form an inverted image, and so it is not useful as a rear view mirror.
63. By Lens makers formula,
.
MATRIX MATCH
64. A ray travelling from a denser medium to a rarer medium undergoes refection and refraction unless
it is incident at an angle which is greater than the critical angle. In the latter case, it undergoes total
internal refection.
65. a) for convex mirror, when object at infnity image is formed at focus
52 OPTICS
b) for concave lens, for object at infnity image is at focus
c) for convex lens, for object at infnity image is at focus
d) for concave mirror, object at infnity image is at focus
LEVEL - II
MODEL QUESTIONS
1. A point source has been placed as shown in the fgure. What is the length on the screen that will receive
refected light from the mirror?

(a) 2H (b) 3H
(c) H (d) None.
2. A boy is walking under an inclined mirror at a constant velocity V m/s along
the X axis as shown in fgure. If the mirror is inclined at an angle q with the
horizontal then what is the velocity of the image?
(a) V sin qi + V cos qj (b) V cos qI + V sin qj
(c) V sin 2qI + V cos 2qj (d) V cos 2qi + V sin 2qj.
3. A boy of height H is standing in front of a mirror, which has been fxed on
the ground as shown in fgure. What length of his body can the boy see in
the mirror? The length of the mirror is (H / 2,).
(a) H (b) H
2
/ (H
2
/L
2
)
1/2
(c) zero (d) 2H
2
/ L.
4. The incorrect statement for a concave mirror producing a virtual image of the object is.
(a) The linear magnifcation is always greater than one, except at the pole.
(b) The linear magnifcation is always less than one.
(c) The magnifcation tends to one as the object moves nearer to the pole of the mirror.
(d) The distance of the object from the pole of the mirror is less than the focal length of mirror.
5. Light is incident from vacuum on the surface of a medium of refractive index. If the angle of incidence
obeys the relation , the angle between the refected and refracted rays is
(a) 30 (b) 45 (c) 90 (d) 135.
6. A small angled prism has its refracting angle A = 4 and refractive index = 3/2. It is placed with its base
horizontal in front of a vertical mirror. A horizontal ray of light passes through the prism and is refected
back from the mirror. By what angle the mirror should be rotated so that the refected ray becomes
horizontal?
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d)8.
7. A light ray of frequency v and wavelength enters a liquid of refractive index 3/2. The ray travels in
the liquid with
53 OPTICS
(a) frequency v and wavelength
2
3
| |
|
\ .
(b) frequency v and wavelength
3
2
| |
|
\ .
(c) frequency v and wavelength (d) frequency
3
v
2
| |
|
\ .
and wavelength .
8. A thin prism P
1
with angle 4 and made from glass of refractive index 1.54 is combined with another
thin prism P
2
made from glass of refractive index 1.72 to produce dispersion without deviation. The
angle of the prism P
2
is
(a) 5.33 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2.6.
9. A beam of light consisting of red, green and blue colours is incident on a right-angled prism as
shown in fgure. The refractive indices of the material of the prism for the above red, green and blue
wavelengths are 1.39, 1.44 and 1.47 respectively. The prism will

(a) Separate part of the red colour from the green and blue colours.
(b) Separate part of the blue colour from the red and green colour.
(c) Separate all the three colour from one another.
(d) Not separate even partially any colour from the other two colours.
10. A parallel beam of light falls normally on the plane surface of a plano convex lens of refractive index
3/2. If the radius of the curved surface of the lens is 20 cm, the beam will be focused at which of the
following distances from the lens?
(a) 20 cm (b) 30 cm (c) 40 cm (d) 50 cm.
11. A beam of light strikes one mirror of a right angle mirror assembly at an angle of incidence 45 as shown
in the fgure. The right angle mirror assembly is rotated such that the angle of incidence becomes 60.
Which of the following statements is (are) correct about the emerging light beam.

45
Incident
light beam
Original emerging
light beam
(a) It will move through an angle of 15 with respect to the original emerging beam
(b) it will move through an angle of 30 with respect to the original emerging beam
(c) it will move through an angle of 45 with respect to the original emerging beam
(d) it will emerge parallel to the original emerging beam.
12. Two plane mirror M
1
and M
2
are placed parallel to each other 20 cm apart. A luminous point object
O is placed between them at 5 cm from M
1
as shown in fgure.
54 OPTICS

(a) the distance (in cm) of three nearest images from mirror M
1
are 5, 35 and 45 respectively.
(b) The distances (in cm) of three nearest image from mirror M
2
(c) the distance (in cm) of three nearest images from mirror M
1
(d) the distances (in cm) of three nearest images from mirror M
2
13. Which of the following (referred to a spherical mirror) do (does) not depend on whether the rays are
paraxial or not?
(a) Pole (b) Focus
(c) Radius of curvature (d) Principal axis.
14. The image of an extended object, placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a mirror, will be erect if
(a) the object and the image are both real
(b) the object and the image are both virtual
(c) the object is real but the image is virtual
(d) the object is virtual but the image is real.
15. A person standing in air looks at the bottom of a lake then apparent depth is.
(a) maximum at normal viewing
(b) maximum at grazing viewing
(c) increases as angle of incidence decreases from
2
(d) depends on refractive index for a given real depth.

16. The fgure shows a ray incident at an angle
i
3
=
. If the plot drawn shown the variation of
r i
versus
1
2
k,
(r = angle of refraction).
i
2
O
k
k
1
1
=|r-i|
k
2
2
(a) the value of k
1
is
2
3
(b) the value of
1
6
=
55 OPTICS
(c) the value of
2
3
=
(d) the value of k
2
is 1.
17. A convex lens forms a real image of a point object placed on its principal axis. If the upper half of the
lens is painted black,
(a) the image will be shifted downward
(b) the image will be shifted upward
(c) the image will not be shifted
(d) the intensity of the image formed on a screen will decrease.
18. Consider three converging lenses L
1
, L
2
and L
3
having identical geo-
metrical construction. The index of refraction of L
1
and L
2
are m
1
and
m
2
respectively. The upper half of the lens L
3
has a refractive index
m
1
and the lower half has m
2
(fgure). A point object O is imaged at
O
1
by the lens L
1
and at O
2
by the lens L
2
placed in same position. If
L
3
is placed at the same place.

(a) there will be an image at O
1
(b) there will be an image at O
2
(c) the only image will form somewhere between O
1
and O
2
(d) the only image will form away from O
2
.
19. A screen is placed a distance 40 cm away from an illuminated object. A converging lens is placed
between the source and the screen and it is attempted to form the image of the source on the screen.
If no position could be found, the focal length of the lens
(a) must be less than 10 cm
(b) must be greater than 20 cm
(c) must not be greater than 20 cm
(d) must not be less than 10 cm.
20. An object and a screen are kept at a distance of 120 cm. A lens of focal length 22.5 cm is kept between
them so that a real image is formed on the screen. The possible location of the lens is.
(a) 90 cm from object (b) 30 cm from object
(c) 40 cm from object (d) 80 cm from object.
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
Speed of light in a medium of refractive index n is given by
c
n
where c is speed of light in vacuum
refractive index of a medium depends on wavelength (l). As wavelength increases refractive index
decreases. It is also given
l
red
> l
orange
> l
yellow
21. In glass
(a) orange light travels faster than yellow light
56 OPTICS
(b) yellow light travels faster than orange light
(c) yellow light travels faster than red light
(d) orange light travels faster than red light
22. Which quantity remains unchanged if light enters from water to glass
(a) Wavelength and colour (b) Refractive index and frequency
(c) Frequency and velocity (d) Colour and frequency
23. Which of the following phenomenon happens because of variation of wavelength
(a) Focal length (b) Dispersion
(c) Total internal refection (d) Bending of light
@ Write-up 2
A ray of light traveling in air is incident at grazing angle
( ) i 90
on a long rectangular slab of a
transparent medium of thickness t = 1.0 m. The point of incidence is the medium A (0, 0). The medium
has a variable index of refraction n(y) given by n(y) = [ky
3/2
+ 1]
1/2
where k = 1.0 (m)
3/2
. The refractive
index of air is 1.
i
y
x
t = 1m
Medium
P air
(x, y) B
Air
A(0, 0)
24. The incident angle at B(x, y) in the medium and the slope at B are related by the formula
(a)
dy
tani
dx
=
(b)
dy
cot i
dx
=
(c)
dy
sini
dx
=
(d)
dy
cosi
dx
=
.
25. Equation for the trajectory y(x) of the ray in the medium is
(a) x
4
= 256 y (b) y
4
= 256x (c) x = 4y
1/3
(d) y = 2x
1/3
26. The coordinates (x
1
, y
1
) of the point P where the ray intersects the upper surface of the slab-air boundary
are
(a) (1, 4) (b) (4, 2) (c)(4, 1) (d) (4, 3).
ASSERTION / REASON
Codes.
(a) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True; Statement 2 is a correct explanation for
Statement 1.
Statement 1.
27. STATEMENT 1
Radius of curvature of a convex mirror is 20 cm. If a real object is placed at 10 cm from pole of the
mirror, image is formed at infnity.
STATEMENT 2
57 OPTICS
When object is placed at focus, its image is formed at infnity.
28. STATEMENT 1
Minimum deviation for a given prism does not depend on the refractive index m of the prism.
STATEMENT 2
Deviation by a prism is given by
( )
1 2
i i A = +
and does not have the term m.
29. STATEMENT 1
Critical angle of the light passing from glass to air is minimum for violet colour.
STATEMENT 2
The wavelength of violet light is greater than the light of other colours.
30. STATEMENT 1
Different colours of light have same velocity in vacuum, but they have different velocities in any other
transparent medium
STATEMENT 2
v = c/m, where symbols have standard meaning. For different colours, refractive index, m of trans-
parent medium has different values. Therefore, v is different.
31. STATEMENT 1
Image formed by concave lens is not always virtual.
STATEMENT 2
Image formed by a lens is real if the image is formed in the direction of ray of light with respect to the
lens.
MATRIX MATCH
32. An object located between the focus and the pole of a concave mirror moves towards the pole with
a constant velocity along its principal axis. Consider the image formed by paraxial rays. Let q
0
and q
I

represent the magnitudes (absolute values) of the angles subtended by the object and its image at the
pole of the mirror respectively; and let m be defned as
I
0
. Use the New Cartesian Sign Convention.

33. A equi convex lens of refractive index m
2
and focal length f (in air) is kept in medium of refractive
index m
1
.
58 OPTICS
1
x
x
y
y
2

PRACTICAL QUESTIONS
34. A person is standing in a room of width 200 cm. A plane square mirror of length 10 cm is fxed on a wall
in front of the person looks into the mirror from distance 50 cm. How much width (height) of the wall
behind him will he be able to see.
(a) 30 cm (b) 40 cm
(c) 50 cm (d) None of these.
h

Screen
35. Sun rays are refected from a horizontal mirror and fall on a vertical
screen. An object is placed the mirror as shown in fgure. If object
is of length h then length of the shadow on the screen will be.
(a) h (b) 2h
(c) 3h (d) 4h.
M A
s
d 2d
36. A point source of light S at a distance d from the screen A produces light intensity
I
0
at the centre of the screen. If a completely refecting mirror M is placed at a
distance 2d behind the source as shown in the fgure, the intensity at the centre
of the screen changes to.
(a) 25/26 I
0
(b) 26/25 I
0
(c) 24/25 I
0
(d) 25/24 I
0
.
3m/s
8cm
S=Source of light
Wall
37. A plane mirror of length 8 cm is moving with speed 3 m/s towards a wall in
situation as shown in fgure, then size of spot formed on the wall is.
(a) 8 cm (b) 4 cm
(c) 16 cm (d) None.
38. Figure shows a square enclouse. The inner surface are plane mirrors. A ray of
light enters a small hole in the centre of one mirror. At what angle q must be ray
enter in order to exit through the hole after being refected one by each mirrors?
59 OPTICS
(a) 15 (b) 30
(c) 45 (d) None.
39. A ray of light is incident on a plane mirror along a vector

i j k +
. The normal to the mirror at the point
of incidence is along

i j +
. Then unit vector along the refected ray is.
(a)
( )
1

i j k
3
+ +
(b)
( )
1

i j k
3
+ +
(c)
( )
1

i j k
3
+
(d) None.
40. Two palne mirrors are arranged at right angles to each other as shown in fgure. A ray of light is incident
on the horizontal mirror at an angle . For what value of the ray emerges parallel to the incoming
ray after refection from the vertical mirror?

(a) (b) 30
0
(c) 45 (d) All of these
41. A parallel beam of light ray parallel to the X-axis is incident on a parabolic refecting surface x = 2 by
2

as shown in the fgure. After refecting it passes through focal point F. The focal length of the refecting
surface is.
(a) 1/8b (b) 1/4b
(c) 1/b (d) None.
42. A mirror of focal 15 cm is cut into two halves and placed before an object at a distance of 10 cm as
shown in fgure. The separation between images formed by two halves of mirror is.
(a) 3 mm (b) 4 mm
(c) 5 mm (d) 6 mm.
43. An infnitely long rod lies along the axis of a concave mirror of focal length f. The near end of the rod
is at a distance u > f from the mirror. Its image will have a length.
(a)
2
f
u f
(b)
uf
u f
(c)
2
f
u f +
(d)
uf
u f +
.
44. An object is moving towards a converging lens on its axis. The image is also found to be moving towards
the lens. Then the object can be at
60 OPTICS
(a) (b) 4f
(c) (d) 2f
45. A bird fies down vertically towards a water surface. To a fsh inside the water, vertically below the bird,
the bird will appear to
(a) be farther away than its actual distance
(b) be closer than its actual distance
(c) move faster than its actual speed
(d) move slower than its actual speed.
O
Y
P
T
4m
46. T is a point at the bottom of a tank flled with water, as shown. The refractive
index of water is 4/3. YPT is the vertical line through T. To an observer at the
position O, T will appear to be
(a) to the left of YT (b) somewhere on YT
(c) at a depth 3 m below T (d) at a depth < 3 m below T.
47. A ray of light travelling in a transparent medium falls on a surface separating the medium from air at
an angle of incident 45. The ray undergoes total internal refection. If n is the refractive index of the
medium with respect to air, select the possible value(s) of n from the following.
(a) 1.3 (b) 1.4
(c) 1.5 (d) 1.6.
48. A point object is palced at 30cm from a convex glass lens of focal length 20cm. The fnal
image of object will be formed at infnity; if
(a) another concave lens of focal length 60cm is placed in contact with the previous lens
(b) another convex lens of focal length 60cm is placed at a distance of 30cm from the frst lens
(c) the whole system is inmersed in a liquid of refractive index
(d) the whole system is inmersed in a liquid of refractive index
49. Focal length of a lens in air is f. Refractive index of the lens is . Focal length changes to f
1
, if lens
is immersed in a liquid of refractive index , and it becomes f
2
if the lens is immersed in a liquid of
refractive index . Then,
(a) (b)
(c) (d) Value of is required to fnd
61 OPTICS
50. a diverging lens of focal length f
1
is placed in front of and coaxially with a concave mirror of focal length
f
2
. Their separation is d. A parallel beam of light incident on the lens returns as a parallel beam from
the arrangement.
(a) The beam diameters of the incident and refected beams must be the same.
(b) d =2 | f
2
| |f
1
|
(c) d = |f
2
| |f
1
|
(d) If the entire arranegment is immersed in water, the conditions will remain unaltered.
51. A converging lens of focal length f
1
= is placed in front of and coaxially with a convex mirror of focal
length f
2
. Their separation is d. A parallel beam of light incident on the lens returns as a parallel beam
from the arrangement.
(a) The beam diameters of the incident and refected beams must be the same.
(b) d = f
1
|f
2
|
(c) d =f
1
|f
2
|
(d) If the entire arrangement is immersed in water, the conditions will remain unaltered.
52. A converging lens forms a fve fold magnifed image of an object. The screen is moved towards the
object by a distance , and the lens is shifted so that image has the same size as the object
(a) the power of lens is 6.4 dioptre
(b) the initial distance between screen of object is 0.1875m
(c) the focal length of the lens is 0.156m
(d) the focal length of the lens is 1.5m
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
In case of convex lens, when object is moved from f to 2f, its image is real, inverted and magnifed. It
moves from infnity to 2f on other side.
53. Focal length of a convex lens is 10 cm. When the object is moved from 15 cm to 25 cm, the magnitude
of linear magnifcation.
(a) will increase (b) will decrease
(c) will frst increase then decrease (d) will frst decrease than increase.
54. Image of object AB shown in fgure will be like.
B
A F 2F
(a)
B'
A'
F 2F
(b)
B'
A'
F 2F
(c)
B'
A'
F 2F
(d)
B'
A'
F 2F
ASSERTION / REASON
Codes.
ment 1.
62 OPTICS
Statement 1.
55. STATEMENT 1
For observing traffc at our back, we prefer to use a convex mirror.
STATEMENT 2
A convex mirror has a much larger feld of view than a plane mirror or a concave mirror.
56. STATEMENT 1
The twinkling of star is due to refection of light.
STATEMENT 2
The velocity of light changes while going from one medium to the other.
57. STATEMENT 1
The minimum distance between an object and its real image formed by a convex lens is 2f.
STATEMENT 2
The distance between an object and its real image is minimum when its magnifcation is one.
58. STATEMENT 1
A lens has two principal focal lengths which may differ.
STATEMENT 2
Light can fall on either surface of the lens. The two principal focal lengths differ when medium on the
two sides have different refractive indices.
59. STATEMENT 1
If a convex lens of glass is immersed in water its power decreases.
STATEMENT 2
In water it behaves as a concave lens.
MATRIX MATCH
60.
Column A Column B
(a) Rainbow (p) Refraction
(b) Mirage (q) Dispersion
(c) Twinkling of stars (r) Scattering
(d) Blue sky (s) Total internal refection
61. Two thin prism of angle A, despersive power and , refractive index for yellow and violet and
red, as and for 1
st
prism and for 2
nd
prism are combined together
63 OPTICS

LEVEL - II
KEY
MODEL QUESTIONS
1. (a) 2. (d)
3. (c) 4. (b)
5. (c) 6. (a)
7. (a) 8. (c)
9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (a, d)
13. (a, c, d) 14. (c, d)
15. (a, c, d) 16. (b, c, d)
17. (c, d) 18. (a, b)
19. (d) 20. (a, b)
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (b)
@ Write-up 2
24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (c)
ASSERTION / REASON
27. (D) 28. (D)
29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (b)
MATRIX MATCH
32. (a q), (b p), (c p), (d r)
33. (a q), (b r), (c p), (d s)
64 OPTICS
PRACTICAL QUESTIONS
34. (c) 35. (b)
36. (b) 37. (c)
38. (c) 39. (b)
40. (d) 41. (a)
42. (d) 43. (a)

44. (a, c) 45. (a, c)
46. (a, d) 47. (c, d)
48. (a, d) 49. (d)
50 (a, b) 51. (a, b)
52. (b, c)
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
53 (b) 54 (c)
ASSERTION / REASON
55. (a) 56. (d)
57. (d) 58. (a)
59. (a,b,c)
MATRIX MATCH
60. (a p, q, s), (b p, s), (c p), (d r)
61. (a r), (b p), (c s), (d q)
LEVEL II
MODEL QUESTIONS
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
1. The length on the screen that will receive refected light from the mirror will be 2 (height of the mirror)
Hence it will be 2H.
H
2H
2. If we resolve the velocity of the man along and perpendicular to the direction of mirror then
65 OPTICS

v cos
along the mirror

v sin
perpendicular to the mirror.
For image net angle will be 20.
Hence velocity of the image will be

image

v v cos2 i v sin2 j = +
.
3. The boy does not receive any light after refection.
4. For a concave mirror
The linear magnifcation is always greater than one.
m = 1, only, when the object is at the pole.
5.
tani =

sini cosi =

sini sin(90 i) =
(i)
But
sini
sinr
=

sini sinr =
(ii)
from (i) and (ii)

r (90 i) =
(iii)
From fgure we can say angle between refected and refracted rays is

(i r) = +

180 (i 90 i) = +

90 =
.
6.

Net deviation
( 1)A =

66 OPTICS

(3 / 2 1)4 =

2 =
Hence, the incident ray will make 2 with horizontal, so to keep it
in the horizontal plane we should rotate the mirror by (2 2) = 4.
7. From going one medium to the other medium the frequency of the light ray does not change.

1 1
v n =

2 2
v n =
where v
1
and v
2
are the speeds of the light ray

1 1
2 2
v
v

=
Hence,
2
2 1
1
v
v
| |

|
\ .
But
1
2
v 3
v 2
= =
Hence,
2
2
3
| |
=
|
\ .
.
8. Prism Angle Refractive index
P
1
4 1.54
P
2
A 1.72
Since
min
( 1)A =
When the deviation is from 1
st
prism.

(1.54 1)4 =

2.16 =
since fnal ray has no deviation.
Then for 2
nd
prism

2.16 =
Hence
2 2
( 1)A =

2
2.16 (1.72 1)A =

2
A 3 =
.
9. Since
r
passes a much different value than that of green and blue wavelength. Hence the prism will
have separate part of the red colour from the green and blue colours.
10. since
1 2
1 1 1
( 1)
f R R
| |
=
|
\ .

=3/2
Hence
1 3 1 1
1
f 2 20
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .

1 1 1
f 2 20
| |
=
|
\ .

f 40 cm =
.
11. Irrespective of the angle of incidence, the emergent ray is anti-parallel to incident ray.
12. Image of previous optical action acts as an object for next.
67 OPTICS
13. The marginal rays do not pass through a unique point.
14. Real is inverted
15. As the angle of incidence increases, the apparent depth decreases. 4
16. For critical ray,
2 1
3
sin0
2
=

1
3
k
2
=
,
1
30 =
Deviation is zero for k
2
= 1. For large k, the angel of emergence

2
60 =
.
17. Not all the rays will participate in image formation.
18. The two halves of L
3
will form two images.
19. The minimum distance between an object & its real image (by a convex lens) is uf.
20.
( )
1 1 1
120 x x 22.5
=

x 90 =
, 30 cm.
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
21.
1
v
n

22. In refraction, the frequency remains same.
23. n depends on l.
@ Write-up 2
24.
( )
dy
tan tan 90 i wti
dx
= = =
25.
( ) sini 1 sin90 =

2 1/ 2 3/ 4
ti 1 k y = =

3/ 4 1/ 2
y dy k dx

4
x
y
256
=
(K = 1).
26. y = 1
x = 4.
27. The focus of a convex mirror is behind the mirror.
28. ; hence D
m
depends upon .
29. is maximum.
Also, .
30. Speed of light in medium where are permittivity and permeability.
68 OPTICS
31. If the object is virtual, then the image formed by a concave lens is real.
MATRIX MATCH
32. For a concave mirror, , where f is negative and, under the given conditions

Differentiating the mirror equation, we get the velocity and acceleration of the image.
33.
If the lens is cut along , there will be no change in . If it is cut along .
PRACTICAL QUESTIONS
34.
x 250
10 50
=

x 50 cm =
.
35.
.
36.
0
0 2
I
I I
5
= +

0
26
I
25
=
.
37. In double the distance, the speed, of light also double.
38. The maximum speed of the image is equal to that of the object.
39. The incident ray
( )

i j k = +
; the refected ray can be found by reversing the sign of the component
along the normal.
40.
41.
1
focus : b, 0
8
| |
|
\ .
.
42.
1 1 1
v 15 10
=

v = 30 cm
m =
30
3
10
=
(d)
69 OPTICS
43.
fu
v
u f
=
(near end)
v =f (for far end)

2
image
f
u f
=
.
44. when ; image is virtual & effect, as object moves towards pole image also moves towards pole
45. since
.
46. (a)
rays will appear to come from left of YT

(b)
observed depth will be less than that for normal view.

47. (u) sin45 > (I) s in 90

m
2 >
.
48. fnal image is formed at infnity, if the combined focal length of the two lenses (in contact) becomes
30cm

similarly, let be the refractive index of a liquid in which the focal length of the given lens become
30cm

49. value of is required to get
50. The rays fall normally on the mirror and retrace their path.
51. Conceptual
52. in frst case; in second case
70 OPTICS

COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
53
v
m
u
=
54 Image will be real inverted and enlarged. Also, object and its image move in the same direction for
refraction.
ASSERTION / REASON
55. Since the image is dininished, the feld of view is enlarged.
56. Twinkling of stars is due to the passage of star light through moving layers of air having different refractive
indices.
57. The minimum distance between an object and its real image formed by a convex lens is 4f.
58. For a lens with different media on both sides, we have
.
59. Power of lens .
MATRIX MATCH
60. Formation of Rainbows, mirages involve refraction and total internal refection; twinkling of stars involves
refraction; white the sky is blue due to scattering of blue light.
61. and for a thin prism.
LEVEL - III
71 OPTICS
MODEL QUESTIONS
1. A linear object is placed along the axis of a mirror as shown in fgure. If f is the focal length of the
mirror then the length of image is.
(a) (2f) / 3 (b) f (c) f / 3 (d) None.

2. An object O is placed in front of a plane mirror and concave mirror as shown in fgure. If f is the focal
length of concave mirror then the separation between the two mirrors so that image obtained after two
refections coincides with object O is.
(a) 9f / 4 (b) 7f / 4 (c)f (d) None.

3. The co-ordinates of image of point object P formed after two successive refection in situation as shown
in fgure considering frst refection at concave mirror and then at convex.
(a) (30 cm, 14 mm) (b) ( 30 cm, 14 mm)
(c) ( 30 cm, 14 mm) (d) None.

4. Light is incident normally in face AB of a prism as shown in fgure. A liquid of refractive index m is placed
on face AC of the prism. The prism is made of glass of refractive index 3/2. The limits of m for which
total internal refection takes place on face AC is.
(a)
3
2
>
(b)
3 3
4
<
(c)
3 >
(d)
3
2
<
.

5. In the fgure shown in the angle made by the light ray with the normal in the medium of refractive index
2
is.
(a) 30 (b) 60 (c) 90 (d)none of these.
72 OPTICS

6. In the fgure shown
sini
sinr
is equal to .
(a)
2
2
3 1

(b)
3
1
(c)
3 1
2
2

(d) None of these.

7. A ray of light is incident normally on a prism of refractive index 1.5, as shown in fgure. The prism is
immersed in a liquid of refractive index m . The largest value of the angle ACB, so that the ray is totally
refected at the face AC, is 60. Then the value of m must be.
(a)
3
2
(b)
5
3
(c)
4
3
(d)
3 3
4
.

8. The x-z plane separates two media A and B with refractive indices m
1
and m
2
respectively. A ray of
light travels from A to B. Its directions in the two media are given by the unit vectors
A

r ai bj = +
and
B

r i j = +
respectively where
i
and
j
are unit vectors in the x and y directions. Then.
(a)
1 2
a =
(b)
1 2
a =
(c)
1 2
b =
(d)
1 2
b =
.
9. A ray of light is incident at angle i on a surface of a prism of small angle A and emerges normally form
the opposite surface. If the refractive index of the material of the prism is m, the angle of incidence i is
nearly equal to.
(a) A / m (b) A / 2m
(c) mA (d) mA / 2.
73 OPTICS
10. From a concave mirror of focal length f, image is 2 times larger. Then the object distance from the mirror
is.
(a)
f
2
(b)
3f
2
(c)
f
4
(d)
4f
3
.
11. For a mirror linear magnifcation m come out to be + 2. What conclusions can be drawn from this?
(a) mirror is concave
(b) mirror can be convex or concave but it can not be plane
(c) object lies between pole and focus
(d) object lies beyond focus.
12. Refractive index of an equilateral prism is
2
.
(a) minimum deviation from this prism can be 30
(b) minimum deviation from this prism ca be 45
(c) at angle of incidence = 45, deviation is minimum
(d) at angle of incidence = 60, deviation is minimum.
13. In refraction, ray of light passes undeviated, when.
(a) medium on both sides is same
(b) angle of incidence is 90
(c) angle of incidence is 0
(d) medium on other side is rarer.
14. A ray of light has speed v
0
frequency f
0
and wavelength in vacuum. When this ray of light enters in
a medium of refractive index m, corresponding values are v, f and l Then.
(a)
0
f
f =
(b)
0
(c)
0
v
v =
(d)
0
f f =
.
15. A convex lens made of glass (m
g
= 3/2) has focal length f in air. The image of an object placed infront
of it is inverted real and magnifed. Now the whole arrangement is immersed in water (m
w
= 4/3) without
changing is distance between object and lens. Then.
(a) the new focal length will become 4f
(b) the new focal length will become
f
4
(c) new image will be virtual and magnifed
(d) new image will be real inverted and smaller in size.
16. A converging lens is used to form an image on a screen. When the upper half of the lens is covered
by an opaque screen.
(a) half of the image will disappear (b) complete image will be formed
(c) intensity of the image will increase (d) intensity of the image will decrease.
17. The index of refraction for violet light in silica fint galss is 1.66 and thot for red light is 1.62 Let a visible
light pass through a prism of apex angle with angle of incidence at , then
(a) deviation ofr violet is (b) deviation for red is
(c) angular dispersion is (d) angular dispession is
74 OPTICS
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
A point object O is placed at a distance of 0.3 m from a convex lens of focal length 0.2m. It is then cut
into two halves each of which is displaced by 0.0005 m as shown in fgure.
2 x 0.0005 m
O
0.3 m
L
1
L
2
18. Image will be formed from the lens at a distance of
(a) 30 cm (b) 40 cm (c) 50 cm (d) 60 cm.
19. Number of images found is
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4.
20. Separation between the images is
(a) 0.2 cm (b) 0.4 cm (c) 0.3 cm (d) 0.6 cm.
@ Write-up 2
A convex lens of focal length 15 cm and a concave mirror of focal length 30 cm are kept with their optic
axis PQ and RS parallel but separated in vertical direction by 0.6 cm as shown. The distance between
the lens and the mirror is 30 cm. An upright object AB of height 1.2 cm is placed on the optic axis PQ
of the lens at a distance of 20 cm form the lens.
A
B
Q
S
P
R
30cm
20cm
21. If
A B
is the image after refraction from the lens followed by refection from the mirror, the position of
A B
from the pole of the mirror is
(a) 15 cm in front of the mirror (b) 15 cm below the mirror
(c) 20 cm in front of the mirror (c) 20 cm behind the mirror.
22. Overall magnifcation caused by lens and mirror
(a) 3/2 (b) 3
(c) 1/2 (d) 3/2.
23. Positions of
A
with respect to the optic axis is
(a) 1.5 cm above RS (b) 1.5 cm below RS
(c) 0.3 cm above RS (d) 0.3 cm below RS.
75 OPTICS
ASSERTION / REASON
Codes.
ment 1.
Statement 1.
24. STATEMENT 1
Shaving, we prefer to use a concave mirror.
STATEMENT 2
A concave mirror gives an enlarged image when used in this manner.
25. STATEMENT 1
If a plane glass slab is placed on the letters of different colours all the letters appear to be raised up
to the different height.
STATEMENT 2
Different colours have different wavelength.
26. STATEMENT 1
Higher is the refractive index of a medium or denser the medium, lesser is the velocity of light in that
medium.
STATEMENT 2
Refractive index is inversely proportional to velocity of light in the medium.
27. STATEMENT 1
The blue colour of sky is on account of scattering of sunlight.
STATEMENT 2
The intensity of scattered light varies inversely as the fourth power of wavelength of light.
28. STATEMENT 1
An air bubble in a jar of water shines brightly due to phenomenon of refection.
STATEMENT 2
Refraction of light is the phenomenon of change in the path of light, when it goes from one medium
to another.
MATRIX MATCH
29. A plane mirror is tied to the free end of an ideal spring. The other end of the spring is attached to a
wall. The spring with mirror is held vertically to the foor, can slide along it smoothly. When the spring
is at its natural length, the mirror is found to be moving at a speed of V with respect to ground frame.
An object is moving towards the mirror with speed 2V with respect to ground frame. Then, Match the
following .
76 OPTICS
2V
V
Mirror
W
a
l
l
30. Choose the correct matching in Column B corresponding to statements in Column A.
S
31. A ray of light strikes a plane mirror at an angle of incidence 45 as shown
in the fgure. After refection, the ray passes through a prism of refractive
index 1.50, whose apex angle is 4. The angle through which the mirror
should be rotated if the total deviation of the ray is to be 90 is.
(a) 1 clockwise (b) 1 anticlockwise
(c) 2 clockwise (d) 2 anticlockwise.
32. Two parallel light rays pass through an isosceles prism of refractive index
3
2
as shown in the fgure. The angle between the two emergent rays
is.
(a) 45 (b) 30
(c) 15 (d) 60.
33. A thin prism has different medium on its either side. A light ray is incident
almost normally on the frst face. What is the angle of deviation if all the
angles are very small.
(a)
1
2 2
I 1 A 1
| | | |

| |

\ . \ .
(b)
1
2 2
I 1 A 1
| | | |
+
| |

\ . \ .
(c)
1
2 2
I 1 A 1
| | | |
+
| |

\ . \ .
(d) None.
34. A plane mirror is placed at the bottom of a tank containing a liquid of refractive index m. P is a small
object a height h above the mirror. An observer O vertically above P, outside the liquid submerged
sees P and its image in the mirror. The apparent distance between these two will be
77 OPTICS
(a) 2mh (b)
2h
(c)
2h
1
(d)
1
h 1
| |
+
|
\ .
.
35. P is a point on the axis of a concave, mirror. The image of P, formed by the mirror, coincides with P. A
rectangular glass slab of thickness t and refractive index m is now introduced between P and the mirror.
For the image of P to coincide with P again, the mirror must be moved.
(a) towards P by (m 1)t (b) away from P by (m 1)t
(c) towards P by t(1 1/m) (d) away from P by (1 1/m)t.
36. A ray of light travels from an optically denser to rarer medium. The critical angle for the two media is c.
The maximum possible deviation of the ray will be
(a) p c (b) p - 2c (c) 2c (d) p/2 + c.
37. A transparent sphere of radius R and refractive index m is kept in air. At what distance from the surface
of the sphere should a point object be placed so as to form a real image at the same distance from the
sphere?
(a) R/m (b) mR (c) (d) .
38. An air bubble is inside water. The refractive index of water is 4/3. At what distance from the air bubble
should a point object be placed so as to form a real image at the same distance from the bubble?
(a) 2R (b) 3R
(c) 4R (d) The air bubble cannot form a real image.
39. A converging lens forms a real image I on its optic axis. A rectangular glass slab of refractive index m
and thickness t is introduced between the lens and I. I will move
(a) away from the lens by t(m 1) (b) towards the lens by t(m 1)
(c) away from the lens by t(1 1/m ) (d) towards the lens by t(1 1/m).
40. A diminished image of an object is to be obtained on a screen 1.0 m from it. This can be achieved by
appropriate placing .
(a) a concave mirror of suitable focal length
(b) a convex mirror of suitable focal length
(c) a convex lens of focal length less than 0.25 m
(d) a convex lens of suitable focal length
41. A ray of light traveling in a transparent medium falls on a surface separating the medium from air, at an
angle of incidence of 45. The ray undergoes total internal refection. If n is the refractive index of the
medium with respect to air, select the possible values of n from the following
(a) 1.3 (b) 1.4 (c) 1.5 (d) 1.6
42. A ray of light traveling in a transparent medium falls on a surface separating the medium from air at
an angle of incidence 45. The ray undergoes total internal refection. If n is the refractive index of the
medium with respect to air, select the possible value (s) of n from the following.
(a) 1.3 (b) 1.4 (c) 1.5 (d) 1.6.
43. Light incident on a surface separating two media is partly refected and partly refracted as shown in
78 OPTICS
the fgure given ahead.

(a)
( )
2
1/ 2
2 2
1 2
n
sini
n n
=
+
(b)
1
2
n
tani
n
=
(c)
c
sini cot i =
(d)
c
sini seci =
.
44. A solid, transparent sphere has a small, opaque dot at its centre. When observed from outside, the
apparent position of the dot will be
(a) closer to the eye than its actual position
(b) farther away from the eye than its actual position
(c) the same as its actual position
(d) independent of the refractive index of the sphere.
45. A water-flled hollow glass prism is mounted on a spectrometer and a parallel beam of monochromatic
light is incident on one of the refracting faces from the side of the base. The angle of prism is 60. On
refraction through the prism.
(a) the emergent beam gets deviated away from the base
(b) there is a position of the prism for the minimum deviation
(c) the refractive index of water with respect to air can be computed
(d) the refractive index of water with respect to glass alone can be computed.
46. A thin concavo-convex lens has to surfaces of radii of curvature R and 2R. The material of the lens
has a refractive index . When kept in air, the focal length of the lens
(a) will depend on the direction from which light is incident on it
(b) will be the same, irrespective of the direction from which light is incident on it
(c) will be equal to
R
1
(d) will be equal to
2R
1
.
47. If a convergent beam of light passes through a diverging lens, the result
(a) may be a convergent beam (b) may be a divergent beam
(c) may be a parallel beam (d) must be a parallel beam
48. Which of the following form virtual and erect images for all positions of the real object?
(a) Convex lens (b) Concave lens
(c) Convex mirror (d) Concave mirror.
49. In the displacement method a convex lens is placed in between an object and a screen. If the
magnifcations in the two positions are m
1
and m
2
, the focal length of the lens is. (x is the diff. In position
of lens)
(a) x/(m
1
+ m
2
) (b) x/(m
1
m
2
)
(c) [x/(m
1
+ m
2
)
2
] (d) [x/(m
1
m
2
)
2
].
79 OPTICS
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
The following fgure shows a simple version of a zoom. The converging lens has a focal length f
1
and
the diverging lens has focal length f
2
= |f
2
|. The two lenses are separated by a variable distance d
that is always less than f
1
, also the magnitude of the focal length of the diverging lens satisfes the
inequality |f
2
| > (f
1
d). If the rays that emerge from the diverging lens and reach the fnal image point
are extended backward to the left of the diverging lens, they will eventually expand to the original radius
r
0
at the same point Q. To determine the effective focal length of the combination lens consider a bundle
of parallel rays of radius r
0
entering the converging lens.
r
0
r'
0
f
1
f =-|f |
1 2
Q
d
f
s'
2
I'
50. At the point where ray enters the diverging lens, the radius of the ray bundle decreases to.
(a)
1
0 0
1
f d
r r
f
| |
=
|
\ .
(b)
1
0 0
1
f d
r r
f
| |
=
|
\ .
(c)
1 2
0 0
1
f f
r r
f
| |
=
|
\ .
(d)
0 0
r r =
.
51. To the right of the diverging lens the fnal image
I
is formed at a distance
2
s
given by.
(a)
( )
1 2
2 1
f f d
f f d
+
(b)
( )
1 2
2 1
f d f
f d f
+
(c)
1 2
1 2
f f d
f f
+
(d)
( )
1 2
1 2
d f f
f f d

52. The effective focal length is given by.
(a)
1 1
1 1
f f
f f d +
(b)
1 2
1 2
f f
f f d
(c)
1
2 1
f
f f d +
(d)
2
1 2
f
f f d + +
.
@ Write-up 2
Mirror
0.9m
0.8m
A thin equiconvex lens of glass of refractive index. m = 3/2 and of
80 OPTICS
focal length 0.3 m in air is sealed into an opening at one end of a tank
flled with water (m = 4/3). On the opposite side of the lens, a mirror is
placed inside the tank on the tank wall perpendicular to the lens axis,
as shown in fgure. The separation between the lens and the mirror is
0.8 m. A small object is placed outside the tank in front of the lens at
a distance of 0.9 m from the lens along its axis.
53. Radius of curvature of any of the curved surface of equiconvex lens is.
(a) 0.3 m (b) 0.4 m
(c) 0.5 m (d) 0.6 m.
54. After refraction at glass-water interface, the position of real image formed by the mirror is.
(a) at a distance of 0.4 m from the lens (b) at a distance of 0.3 m from the lens
(c) at a distance of 0.2 m from the lens (d) at a distance of 0.1 m from the lens.
55. After fnal refraction at glass-air interface, where the image appears to be formed?
(a) 0.6 m from the lens on the side of the mirror
(b) 0.7 m from the lens on the side of the mirror
(c) 0.8 m from the lens on the side of the mirror
(d) 0.9 m from the lens on the side of the mirror.
ASSERTION / REASON
Codes.
ment 1.
Statement 1.
56. STATEMENT 1
Just before setting, the sun may appear to be elliptical. This happens due to refraction.
STATEMENT 2
Refraction of light rays through the atmosphere may cause different magnifcation in mutually
perpendicular directions.
57. STATEMENT 1
Critical angle of light passing from glass to air is minimum for violet colour.
STATEMENT 2
The wavelength of blue light is greater than the light of other colours.
58. STATEMENT 1
The sun looks bigger in size at sunrise and sunset than during day.
STATEMENT 2
The phenomenon of diffraction bends light rays.
59. STATEMENT 1
The images formed by total internal refections are much brighter than those formed by mirrors or lenses.
STATEMENT 2
There is no loss of intensity in total internal refection.
60. STATEMENT 1
A convex lens of glass (m = 1.5) behaves as a diverging lens when immersed in carbon disulphide of
higher refractive index (m = 1.65).
STATEMENT 2
81 OPTICS
A diverging lens is thinner in the middle and thicker at the edges.
MATRIX MATCH
61. A cocave mirror of focal length f with pole at origin is as shown. A point object O is located in XY plane
as given in columnA. The column B gives the position of point image so formed. Here are x&y
co-ordinates of point object, simillarly are x & y co-ordinates of point image respectively.

Column A Column B
(a) (p)
(b) (q)
(c) (r)
(d) (s)
62. The greatest thickness of a plan convex lens when viewed normally through the plane surface appears
to be 0.03m and when viewed normally thorugh the curved surface it appears to be 0.036m. The actual
thickness is 0.045m.Then, match the following
Column A Column B
(a) refractive index of the material of lens (p) 1.5
(b) radius of curvature of the lens (q) 9 cm
(c) focal length, if its plane surface is silvered (r) -9 cm
(d) focal length, if its curved surface is silvered (s) -3 cm
a) p b) q
c) r d) s
LEVEL - III
MODEL QUESTIONS
1. (b) 2. (a)
3. (a) 4. (b)
5. (a) 6. (b)
7. (d) 8. (a)
9. (c)
82 OPTICS
10. (a, b) 11. (a, c)
12. (a, c) 13. (a, c)
14. (b, c, d) 15. (a, c)
16. (b, d) 17. (b, c)
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (c)
@ Write-up 2
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (b)
ASSERTION / REASON
24. (a) 25. (a)
26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (d)
MATRIX MATCH
29. (a r)
(b p)
(c r)
(d r)
30. (a r)
(b p, r)
(c q, r)
(d p, r, s)
PRACTICAL QUESTIONS
31. (b) 32. (b)
33. (a) 34. (b)
35. (d) 36. (b)
37. (c) 38. (d)
39. (c) 40. (c)
41. (c, d) 42. (c, d)
43. (a, c) 44. (c, d)
45. (b, c) 46. (b, d)
47. (a, b, c) 48. (b, c)
49. (b)
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
50. (a) 51. (b) 52. (a)
83 OPTICS
@ Write-up 2
53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (d)
ASSERTION / REASON
56. (a) 57. (c)
58. (b) 59. (a)
60. (b)
MATRIX MATCH
61. (a p,r)
(b q,s)
(c s)
(d r)
62. (a p)
(b q)
(c r)
(d s)
LEVEL III
MODEL QUESTIONS
1. The image of object at 2f will be formed at 2f. So the object and image will coincide at 2f
Image of
3f
2

1 1 1
v u f
=

1 1 1
3f v f
2
=
| |
|
\ .

1 1 2 1
v f 3f 3f
= =
V = 3f

Length of image = 3f 2f = f.
2.
1 1 1
v f 3f
=

3f
v
2
=
Reqd. dist =
3f 1 3f 9f
3f
2 2 2 4
| |
+ =
|
\ .
.
3.
1 1 1
v 20 15
= +

v = 60 cm

1
60
m 3
20
| |
= =
|
\ .
84 OPTICS

final
1 1 1
v 10 20
= +

final
v
= 20 cm;
2
20
m 2
10
| |
= =
|
\ .
4.
w g
1 1
sin60
3 / 2
> =

g
w
2
3
>

3 / 2 2
3
>

3 3
4
<
.
5. (1)
( )
( )
1
2 sin
2
| |
=
|
\ .

q = 30
6. m
1
sin I = m
3
sin r
7.
( ) 1.5 sin60 sin90 =

3 3
4
=
.
8. am
1
= am
2

A
B
j
b i
a +
j
+
9. i A = (m 1)A

I = mA.
10. If image is virtual. Then
suppose u = - x, then v = + 2x
From the mirror formula

1 1 1
v u f
+ =
or
1 1 1
2x x f
=
or
f
x
2
=
if image is real. Then
suppose u = - y then v = - 2y
Again applying the mirror formula

1 1 1
2y y f
=
or
3 1
2y f
=
85 OPTICS

3
y f
2
=
.
11. M = + 2 means image is virtual, erect and magnifed. Virtual magnifed image can be formed only by a
concave mirror and that too when object lies between pole and focus.
12. From
m
A
sin
2
A
sin
2
+ | |
|
\ .
=

we can see that
m
30 =
for
2 =
and A =60
Further, at minimum deviation,

1 2
A
r r 30
2
= = =

1 1
sini sinr =

( )
2 sin30 =

1
2
=

1
i 45 =
.
13. Ray passes undeviated when m
1
= m
2
or ray is normal or angle of incidence is 0.
14. In passing from vacuum to a medium, frequency remain unchanged while speed and wavelength
decreases a time.

15.
air 1 2
1 3 1 1
1
f 2 R R
| |
| |
=
|
|
\ .
\ .

water 1 2
1 3 / 2 1 1
1
f 4 / 3 R R
| |
| |
=
|
|
\ .
\ .
From these two equations we get ,

water air
f 4f 4f = =
In air object was inverted, real and magnifed. Therefore, object was lying between f and 2f. Now the
focal length has changed two 4f. Therefore, the object now lies between pole and focus. Hence, the
new image will be virtual and magnifed.
16. When upper half of the lens is covered, image is formed by the rays coming from lower half of the
lens. Or image will be formed by less number of rays. Therefore, intensity of image will decrease. But
complete image will be formed.
17.
86 OPTICS

angular dispersion
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
18.
1 1 1
v 0.2 0.3
= +
v = 60 cm
19. Two
20.
v 60
m 2
v 30
= = =
depuration = 0.3 cm
@ Write-up 2
21.
1 1 1
v 15 20
= +
v = 60 cm

final
1 1 1
v 30 30
=

final
v 15 =
cm. 180.
22. m = m
1
m
2
= ( 3)
1
2
| |
|
\ .

3
2
=
.
23. 1.5 cm below RS
24. When an object between the focus and the pole of a concave mirror, the image is erect and enlarged.
25. , the images should appear to be raised by different amounts.
87 OPTICS
26. Refractive index .
27. The wavelength of blue light is smaller than that of red light.
28. The phenomenon is due to total internal refection.
MATRIX MATCH
29. velocity of image w.r.t. ground = 2v
velocity of image w.r.t. mirror = v
velocity of image w.r.t. object = 2v
30. Frequency of the wave remains invariant. The speed of the wave depends on the medium; and there
is a phase change of 180 on refection at a denser medium. S
PRACTICAL QUESTIONS
31.
( ) 1 A =
= 2

mirror should be rotated by 1 anticlock vise.

32.
3 1
1
2
2
| |
| |
=
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

60 =

regd. Angle = 30
33.
( ) i e A = +
(i)

1 1
i r =

1
1
r i
(ii)

2 1
r A r =

( )
1 2
A r e =

( )
1
2
e A r

1
2
i A i A
(
= +
(

1
2 2
i 1 A 1
| | | |

| |

\ . \ .
.
34.
1
x
v =
88 OPTICS

1
x 2h
v
+
=

2h
dist =
.
35. By moving the mirror away by
1
1 t
| |
\ .
, the effective situation remains unchanged.
36.
-2C
C
37.
v
1 1
Lt
v R

R
v
1
=

38. Virtual image will be formed.
39. Image will appear shifted by
1
t 1
| |
\ .
40. Image can be formed on the screen if it is real. Real image of reduced size scan be formed by a concave
mirror or a convex lens as shown in fgure.
A diminished real image is formed by a convex lens when the object is placed beyond 2f and the image
of such object is formed beyond 2f on other side.
Thus, d > (2f + 2f)
or 4f < 0.1 m
or f < 0.25 m
41. For T.I.R. 450 > C

1
sinC
2
<

1.414 >
.
42. For total internal refection to take place.
Angle of incidence, i > critical angle, q
c
or sin i > sin q
c
or sin 45 > 1/n
or
1 1
n
2
>
or
n 2 >
Or n > 1.414
Therefore, possible values of n can be 1.5 or 1.6 in the given options.
89 OPTICS
43.
( )
1 2
n sini n sin 90 i =

2
1
n 1
tani
n sinC
= =

2
2 2
1 2
n
sini
n n
=
+
.
44. The rays are radial.
45. This is equivalent to a water prism.
46. For thin lens, it doesnt matter which side faces light.
Also,
( )
1 1 1
1
f R 2R
| |
=
|
+ +
\ .
47. Any of (a), (b) or (c) is possible depending upon the divergence caused.
48. Concave lens and convex mirror form virtual image of a real object.
49.
1
D x
m
D x
+
=
,
2
D x
m
D x
=
+
and
2 2
D x
f
4D
=

( )
2 2
1 2
x D x
x
f
m m 4Dx
= =
.
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
50. From similar
s

1
0 1
0 1
r f d
r f
=
.
51. For diverging lens

1 2 2
u (f d), f | f | = + =

1 2
2 1
(f d) | f |
v
| f | d f
=
+
.
52.
eff 1 2 1 2
1 1 1 d
f f f f f
= +
.
@ Write-up 2
53. to 55. From lens Makers formula,

1 2
1 1 1
( 1)
f R R
| |
=
|
\ .
we have
1 3 1 1
1
0.3 2 R R
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
(here, R
1
= R and R
2
= R)

R 0.3 =
Now applying
2 1 2 1
u R

= =
at air glass surface, we get

90 OPTICS

1
3 3
1
1
2 2
(0.9) 0.3
=

1
2.7m =
.
i.e., frst image I
1
will be formed at 2.7 m from the lens. This will act as the virtual object for glass water
surface.
Therefore, applying
2 1 2 1
u R

=
at glass water surface we have

2
4 4 3 3
3 3 2 2
2.7 0.3
= =

i.e., second image I
2
is formed at 1.2 m from the lens or 0.4 m from the plane mirror. This will act as a
virtual object for mirror. Therefore, third real image I
3
will be formed at a distance of 0.4 m in front of
the mirror after refection from it. Now this image will work as a real object for waterglass interface.
Hence, applying

2 1 2 1
u R

=
we get
4
4 3 4 3
3 2 3 2
(0.8 0.4) 0.3
=

4
0.54 m =
i.e., fourth image is formed to the right of the lens at a distance of 0.54 m from it. Now fnally applying
the same formula for glassair surface,

5
3 3
1
1
2 2
0.54 0.3
=

5
0.9 m =
i.e., position of fnal image is 0.9 m relative to the lens (rightwards) or the image is formed 0.1 m behind
the mirror.
ASSERTION / REASON
56. The refractive index of the atmosphere varies with height.
57. Sun .
58. The sun looks bigger at sunrise and sunset due to refraction.
59. Since no light undergoes refractino (in TIR) the refected light is of maximum intensity.
60. .
MATRIX MATCH
61.
For a For b For c
91 OPTICS

62.

if plane surface is silvered

F=-9cm
If curved surface is silvered

INTEGER ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
MODEL QUESTIONS
1. Three mirrors lying along x-y, y-z and z-x places are joined at the origin. An object is placed in the
frst octant. How many images are formed ?
2. The inside surface of a cylindrecal shell of diameter 1 cm and length 8cm is silvered . A thin
parallel beam of light, containing the axis of the cylinder in its plane of motion, enters it its silvery
surface close to one end. Given the angle of incidence as 53
0
, fnd the number of refections that the
beam undergoes before at the other end of the tube.
3. An object stands on a plane mirror Parallel light rays fall on it forming the shadow of the object by
refection on a screen positioned vertically, what is the maximum possible number of shadows that
can be spotted on the screen ?
92 OPTICS

4. Light falls on a prism of angle . If the minimum value of refractive index of the prism-
material, so that light entering one face may not exit through the other is , then k = ?

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
5. Two plane mirrors with their shiny sides facing meet at an angle of . A pencil of parallel light rays
moving parallel to one of the mirrors parallel the line of maximum slope of the mirror, strikes the
other mirror. After how many refections does it leave the mirror system to returns on its path ?

6. A point object is placed on the principal axis of a concave mirror of focal length 15cm at a distance
of 190cm from it. A converging lense of focal length 40cm, located between
the object and the mirror is moved around to discover any positions such that the fnal image of the
point object coincides with the object itself. How many different positions of the lens can be found.

7. A glass biconvex lens of radii of curvature 50cm and 100 cm, with its latter face silvered is placed
in air. The refractive index of glass is 1.5. What is the power of the optical system in diopter ?

8. A rod of length 10 cm lies along the principal axis of a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm in such a
way that the end closer to the pole is 20 cm away from it. fnd the length of image in cm.
9. A glass prism of angle 60 and index of refraction 1.5 is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.33.
If the angle of minimum deviation inside the liquid is not more than
then fnd
(in degree).
KEY
1. 7 2. 6
3. 2 4. 4
5. 3 6. 3
7. 5 8. 5
9. 9.
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
1. 7 images are formed at the remaining 7 corners of the cuvoid formed by the object and
image ( formed by these refections ) serving as its long digonal.
2.
3.
93 OPTICS
4.

now, required

5. Refecting off the frst mirror the ray strikes the second one orthogonally
6. two positions of the lens correspond to the situation when the image in the lens is made at the pole
of the mirror . one position of lens corresponds to the situation when the image in the lens is formed
at the center of the curvature of the mirror.
7.
p = 5D
8.

Thus the image of A is formed at 15 cm from the pole. the length of the image is, therefore, 5.0 cm.
9.
m
g
A
sin
2
A
sin
2
+
=

m m
60 60
sin sin
1.5
2 2
60 1
1.33
sin
2 2
+ +
= =
m
8 40' 9 = <
SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Find the height to the shortest plane mirror fxed vertically on the wall of a room in which a man stands
at the centre of the room can see the full images of the wall behind him.
2. If a luminous point is moving at a speed
0
V
towards a spherical mirror, along its axis, show that the
speed at which the image of this object is moving will be given by.

2
i 0
f
V V
u f
(
=
(

3. A thin rod of length
(f / 3)
is placed along the principal axis of a concave mirror of focal length
f
such
that its image which is real and elongated, just touches the rod. What is the magnifcation?
94 OPTICS
4. A man standing on the edge of a swimming pool looks at a stone lying on the bottom. The depth of
the swimming pool is equal to
h
. At what distance from the surface of water is the image of the stone
formed if the line of vision makes an angle
with the normal to the surface?

A B
C
5. A right prism is made by selecting a proper material and the angles
A
and
B(B A) <<
as shown in fgure. It is desired that a ray of light
incident on the face
AB
emerges parallel to the incident direction
after two internal refections.
(i) What should be the minimum refractive index
n
for this to be
possible?
(ii) For
n 5 / 3 =
is it possible to achieve this with the angle
B
equal
to 30 degree?
6. A ray of light is incident at an angle of
60
on one face of a prism which has an angle of refraction of
30
If the angle of deviation of the ray after it traverses the prism is 30, show that the emergent ray
is perpendicular to the face through which it emerges and calculate the refractive index of the material
of the prism.
7. A rectangular block of glass is placed on a printed page lying on a horizontal surface. Find the minimum
value of the refractive index of glass for which the letters on the page are not visible from any of vertical
faces of the block.
8. Light is incident at an angle
on one of the fat surfaces of a transparent cylindrical rod of refractive

index
n
. Determine the least value of
n
so that the light entering the rod does not emerge from the
curved surface of the rod irrespective of the value of
.
9. A rod made of glass
( 1.5) =
and of square cross-section is bent into the shape
shown in fgure. A parallel beam of light falls perpendicularly on the plane fat
surface
A
. Referring to the diagram,
d
is the width of a side and
R
the radius
of inner semi-circle. Find the maximum value of ratio
(d / R)
so that all light
entering the glass through surface
A
emerge from the glass through
B
.
10. A glass prism of angle
72
and index of refraction
1.66
is immersed in a liquid of refractive index
1.33
. Find the angle of minimum deviation for a parallel beam in light passing through the prism. Take sin
36 = 0.6, sin 48 = 0.75.
11. The refractive index of the material of a prism of refracting angle 45 is 2 for a certain monochromatic
ray. What would be the minimum angle of incidence of this ray on the prism so that no total internal
refection takes place as the ray comes out the of prism? (Take sin 15 = 0.26).
12. A cylindrical glass rod of radius
0.100m
and refractive index
3
lies on a horizontal plane mirror. A
horizontal ray of light moving perpendicular to the axis of the rod is incident on it. At what height from
the mirror should the ray be incident so that it leaves the rod at a height of
0.100m
above the plane
mirror? At what distance a second similar rod parallel to the frst be placed on the mirror such that the
emergent ray from the second rod is in line with the incident ray on the frst rod?
13. If a mark, of size
0.2cm
made on the surface of a glass sphere of diameter
10cm
and
1.5 =
is
viewed through the diametrically opposite point, where will the image be seen and of what size?
14. Consider a co-axial system of two thin convex lenses of focal length
f
each separated by a distance
95 OPTICS
d
. Draw ray diagrams for image formation corresponding to an object at infnity placed on the principal
axis in the following cases (a)
d f <
(b)
d f =
(c)
f d 2f < <
(d)
d 2f =
and
d 2f >
. Indicate the nature
of the combination (concave, convex or plane) in each case.
15. A convex lens
A
of focal length
20cm
and a concave lens
B
of focal length
5cm
are kept along the
same axis with a distance
d
between them. What is the value of
d
if a parallel beam of light incident
on
A
leaves
B
as a parallel beam?
KEY
1. 3 EF.
2.
2
i 0
f
V V
u f
(
=
(

3. - 3/2
4.
2 3
2 2 3/ 2
hcos
h
( sin )

=

5. (i) 1.414
(ii) no.
6. 1.732
7.
1.4 =
8. value of
n
is
2
9.
max
d
0.5
R
| |
=
|
\ .
10.
m
24 =
(approx)
11. The minimum value of
1
i
is 31
12. 3.15 cm
13. 0.6 cm
14. (a) d < f (b) d =f
(c) f < d < 2f (d) d = 2f
(e) d < 2f.
15. d = 15 cm.
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
1. In fgure
MN
is the man with E as the position of the eyes. He is standing at
N
such that
KN NB =
.
AB
is the wall. For full image to be seen, the rays starting from
A
strike the wall
LK
at
S
and
similarly the rays from B strike at G. This gives the minimum size of the mirror for full wall to be seen.
In the mirror
SG
, the rays appear to come from
A B
Now
ESG
and
EA B
are similar

SG EF
A B EH
=

96 OPTICS
where
EH
is perpendicular drawn to
A B

or,
EF 1
SG AB AB
EH 3
= =
.

EH FH EF = +

KB EF = +

2KN EF = +

3EF =
.
[ A B AB] =
.
2. In case of spherical mirrors

1 1 1
v u f
+ =
(i)
or,
2 2
1 dv 1 du
0
dt dt v u
=
[as
f
is constant]
or,
2
i 0
v
V V
u
(
=
(

i 0
dv du
as V and V
dt dt
(
= =
(

But from equation (i)

1 1 1
v f u
=
i.e.,
uf
v
(u f )
=
So,
2
i 0
f
V V
u f
(
=
(

.
which is the desired result.
3. As the image is real and enlarged, the object must be between
C
and
F
. Also as the image of one
end coincides with the end itself, i.e.,
A A
v u =
, the rays return to
A
after refection on the mirror; this
happens only if the rays are incident normally on the mirror i.e.
A
is located at the centre of curvature,
C
of the concave mirror.
Now as the length of the rod is
(f / 3)
, its other end
B
will be at a distance
[2f (f / 3)] (5 / 3)f =
from
P
. So if the distance of image of end
B
from
P
is
B
v
,

B
1 1 1
v (5 / 3)f f
+ =

i.e.,
B
5
v f
2
=
So the size of the image

B A
5 1
| v | | v | f 2f f
2 2
= =
and so
B A
B A
(v v ) (1/ 2)f 3
m
(u u ) (1/ 3)f 2
= = =
.
97 OPTICS
4. The situation is shown in fgure.
A
h'
O
B B'
O'
For fgure,
AB htan =
(i)
Similarly,
AB h tan =
(ii)
Now
htan h tan =
constant
Differentiating both sides, we get

2 2
d
hsec h sec 0
d
or,
2 2
h d h
d cos cos
| |
=
|

\ .
or,
2
2
hcos d
h
d cos
| |
=
|

\ .
(iii)

We know that,
sin
sin
or,
sin sin =
(iv)
Differentiating both sides, we get

d
cos cos
d
| |
=
|
\ .
or,
d cos
d cos
| |
=
|

\ .
(v)
Substituting the value of
(d / d )
from equation (v) in equation (iii), we get

2
2 3
hcos cos hcos
h
cos cos cos
3

= =

(vi)
from equation (iv),
sin
sin

=

2
2
sin
cos 1
| |
=
|
\ .
or,
3/ 2
2 2 2 3/ 2
3
2 3
sin ( sin )
cos 1
( | |
= =
( |

\ .
3
cos
in equation (vi), we have

2 3
2 2 3/ 2
hcos
h
( sin )

=

.
5. (i) As shown in fgure, the ray
MN
falls normally on face
AB
and hence passes undeviated
along
NO
. The angle of incidence
1
i
for face
AC
is equal to
A
. The direction of refected ray
is
2
OP i
is the angle of incidence for this ray on face
BC
. It is obvious from fgure that
2
i B =
98 OPTICS
.
From the geometry of fgure
A B 90 + =
. As
B A <<
, the ray gets totally refected
only if
2
i C >
or
B C >
. Here
C
be the critical angle of the prism and air interface.
We know that
1
n
sinC
=

min
1
n
sinB
=
When
A B =
,
min
1
n 2 1.414
sin45
= = =
(ii) When
B 30 =
; then

min
1 1
n 2
sinB sin30
= = =
Therefore
min
n 5 / 3 n = <
and
B 30 =
, the condition can not be achieved.
6. The situation is shown in the fgure.
For a prism, let

1
i =
angle of incident

2
i =
angle of emergence

A =
angle of prism

=
angle of deviation,
then,
1 2
i i A + = +
(i)
and,
1 2
r r A + =
(ii)
For equation (i),

2 1
i A i 30 30 60 0 = + = + =

( A 30, i 60 = =
and
30 ) =
Thus the emergent ray is normal to the other face.
When
2
i 0 =
,
2
r 0 =
From equation (ii),

1
r A 30 = =
From Snells law

1
1
sini sin60 3 / 2
3
sinr sin30 1/ 2
= = = =

1.732 =
.
Here emergent ray is normal to the other face,
AC
.
7. Let
XNY
be the printed page lying on a horizontal surface as shown in fgure.
ACBD
is a rectangular
block of glass placed on the page. An air flm is enclosed between the glass block and the printed page
as shown by shaded portion in the fgure. Let a ray
PQ
falls on the block at grazing incidence and
being refracted along
QS
. Now
GQS
represents the critical angle for the glass and let this value
be
C
. When the angle of incidence is greater than

C
total internal refection will occur.

Now,
C C
GSQ 90 = =
99 OPTICS

the minimum value of the angle,

GSQ
can be found from .

C
2 90 =
or,
C
45 =
This means that the ray
QS
is incident on vertical face at an angle greater than the critical angle and
is, therefore, totally refected along
SL
. In this way no ray will come out of the vertical face and letters
will not be visible.
If
C
be the critical angle and
is the refractive index of glass we have

C
1
sin
=
or,
1
sin45
=

1.4 =
(approx).
8. The situation is shown in fgure. It is obvious from the fgures that the light entering the rod will not emerge
from the curved surface provided the angle
(90 r)
is greater than the critical angle i.e.,
(90 r) C >

or
r (90 C) <
.
According to Snells law,
sin / sinr n =

sin nsinr nsin(90 C) = <
or,
sin
n
sin(90 C)
<

or,
sin
n
cosC
<
(i)
As
1
n
sinC
=
or,
1
sinC
n
=
,

2
1
cosC 1
n
| |
=
|
\ .
(ii)
cosC
from equation (ii) in equation (i), we get

2
sin
n
1
1
n
<
| |
|
\ .

or,
2
nsin
n
(n 1)
<
The maximum value of

sin 1 =
.

2
1
1
(n 1)
<

or,
2
(n 1) 1 >

100 OPTICS
or,
2
n 2 >

n 2 >
So the least value of
n
is
2
.
9. In order that all the ray entering at
A
emerge from
B
, the angle of incidence
i
for a ray (say
PQ

shown in fgure), should be equal to or greater than critical angle
C
for air glass interface. So,

1
C
1
i sin
| |
=
|
\ .
or,
1
sini
From fgure,
PO R
sini
OQ (R d)
= =
+

R 1
(R d) 1.5
+
or,
1.5R (R d) +
or,
0.5R d
or,
d / R 0.5

max
d
0.5
R
| |
=
|
\ .
.
10. Here
a g
1.66 =
and
a w
1.33 =

w
a g
w g
a
1.66
1.33
= =
We know that

m
sin(A ) / 2 1.66
sinA / 2 1.33
+
= =
= 1.25 (approx).
or,
m
72
sin
2
1.25
sin36
+ | |
|
\ .
=

m
72
sin 1.25sin36 0.75
2
+ | |
= =
|
\ .
(approx)
or,
m
72
48
2
+
=

m
24 =
(approx).
11. Since the ray does not suffer total internal refection, therefore,

1 2
r r C <
(i) We
know that
1 1
sinC 0.5
2
= = =

C 30 =
Also
1 2
r r A + =
or,
1 2
r 45 r =
or,
1
r 45 30 15 =
[from equation (i)]
101 OPTICS
Also
1
1
sini
2
sinr
=
or,
1 1
sini 2 sinr =
Since
1
r 15

1
sini 2 sin15
or,
1
sini 0.52

1
i 31
Therefore the minimum value of
1
i
is 31.
12. The given situation is shown in fgure. If the ray is incident at a height
h
(in cm), from Snells law at
B
,
sini sinr =
. But from the geometry of the fgure,
i 2r =
so

sini 3 sin(i / 2) =

or,
cos(i / 2) ( 3 / 2) =
i.e.,
i 60 =
Now from fgure in
BHO
,

1
BH h R
sini
BO R
= =
or,
h 10 3
sin60
10 2
= =
or,
h 10 5 3 = +

18.66 cm =
Now for retracing its path in the other rod with centre
2
O
, through refection from plane mirror
MM
,
the distance between the centres of two rods must be
i.e.,
1 2
O O 2(R x) 20 2x = + = +
But in fgure from
CDP
,

R
tani
x
=
tan60 3 = =

R
x
3
=

1 2
R
O O 2 R
3
| |
= +
|
\ .

( )
20
3 3 cm
3
= +

3.15 cm =
.
13. As mark is on one surface, refraction will take place on the other surface only (which is curved) so that

2 1 2 1
( )
v u R

=

Here,
1
1.5 =
,
2
1 =

R 5cm =
and
u 10cm =
102 OPTICS
So,
1 (1.5) 1 1.5
v ( 10) 5
=

which on simplifcation gives
v 20cm =
, i.e., the image is at a distance of
20cm
from
P
towards
O
as shown in fgure.
Now as in case of refraction from curved surface

1
2
v I 1.5 ( 20)
m 3
O u 1 ( 10)

= = = =

So image is erect, virtual, and enlarged, i.e., of size
I m O 3 0.2 = =

0.6 cm =
.
14. In case of two thin lenses separated by a distance
d
, we have
(a)
1 2 1 2
1 1 1 d
F f f f f
= +

For
1 2
f f, f f = =
,

2
1 1 1 d
F f f f
= +
i.e.,
2
f
F
2f d
=
(i)
So (a) If
d f : <

F
will be positive and
f <
, so the system will behave as convex lens of focal length
f <
as shown
in fgure (a)

(b) If
d f =
.
F f =
, i.e., the system will behave as convex lens of focal length
f
as shown in fgure(b)
(c) If
f d 2f < <
.
F
will be positive and
f >
, so the system will behave as convex lens of focal length
f >
as shown in fgure (c).

(d) If
d 2f =
. F will be infnite, i.e., the system will behave as a plane glass plate of infnite focal length
fgure (d).
(e) If d > 2f. F will become negative, i.e., the system will behave as concave lens as shown in fgure(e).
15. As the incident beam is parallel, in absence of concave lens it will form an image at a distance
v
from
it such that
103 OPTICS

1 1 1
v 20
=
i.e.,
v 20cm( f ) = =
Now since
d
is the distance between convex and concave lens, the distance of image
I
from concave
lens
B
will be
(20 d) =
.Since the image
I
will act as an object for concave lens which forms its
image at
, so

1 1 1
(20 d) 5
=

i.e.,
20 d 5 =
or,
d 15cm =
This is shown in fgure.
ADDITONAL QUESITONS
A
C B
n
n
1
1. A right angle prism (45-90-45) or refractive index
n
has a plane of refractive
index
1 1
n (n n) <
cemented to its diagonal face. The assembly is in air. The
ray is incident on
AB
(as shown in the fgure).
(i) Calculate the angle of incidence at
AB
for which the ray strikes the
diagonal face at the critical angle.
(ii) Assuming
n 1.352 =
, calculate the angle of incidence at
AB
for which
the refracted ray passes through the diagonal face undeviated.
A
B
C
D
60
70
40
20
n
1
n
2
2. A prism of refractive index
1
n
and another prism of refractive index
2
n
are stuck together with a gap as shown in the fgure. The angles
of the prism are as shown.
1
n
and
2
n
depend on
, the wavelength
of light according to .

4
1 2
10.8 10
n 1.20

= +
and

4
2 2
1.80 10
n 1.45

= +
where
is in nm.
(a) Calculate the wavelength
0
for which rays incident at any angle on the interface BC pass through
without bending at that interface.
(b) For light of wavelength
0
, fnd the angle of incidence

i
on the face AC such that the deviation
104 OPTICS
produced by the combination of prisms is minimum.
3. The x-y plane is the boundary between two transparent media. Medium 1 with
Z 0
has a refractive
index
2
and medium 2 with
Z 0
has a refractive index
3
. A ray of light in medium 1 given by
the vector

A 6 3i 8 3j 10k = +
is incident on the plane of separation. Find the unit vector in the

direction of the refracted ray in medium 2.
4. A 4 cm thick layer of water covers a 6 cm thick glass slab. A coin is placed at the bottom of the slab
and is being observed from the air side along the normal to the surface. Find the apparent position of
the coin from the surface.
h
1
h
2
Water
Glass
Air
4cm
6cm
Coin
5. How long will the light take in travelling a distance of 500 metre in water? Given that m for water is 4/3
and the velocity of light in vacuum is 3 10
10
cm/sec. Also calculate equivalent path.
6. Figure shown an irregular block of material of refractive index
2
. A ray of light strikes the face AB as
shown in the fgure. After refraction it is incident on a spherical surface CD of radius of curvature 0.4 m
and enters a medium of refractive index 1.514 to meet PQ at E. Find the distance OE upto two places
of decimal.
B C
A
D
O
E
Q
P
45
=1.514
60 2 =
=1
7. For the optical arrangement shown in the fgure. Find the position and nature of image.
40cm
20cm
1cm
O
C
=1
=1.33
1.8m
8. A thin planoconvex lens of focal length f is split into two halves. One of the
halves is shifted along the optical axis. The separation between object and
image planes is 1.8 m. The magnifcation of the image formed by one of
the half lens is 2. Find the focal length of the lens and separation between
the two halves. Draw the ray diagram for image formation.
105 OPTICS
R mR
P

9. A quarter cylinder of radius R and refractive index 1.5 is placed on a table.
A point object P is kept at a distance of mR from it. Find the value of m for
which a ray from P will emerge parallel to the table as shown in fgure.
10. A convex lens of focal length 15 cm and a concave mirror of focal length 30 cm are kept with their optic
axis PQ and RS parallel but separated in vertical direction by 0.6 cm as shown. The distance between
the lens and mirror is 30 cm. An upright object AB of height 1.2 cm is placed on the optic axis
PQ
of
the lens at a distance of 20 cm from the lens. If
A B
is the image after refraction from the mirror, fnd
the distance of
A B
from the pole of the mirror and obtain its magnifcation. Also locate positions of
A and B with respect to the optic axis RS.
P
A
B
30cm
20cm
Q
S
R
11. A thin biconvex lens of refractive index 3/2 is placed on a horizontal plane mirror as shown in the fgure.
The space between the lens and the mirror is then flled with water of refractive index 4/3. It is found
that when a point object is placed 15 cm above the lens on its principal axis, the object coincides with
its own image. On repeating with another liquid, the object and the image again coincide at a distance
25 cm from the lens. Calculate the refractive index of the liquid.
12. In the fgure, light is incident on the thin lens as shown. The radius of curvature for both the surface is
R. Determine the focal length of this system.
1

2

3
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
KEYS
1. (i)
{ }
1 2 2
1 1
1
i sin n n n
2
(
=
(

.
(ii) I = 72.94
2. (a) l
0
= 600 nm
(b) i = sin
1
(3/4).
106 OPTICS
3.
( )
1

r 3i 4j 5k
5 2
= +
4. 7.0 cm.
5. 666.67 m.
6. v = 6.056 m.
7. h
2
= 0.6 cm.
8. 0.4 m
9.
4
m
3
=
10. 90 nm.
11.
12.
3
3 1
R

.
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
1. The ray incident on AB at M makes an angle of incident i. It gets refected at M. The angle of refraction
is r.

sini
n
sinr
=

AMN 90 =
(i)

AMP = 90 r

APM = 45 + r
n sin C = n
1
(ii)
Also
APN = 90

C = 45 r (iii)
sin i = n sin r
= n sin (45 C)
From (iii) sin I = n
| |
sin45 cosC cos45 sinC
By solving
{ }
1 2 2
1 1
1
i sin n n n
2
(
=
(

For no deviation the ray should strike at AC normally. Then r = 45

1.352
sini nsinr nsin45 0.956
2
= = = =
I = 72.94.
2.
1
10.8 10
n 1.20
4
2
= +
and
4
2 2
1.80 10
n 1.45

= +
Here, l is in nm.
(a) The incident ray will not deviate at BC if n
1
= n
2

4 4
2 2
0 0
10.8 10 1.80 10
1.20 1.45

+ = +

4
2
0
9 10
0.25
107 OPTICS
Or
2
0
3 10
0.5
=
or l
0
= 600 nm.
(b) The given system is a part of an equilateral prism of prism angle 60 as shown in fgure.
At minimum deviation,

1 2
60
r r
2
= =
= 30 = r (say)
A
B
C
D
60
70
40
20
n
1
n
2
60
A
i

1
sini
n
sinr
=

1
sini n sin30 =

( )
4
2
10.8 10 1 1.5 3
sini 1.20
2 2 4
600

| |
= + = =
`
|
\ .

)
3. Incident ray
( ) ( )

A 6 3 i 8 3 j 10k 6 3 i 8 3 j 10k = + = + +

QO PQ +

(as shown in fgure)
Note that
QO
is lying on
x y
plane.
Now,
QQ'
and
z
axis are mutually perpendicular. Hence, we can show them in two-dimensional
fgure as below.
Vector
A
makes an angle
i
with
z
axis, given by

( )
( ) ( )
1 1
2 2
2
10 1
i cos cos
2
10 6 3 8 3

= =
` `
)

+ +
)

o
i 60 =
Unit vector in the direction of
QOQ'
will be

( ) ( )
( )
2 2

6 3 i 8 3 j 1

q 3i 4j
5
6 3 8 3
+
= = +
+
Snells law gives

o
3 sini sin60
sinr sinr
2
= =

3 / 2 1
sinr
3 / 2 2
= =

o
r 45 =
Now, we have to fnd a unit vector in refracted rays direction
OR.
Say it is
r
whose magnitude is
1.

Thus,

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1

r 1sinr q 1cosr k q k 3i 4j k
5
2 2
(
= = = +
(

( )
1

r 3i 4j 5k
5 2
= +
108 OPTICS
4. Using equation, the total apparent shift is

1 2
1 2
1 1
s h 1 h 1
| | | |
= +
| |

\ . \ .

or
1 1
s 4 1 6 1
4 / 3 3 / 2
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .

= 3.0 cm
Thus,
1 2
h h h s 4 6 3 = + = +
= 7.0 cm.
5. We know that

velocityof light invaccum
velocityof light inwater
=

10
4 3 10
3 velocityof light inwater
=
or velocity of light in water = 2.25 10
10
cm/sec.
Time taken =
6
10
500 100
2.22 10 sec.
2.25 10

Equivalent optical path = m distance travelled in water

4
500 666.64
3
= =
m.
6. n
1
= 1, n
2
=
2
, I = 45, r = ?
n
1
= sin i = n
2
sin r
sin r
1
2
=

r = 30.
Angle of refraction at AB = 30
So ray is parallel to horizontal for refraction at curved surface COD

2 1 2 1
n n n n
v u R
=

1.514 0.4
v
0.1
v = 6.056 m.
7. According to Cartesian sign convention
u = - 40 cm, R = - 20 cm
m = 1, m
2
= 1.33
Applying equation for refraction through spherical surface, we get

2 1 2 1
v u R

=

1.33 1 1.33 1
v 40 20
=

After solving, v = - 32 cm.
The magnifcation is
2 1
1 2
h v
m
h u
= =

2
h 1(32)
1 1.33( 40)
=
or h
2
= 0.6 cm
The positive sign shows that the image is erect.
109 OPTICS
8. This is a modifed displacement method .
Here a = 1.8m and
a d 2
a d 1
+
=
Solving we get d = 0.6 m

2 2
a d
f 0.4m
4a
= =
.
Or i = sin
1
(3/4).
9. Here we have to fnd the value of m so that the ray from P will emerge parallel to table. Here there are
two surfaces through which the ray will be refracted. 1
st
is plane while 2
nd
is curved. Here image of P
will be I after refection by 1
st
surface.

2 1 2 1
v u R

=

from plane surface (R =
)
2 1
v u

=

2
1
v u 1.5 mR
= =
For IInd surface

( )
1 1.5 1 1.5
R
1.5m 1 R
+ =
+

4
m
3
=
.
10.
1
1 1 1
v u f
=

1 1 1
v 20 15
=

1 1 1 1
v 15 20 60
= =

v = 60 cm.

v
m 3
u
= =

1 1 1
v u fm
+ =

1 1 1 1
v 30 30 v
= =

V = 15 cm

v 15 1
m
u 30 2

= = =
Size of image
1
3.6 1.8
2
= =
cm
110 OPTICS
Path difference
m
n n 2t
2
= +
For maxima
m
n 2t m
2
+ =

m
1
2 nt m
2
| |
=
|
\ .
When m = 1
m
6.48
t
4 n 4 1.8
= =
= 90 nm.
11. Let
R
be the radius of curvature of both the surfaces of the equi-convex lens. In the frst case.
Let
1
f
be the focal length of equi-convex lens of refractive index
1
and
2
f
be the focal length of
planoconcave lens of refractive index
2
.
The focal length of the combined lens system will be given
by

( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
F f f R R R
| | | |
= + = +
| |

\ . \ .

3 2 4 1 1 1 2
1 1
2 R 3 R R 3R 3R
| | | | | | | |
= + = =
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
or
3R
F
2
=
Now, image coincides with the object when ray of light retraces its path or it is falls normally on the
plane mirror. This is possible only when object is at centre of curvature of the lens system.
Hence,
F 15cm =
(Distance of object
15cm =
)
or
3R
15cm or R 10cm
2
= =
In the second case, let
be the refractive index of the liquid flled between lens and mirror and let
F'
be the focal length of new lens system. Then,

( ) ( )
1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1
F' R R R
| | | |
= +
| |

\ . \ .
or
( ) ( ) 1 2
1 3 2 1 1
1
F' 2 R R R R R

| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .

R 10
F'
2 2
= =

( ) R 10cm =
Now, the range coincides with object when it is placed at
25cm
distance.
Hence,
F' 25 =
or
10
25
2
=

or
50 25 10 =
or
25 40 =

40
1.6 or 1.6
25
= = =
12. For refraction at frst surface,

2 1 2 1
1
v R

=
+
(1)
For refraction at 2
nd
surface,
111 OPTICS

3 3 2 2
2 1
v v R

=
+
(2)

Adding equations (1) and (2), we get

3 3 1 3
2
2 3 1
R
or v
v R

= =

Therefore, focal length of the given lens system is

3
3 1
R

WAVE OPTICS
HUYGENS PRINCIPLE
Wavefronts and Rays.
A wavefront is defned as a surface joining the points of same phase. The speed with which the wavefront
moves outwards from the source is called the phase velocity or wave velocity. The energy of the wave moves
in a direction perpendicular to the wavefront.
Figure shows light waves emitting out from a point source forming a spherical wavefront in three dimensional
space. The energy travels outwards along straight lines emerging from the source, that is, radii of the spherical
wavefront. These lines are called the rays.
Important.
1. Rays are perpendicular to wavefronts
2. The time taken by light to travel from one wavefront to another is the same along any line.
(a)
(b)
Huygens Principle.
1. Every point on a wavefront vibrates in same phase and with same frequency
2. Every point on a wavefront acts like a secondary source and sends out a spherical wave, called a
secondary wave.
3. Wavefronts move in space with the velocity of wave in that medium.
SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE
The phenomena of interference is based on the principle of superposition. It states that the instantaneous optical
disturbance at a point where two or more light waves cross is the sum of the optical disturbances that would
be produced by each of the waves separately.
COHERENT SOURCES
Two source are said to be coherent if they have the same frequency and the phase relationship remains
independent of time. In this case, the total intensity I is not just the sum of individual intensities I
1
and I
2
due
to two sources but also includes an interference term whose magnitude depends on the phase difference at
a given point.
112 OPTICS
INCOHERENT SOURCES
Two sources are said to be incoherent if they have different frequency and phase different is not constant with
respect to time. In this case the
1 2
2 I I cos
averaged over a cycle is zero.
For such incoherent sources .

INTERFERENCE . YOUNGS DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT
It was carried out in 1802 by the English scientist Thomas Young to prove the wave nature of light.
Two slits S
1
and S
2
are made in an opaque screen, parallel and very close to each other. These two are
illuminated by another narrow slits S and light fall on both S
1
and S
2
which behave like coherent sources.
Note that the coherent sources are derived from the same source. In this way, any phase change which
occurs in S will occur in both S
1
and S
2
. The phase difference
1 2
( )
between S
1
and S
2
is unaffected and
remains constant.
Light now spreads out from both S
1
and S
2
and falls on a screen. It is essential that the waves from the two
sources overlap on the same part of the screen. If one slit is covered up, the other produces a wide smoothly
illuminated patch on the screen. But when both slits are open, the patch is seen to be crossed by dark and
bright bands called interference fringes. This redistribution of intensity, pattern is called interference pattern.
...(v)

where
is the phase difference and I is the resultant intensity.

Condition for bright fringes or maxima

2n =

or path difference,
p n =
where n = 0, 1, 2, .

2
max 1 2
I ( I I ) = +
(vi)
Condition for dark fringes or minima

(2n 1) =
or
1
p n
2
| |
=
|
\ .
path difference, where n = 1, 2, 3, .

2
min 1 2
I ( I I ) =
...(vii)
The relation between phase difference
( )
and path difference (p) is given by

2
p
...(viii)
Distance of n
th
maxima from central bright fringe
113 OPTICS
S d
S
1
S
2
D
O
P
y
n
dsin
Schematic arrangement of YDSE

At point O the path difference between to superimposing waves is zero. So at that point central bright fringe
will be formed.
Let P be the position of the nth maxima on the screen. The two waves arriving at P follow the path S1P and
S2P, thus the path difference between the two waves is

1 2
p S P S P dsin = =
From experimental conditions, we know that D >> d, therefore, the angle
is small,
Thus
n
y
sin tan
D
=

n
n
y
p dsin dtan d y pD / d
D
| |
= = = =
|
\ .

For nth maxima

p n =

n
D
y n
d
=
where n = 0, 1, 2, . ...(ix)
For nth minima
1
p n
2
| |
=
|
\ .

n
1 D
y n
2 d
| |
=
|
\ .
where n = 1, 2, 3, .. ...(x)
Note that the nth minima comes before the nth maxima.
Fringe Width.
It is defned as the distance between two successive maxima or minima.

n 1 n
D n D
y y (n 1)
d d
+

= = +
or
D
d
=
...(xi)
If
changes to
'
then the fringe width
' D
'
d
=
Illustration 1. In a YDSE, if D = 2 m; d = 6 mm and = 6000 A, then
(a) fnd the fringe width
(b) fnd the position of the 3
rd
maxima
(c) fnd the position of the 2
nd
minima
Solution. (a) Frindge width,

10
3
D (6000 10 )(2)
0.2mm
d 6 10

= = =

(b) Position of 3
rd
maxima ...(xii),
114 OPTICS

3
3 D
y 3 3(0.2) 0.6mm
d
= = = =
(c) Position of 2
nd
minima ...(xiii),

2
1 D 3 3
y 2 (0.2) 0.3mm
2 d 2 2
| |
= = = =
|
\ .
Illustration 2. White light is used to illuminate the two slits in a Youngs double slit experiment. The separation
between the slits is b and the screen is at a distance D >> d from the slits. At a point on the
screen directly in front of one of the slits fnd the missing wavelengths.
Solution. According to theory of interference, position y of a point on the screen is given by

D
y ( x)
d
=
S
1
S
2
d
D
y
P
and as for missing wavelengths intensity will be min. (=0) if
x (2n 1) / 2 =
So,
(2n 1)
y D
2d

=
However, here d = b and y = (b/2).
So,
2
b
(2n 1)D
=
with n = 1, 2, 3, .
i.e., wavelengths
2 2 2
(b / D).(b / 3D), (b / 5D)
, etc., will be absent (or missing) at point
P.
OPTICAL PATH
It is defned as distance travelled by light in vacuum taking the same time in which it travels a given path
length in a medium. If light travels a path length d in a medium at speed v, the tame taken by it will be (d/c).
So optical path length

d c
L c d (because )
v v
(
= = =
(

... (xiv)
Since for all media optical path length is always greater then geometrical path length. When two light waves
arrive at a point by travelling different distances in different media, the phase difference between the two is
related by their optical path difference instead of simply path difference.
Phase Difference (optical path difference)
Fringe Shift
When a transparent flm of thickness t and refractive index
is introduced infront of one of the slits, the

fringe pattern shifts in the direction where the flm is placed.
115 OPTICS
Expression for the fringe shift due to thin transperent flim
Consider the YDSE arrangement shown in the fgure.
A flm of thickness t and refractive index is placed in front of the lower slit.
d
S
1
S
2
D
O
P
y
n
The optical path difference is given by

2 1
p [(S P t) t] S P = +

or
2 1
p (S P S P) t( 1) = +
Since
2 1
S P S P dsin =

p dsin t( 1) = +

As
n
y'
sin tan
D
=

n
d.y'
p t( 1)
D
= +
or
n
n D tD
y' ( 1)
d d
=

In the absence of flm the position of the nth maxima is given by equation

n
n D
y
d
=
(xv)
Therefore, the fringe shift is given by

n n
tD
FS y y' ( 1)
d
= =
...(xvi)
Note the shift is in the direction where the flm is introduced.
Illustration 3. In a YDSE
=6000A D = 2 m, d = 6 mm. When a flm of refractive index 1.5 is introduced in

front of the lower slit, the third maxima shifts to the origin.
(a) fnd the thickness of the flm
(b) fnd the positions of the fourth maxima
Solution. (a) Since 3
rd
minima shifts to the origin, therefore, the fringe shift is given by

3
3 D
FS y
d
= =

From equation (xvii), we know

tD
FS ( 1)
d
=

tD D
( 1) 3
d d
=
or
2
t
1
=

Here
6
0.6 10 m; 1.5

6
(3)(0.6 10 )
t 3.6 m
1.5 1
= =
Bright Fringe
n=4
n=3
n=2
n=0
n=4
D
d
y
4
y'
4
116 OPTICS
(b) There are two positions of 4
th
maxima;
one above and the other below the
origin.

4
D
y 1 0.2 mm
d
= = =

4
D
y' 7 1.4 mm
d
= = =
LLOYDS MIRROR
d
P
O
S
1
S
2
A plane grass plate (acting as a mirror) is illuminated at almost grazing
incidence by a light from a slit S
1
. A virtual image S
2
is formed closed to
S
1
by refection and these two act as coherent sources. The expression
giving the fringes width is the same as for the double slit, but the fringe
system differs in one important respect. In Lloyds mirror, if the point P, for
example, is such that the path difference S
2
P S
1
P is a whole number of
wavelengths, the fringe at P is dark not bright. This is due to 180 phase
change which occurs when light is refected from a denser medium. This
is equivalent to adding an extra half wavelength to the path of the refected
wave. At grazing incidence a fringe is formed at O, where the geometrical
path difference between the direct and refected waves is zero and it follows
that it will be dark rather than bright.
Thus, whenever there exists a phase difference of
between the two interfering beams of light, conditions of

maximas and minimas are interchanged, i.e.,

x n =
(for minimum intensity)
and
x (2n 1) / 2 =
(for maximum intensity)
Interference in thin flms.
Interference effects are commonly observed in thin flms, such as thin layers of oil on water or the thin surface
of a soap bubble.
The varied colours observed when white light is incident on such flms result from the interference of waves
refected from the two surfaces of the flm.
Consider a flm of uniform thickness t and index of refraction
, as shown in fgure. Let us assume that the

light rays travelling in air are nearly normal to the two surfaces of the flm. To determine whether the refected
rays interfere constructively or destructively, we frst note the following facts.
1
2
A
B
Film
Air
air film
<
Air
t
180 phase
change
No phase
change
Interference in light refected from a thin flm is due to a combination
of rays refected from the upper and lower surfaces of the flm.
(i) The wavelength of light in a medium whose refractive index is
is,
117 OPTICS

where
is the wavelength of light in vacuum (or air)

(ii) If a wave is refected from a denser medium it undergoes a phase change of 180. Let us apply
these rules to the flm shown in fgure. The path difference between the two rays 1 and 2 is 2t
while the phase difference between them is 180. Hence, condition of constructive interference
will be,

2t (2n 1)
2
=
n = 1, 2, 3,
or
1
2 t n
2
| |
=
|
\ .
as
Similarly, condition of destructive interference will be,

2 t n =
n = 0, 1, 2,
KEY CONCEPTS
In case of superposition of two waves,

R 1 2 1 2
I I I 2 I I cos = + +
, or
( )
2 2
R 1 2 1 2
I A A 2A A cos + +
Condition for constructive interference

2 n, =
n = 1, 2, 3, .
( ) x n =
, n = 1, 2, 3, .
Condition for destructive interference

( ) 2n 1 =
, n = 1, 2, 3, .
( ) ( ) x 2n 1 / 2 =
n = 1, 2, 3,
Distance of nth bright fringe from C.B.F. is

( )
n
B
D
y n ,
d
=
n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .
Distance of nth dark fringe from C.B.F. is
( ) ( )
n
D
D
y 2n 1
2d
= +
, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .
Fringe width , Angular fringe width =
Equivalent optical path of a medium of R.I, and distance d is .
Displacement of fringe pattern due to introduction of a transparent sheet of R.I. and thickness t in
YDSE = y
0
= ( 1) t (D/d), in the same side in which the transparent sheet is introduced.
D
CO
118 OPTICS
CONCEPUTAL QUESTIONS
Youngs Double Slit Experiment.
1. In Youngs double slit experiment, a glass plate is placed before a slit which absorbs half the
intensity of light. Under this case
(a) the brightness of fringes decreases
(b) the fringes width decreases
(c) no fringes will be observed
(d) the bright fringes become fainter and the dark fringes have fnite light intensity.
2. Youngs experiment is performed in air and then performed in water, the fringe width
(a) will remain same (b) will decrease
(c) will increase (d) will be infnite.
3. If yellow light in the Youngs double slit experiment is replaced by red light, the fringe width
will
(a) decrease (b) remain unaffected
(c) increase (d) frst increase and then decrease.
4. When a thin metal plate in the path of one of the interfering beams of light
(a) fringe width increases (b) fringes disappear
(c) fringes become brighter (d) fringe pattern will shift
KEY
1.(d) 2. (b) 3.(c) 4. (b)
SOLUTIONS
1. If the difference between the two waves intensity increases, then the bright fringes become fainter and
the dark fringes have fnite light intensity.
2.
1
,
.
3. Fringe width
D
( )
d
=

As
red yellow
>
, hence fringe width will increase.
4. At least two waves are essential for interference.
LEVEL - 1
MODEL PROBLESM
1. In the interference pattern produced by Youngs double slit experimental set up, using two identical
slits, the intensity at the central maximum is
0
I
. The ratio between intensity of central maxima and
intensity at a distance equal to one quarter of the separation between two consecutive dark fringes from
the central maximum will be
(a) 4 : 1 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 : 1.
119 OPTICS
2. In Youngs double slit experiment, let
0
I
be the intensity at the central bright fringe and
be the
fringe width. The intensity at a distance
x
from the central bright fringe will be
(a)
0
x
I cos
| |
|
\ .
(b)
2
0
x
I cos
| |
|
\ .
(c)
2
0
x
4I cos
| |
|
\ .
(d)
2 0
I x
cos
2
| |
|
\ .
.
3. In
YDSE
the fringe width is
. If the whole set-up is placed inside a transparent liquid of refractive

index
, the new fringe width will be

(a) (b)
( 1)
(c)
(d)
/
.
4. In double slit experiment with monochromatic light of wavelength
, the shift in the fringe pattern is

observed by introducing a thin mica sheet of thickness
t
in the path of one of the

interfering waves. When the mica sheet is removed the separation between the slits and the screen in
doubled, it is found that the resulting fringe width is equal to the observed shift in the fringe pattern. The
wavelength
is given by
(a)
( 1)t
(b)
2( 1)t
(c)
1
( 1)t
2

(d) none of these.
5. In
YDSE
, flms of thickness
1
t
and
2
t
and refractive indices
1
and
2
are placed in the path of

the two interfering beams of light. If
1 1 2 2
t t =
, then the central maximum will shift by
(a)
1 2
t ~ t
fringes (b)
1 2
t t
2
+
fringes
(c)
1 1 2 2
t t +
fringes (d) none of these.

S
1
S
2
d
2
d
2
6. In an interference arrangement, similar to Youngs double slit
experiment, the slits
1
S
and
2
S
are illuminated with coherent microwave
source, each of frequency 10
6
Hz. The source are synchronized to have
zero phase difference. The slits are separated by distance d=150.0 m. The
intensity
( )
I
is measured as a function of
, where
is defned as shown
in fgure. If
0
I
is maximum intensity, then
( )
I
for
0 90
is given by
(a)
( )
0
I I
=
for
=0
(b)
( )
( )
0
I I /2
=
for
=30
120 OPTICS
(c)
( )
( )
0
I I /4
=
for
=90
(d)
( )
I
is constant for all values of
7. In a Youngs double-slit experiment, let A and B be the two slits. A thin flm of thickness t and
refractive index is placed in front of A. Let = fringe width. The central maximum will shift
(a) towards A (b) towards B
(c) by
( ) t 1

(d) by
t

.
8. If white light is used in a Youngs double-slit experiment,
(a) bright white fringe is formed at the centre of the screen
(b) fringes of different colours are observed clearly only in the frst order
(c) the frst-order violet fringes are closer to the centre of the screen than the frst-order red fringes
(d) the frst-order red fringes are closer to the centre of the screen than the frst-order violet fringes.
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
In a youngs experiment the upper slit is covered by a thin glass plate of refractive index 1.4.
Interference pattern is observed using light of interference 5000 .
9. The central maxima will shift
(a) Upward
(b) Downward
(c) Fringe pattern will change after introduction of thin plate
(d) None of the above
10. Now a thin plate of refractive index 1.8 and the same thickness as the previous one, is placed in
front of lower slit then
(a) Central maxima will be obtained below centre
(b) Central maxima will be obtain at centre
(c) There will not be any change in central maxima after introduction of thin plate
(d) Cannot be predicted
11. Assume the thickness of both thin glass plate having refractive index 1.4 & 1.8 is t then path
difference between waves incident at center is
(a) 0.5 t (b) 0.3 t
(c) 0.8 t (d)
t
1.7
1.5
ASSERTION / REASON
Codes.
Statement 1.
Statement 1.

12. STATEMENT 1
121 OPTICS
Two slits in YDSE are illuminated by two different sodium lamps emitting light of same wavelength.
No interference pattern is observed.
STATEMENT 2
To obtain interference pattern, source must be coherent. Two different light sources can never be
coherent.
13. STATEMENT 1
Thin flms such as soap bubble or a thin layer of oil on water show beautiful colours when illuminated
by monochromatic light.
STATEMENT 2
The colours are obtained by dispersion of light.
14. STATEMENT 1
No interference pattern is detected when two coherent sources are infnitely close to each other.
STATEMENT 2
The fringe width is inversely proportional to the distance between the two slits.
15. STATEMENT 1
Light added to light can produce darkness.
STATEMENT 2
The destructive interference of two coherent light sources may give dark fringes.
MATRIX MATCH
16.
Column A Column B
(a) Wave nature of light (p) Youngs double slit experiment
(b) Particle nature of light (q) Photoelectric effect
(c) Wave nature of electrons (r) Electron microscope
(d) Particle nature of electrons (s) Cathode rays
PRACTICAL QUESTIONS
17. In a Youngs double-slit experiment comprising two identical slits
1
S
and
2
S
, a thin transparent flm
of thickness
t
is placed in front of
1
S
. If
be the fringe width in the interference

pattern and
=
wavelength of light source the central fringe will shift
(a) towards
1
S
by
t /
(b) towards
1
S
by
( 1)t /
(c) towards
2
S
by
t /
(d) towards
2
S
by
( 1)t /
.
18. In Youngs double slit experiment the 5
th
maximum with wavelength
1
is at a distance
1
d
from the
122 OPTICS
centre of the fringe pattern and that with wavelength
2
at a distance
2
d
, then the ratio
1 2
d / d
is
(a)
2 1
/
(b)
1 2
/
(c)
2 2
2 1
/
(d)
2 2
1 2
/
.
19. In a double slit experimental set up producing interference pattern on a screen placed at a distance
D
meter from the two narrow slits which are
d
mater apart,
N
fringes were observed per meter using
monochromatic light of wavelength
, then the value of

N
is
(a)
d / D
(b)
D / d
(c)
d / D
(d)
D / d
.
20. Consider a
YDSE
set up with a monochromatic source of wavelength
0
in a liquid of refractive
index
L
where the central maximum is located at

0
P
. If the slits are covered with thin transparent
plates of thickness
1
t
and
2
t
and refractive indices
1
and
2
such that
1 1 2 2 1 2
t t (t t ) =
, then the
position of the central maximum will shift by
(a)
1 1 2 2
0
t t
fringes (b)
1 2 1 2
0
( )(t t )
fringes
(c)
1 1
2 2
t
t
fringes (d) none of the above.

21. In the ideal double-slit experiment, when a glass-plate (refractive index 1.5) of thickness
t
is
introduced in the path of one of the interfering beams (wave-length
), the intensity at the position

where the central maximum occurred previously remains unchanged. The maximum thickness of the
glass-plate is
(a)
2
(b)
2
3
(c)
3
(d)

22. In the Youngs double slit experiment, the interference pattern is found to have an intensity ratio
between the bright and dark fringes as 9. This implies that .
(a) the intensities at the screen due to the two slits are 5 units and 4 units respectively
(b) the intensities at the screen due to the two slits are 4 units and 1 unit respectively
(c) the amplitude ratio is 3
(d) the amplitude ratio is 2.
23. White light is used to illuminate the two slits in Youngs double slit experiment. The separation
between the slits is b and the screen is at a distance d (>>b) from the slits. At a point on the
screen directly in front of one of the slits, certain wavelengths are missing. Some of these missing
wavelengths are.
123 OPTICS
(a)
2
b / d =
(b)
2
2b / d =
(c)
2
b / 3d =
(d)
2
2b / 3d =
.
S
1
S
2
O
24. Two point monochromatic and coherent sources of light of wavelength l
are placed on the dotted line in front of an infnite screen. The source
emit waves in phase with each other. The distance between S1 and S2
is d while their distance from the screen is much larger. Then,
(i) if d = 7l/2, O will be a minima
(ii) if d = 4.3l, there will be a total of 8 minima on screen
(iii) if d = 7l, O will be a maxima
(iv) if d = l, there will be only one maxima on the screen
which is the set of correct statement .
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) (d) (i), (iii) and (iv)
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
A monochromatic beam of light falls on Youngs double slit experiment apparatus as shown in fgure.
A thin sheet of glass is inserted in front of lower slit S
2
. ( = 600 nm is wavelength of source).

25. The central bright fringe can be obtained
(a) at O (b) at O or below O
(c) at O or above O (d) Anywhere on the screen
26. If central bright fringe is obtained on screen at O
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
t d
1 sin
=

27. The phase difference between central maxima and ffth minima is
(a)
6
(b)
(c)
3
2
(d)
28. Fringe width of the pattern obtained on screen if = 600 nm, = 1.5, d = 3mm (D = 2m = 30)
124 OPTICS
(a)
nm
105
4
4.5
(b) 4 10
5
nm
(c)
5
410
sin30
4.5
(d)
6
4 10
cos30
4.5
29. Assume if is increased then (for given value of ) central maxima will move
| |
<
|
2
\ .
.
(a) Downward (b) Upward
(c) Fringe width will increases (d) Fringe width will decrease.
ASSERTION / REASON
Codes.
Statement 1.
Statement 1.
30. STATEMENT 1
Youngs double slit experiment can be performed using a source of white light.
STATEMENT 2
The wavelength of red light is less than the wavelength of other colours in white light.
31. STATEMENT 1
Colours are seen in thin layers of oil on the surface of water
STATEMENT 2
White light is composed of several colours.
32. STATEMENT 1
All bright interference bands have the same intensity.
STATEMENT 2
In interference all bands receive same light from two sources.
33. STATEMENT 1
If the whole apparatus of Youngs experiment is immersed in liquid, the fringe width will decrease.
STATEMENT 2
The wavelength of light in water is more than that of air.
MATRIX MATCH
34. In the YDSE appratus shown in the fgure Dx is the path difference between S2P and S1P. Now a
glass slab is introduced in front of S2, then match the following .
S
1
S
2
P
O
125 OPTICS
Column A Column B
(a) Dx at P will (p) increase
(b) Fringe width will (q) decrease
(c) Fringe pattern will (r) remain same
(d) Number of fringes between O and P will (s) shift upward
LEVEL - 1 KEY
MODEL QUESTIONS
1. (d) 2. (b)
3. (d) 4. (c)
5. (a)
6. (a, b) 7. (a, c)
8. (a, b, c)
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (b)
ASSERTION / REASON
12. (a) 13. (c)
14. (a) 15. (a)
MATRIX MATCH
16. (a p)
(b q)
(c r)
(d s)
PRACTICAL QUESTIONS KEY
17. (b) 18. (b)
19. (c) 20. (d)
21. (a)
22. (b, d) 23. (a, c)
24. (a,b)
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
126 OPTICS
25. (d) 26. (a)
27. (b) 28. (b)
29. (b)
ASSERTION / REASON
30. (c) 31. (b)
32. (c) 33. (c)
MATRIX MATCH
34. (a p)
(b r)
(c t)
(d r)
MODEL PROBLEMS
1. The resultant intensity
r 1 2 1 2
I I I 2 I I cos = + +
Here
1 2
I I I = =
, so
r
I 2I(1 cos ) = +
At the central maximum, wave superpose in same phase,
i.e.,
0 =

0
I 2I(1 cos ) 4I = + =
Now, at a distance equal to
1
4

fringe width
1
4
=
from the central maximum, wave superpose with
phase difference
1
2
4 2
= =

I 2I(1 cos / 2) = +

2I =
, and the required ratio

0
4I
I / I 2: 1
2I
= =
.
2. If
I
be the intensity from two coherent sources, the resultant intensity

r
I I I 2Icos = + +

2I(1 cos ) = +

2
4Icos
2
| |
=
|
\ .
.
At the central maximum,
r 0
I I =
and
0 =

0
I 4I =
At a distance
x
from the central fringe, path difference
dsin dtan =

Phase difference
127 OPTICS

2 2 xd 2 x
D (D / d)

= = =

2 x
=
The intensity at point

P
will be

2 2
P 0
x x
I 4Icos I cos
| | | |
= =
| |

\ . \ .
.
3. The fringe width
0
D
d
=
where
0
is the wavelength in free space. When the whole system is in a

liquid, only
changes to
and
D D
d d

= = =

.
4. If
y
be the shift in the fringe system,

( 1)t y d / D =
,
or,
( 1)Dt
y
d

=
(i)
In the second case, fringe width

D (2D)
d d

= =
(ii)
Equating (i) and (ii)

2D ( 1)Dt
d d

=

1
( 1)t
2
=
.
5. Optical path introduced by the plates are
1 1
( 1)t
and
2 2
( 1)t
. Net path difference introduced at
the previously occupied central fringe is
1 1 2 2
( 1)t ( 1)t =

1 1 2 2 2 1
( t t ) (t t ) = +
Hence the displacement of the central maximum will be

D
y
d

= =

1 2
(t ~ t )
=
fringes.
6. The intensity of light is I(q) = I
o
cos
2
2
| |
|
\ .
where d =
2
(Dx) =
2 | |
|
\ .
(d sin )
(i) For = 30
l =
c
v
=
8
6
3 10
10
= 300 m and d = 150 m

d =
2
300
| |
|
\ .
(150)
1
2
| |
|
\ .
=
2
128 OPTICS
\
2
=
4
\ = I
0
cos
2

0
I
4 2
| |
=
|
\ .
(option a)
(ii) For = 90
d =
2
300
| |
|
\ .
(150)(1) =
or
2
=
2
and = 0
(iii) For = 0, d = 0 or
2
= 0
\ I( ) = I
0
(option c)
7. Change in y
n

D
d
=
(change in path diff)

( )
D
1 t
d
= ( ) 1 t
.
8. For central bright fringe, path diff. = 0
Violet light has lesser wavelength, so less path difference.
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
9. Because the slit is kept in front of upper slit so, to produce zero path diff central maxima will shift in
upward dixetia.
10. The light emerging from the lower slit will be delayed more after passing through the glass plate of
higher refractive index.
11. Change path diff.

( ) ( ) { }
1.7 1 1.4 1 t =
= 0.3 t.
ASSERTION / REASON
12. Two different sodium lamps are not coherent.
13. The colours are obtained due to interference.
14. The fringe width is inversely proportional to the separation of between the sources.
15. .
MATRIX MATCH
16. The wave nature of light (or meter) is important in experiments that involve objects whose size is
comparable to the wavelength.
PRACTICAL QUESTIONS HINTS/SOLUTIONS
17 Initially, the path difference at the central maximum was zero. Introduction of thin flm in front of
1
S

129 OPTICS
produces a path difference
( 1)t =
and hence to compensate the path, central fringe will shift
towards
1
S
by and amount

y

=

( 1)t / =
.
18.
1
1 1
D
d 5 5
d
= =

2
2 2
D
d 5 5
d
= =

1 1
2 2
d
d

=
.
19. Fringe width
D
d
=
meter hence
D
d
meter comprises one fringe, hence 1 meter will comprise

d
D

number of fringes.
Hence
d
N
D
=
.
20. Optical path introduced by the two plates are
1 L 1
( )t
and
2 L 2
( )t
. Hence the shift of the central
maximum will be

0
y

=

1 L 1 2 L 2
0
( )t ( )t
=
fringes.
21. Path difference introduced at the position of previously occupied central maximum is
( 1)t
. For
maximum intensity at this point, the path difference

( 1)t n =
, where
n 1,2,.... =

min
(t)
1 (1.5 1)

= =

2 =
.
22.
max
min
I
I
=
( )
( )
2
1 2
2
1 2
I I
I I
+
=
2
1 2
1 2
I I 1
I I 1
| |
+
|
|
\ .
= 9 (Given)
Solving this, we have
1
2
I
I
= 4
but I A
2
\
1
2
A
A
= 2
23. At P (directly in front of S
1
)
y=
b
2
130 OPTICS
\ Path difference,
DX = S
2
P S
1
P =
b
(b)
y.(b) 2
d d
| |
|
\ .
=
=
2
b
2d
Those wavelengths will be missing for which
DX =
3 1 2
5 3
, ,
2 2 2

\ l
1
= 2Dx =
2
b
d
l
2
=
2 x
3
=
2
b
3d
l
3
=
2
2 x b
5 5d
=
\ correct options are (a) and (c)
24. For point O, path diff = d
For minima,
( ) 2n 1
d
2

=
N = 1, 2, 3, 4.

7
d
2
=
For another point, ad for path diff. = d sin q = (2n 1)
2

( ) 2n 1
sin
2d

=
, n = 1, 2, 3, 4,
For maxima,
n
sin
d
=
.
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
25. Anywhere on screen because there is no relation between
26. Total path difference
Dx =
Dx = for central maxima
27. D = (2n -1) Here n = 5
28. fringe width =
D
d
5
4 10 =
29. Dx = d sin - ( -1)t if increases then will increase, this will shift central maxima upward.
ASSERTION / REASON
30. The wavelength of red light is a maximum.
31. Colours in the flms are due to interference.
32. Near the central maximum, the intensity of bright fringes remains the same.
33. The speed of light in water is less than that in air, but the freqeuncy remains unchanged.
MATRIX MATCH
34. The optical path between S
2
and P is increased due to the glass slab, and the order of the fringe at P
131 OPTICS
is increased. Fringe width remains unchanged.
LEVEL - II
MODEL QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following is not an essential condition for sustained interference?
(a) The two interfering waves must be propagated in almost the same direction or the two interfering
waves must intersect at very small angle.
(b) The wave must have the same period and wavelength
(c) The amplitude of the two waves must be equal
(d) The two interfering beams of light must originate from the same source
2. Interference fringes are obtained in Youngs double slit experiment on a screen. Which of the
following statements will not be correct about the effect of a thin transparent plate when placed in the
path of one of the two interfering beams?
(a) The separation between fringes remains unaffected.
(b) The entire fringe system shifts towards the side on which the plate is placed.
(c) The condition for maxima and minima are reversed i.e., maxima for odd multiple of
2
and minima
for even multiple of
2
.
(d) The shape of the fringe also remains unaffected.
3. In a Youngs double-slit experiment, if the slits are of unequal width,
(a) fringes will not be formed
(b) the positions of minimum intensity will not be completely dark
(c) bright fringe will not be formed at the center of the screen
(d) distance between two consecutive bright fringes will not be equal to the distance between two
consecutive dark fringes.
4. Interference patterns are not observed in thick flms, because
(a) most of the incident light intensity is absorbed within the flm
(b) a thick flm has high coeffcient of refection
(c) coherence is lost
(d) maxima of interference patterns are far from the minima.
5. Which of the following can give sustained interference?
(a) Two independent laser sources
(b) Two independent light bulbs
(c) Two independent sound sources
(d) Two independent microwave sources
6. Two monochromatic coherent point sources S
1
and S
2
are separated by a distance L. Each source
emits light of wavelength l; where L >> l. The line S
1
S
2
when extended meets a screen perpendicular
to it at a point A.
(a) the interference fringes on the screen are circular in shape
(b) the interference fringes on the screen are straight lines perpendicular to the line S
1
S
2
A
(c) the point A is an intensity maxima if L = nl
(d) the point A is always an intensity maxima for any separation L.
132 OPTICS
7. A long narrow horizontal slit lies 1 mm above a plane mirror. The interference pattern produced by
the slit and its image is viewed on a screen distant 1m from the slit. The wavelength of light is 600
nm. Then the distance of the frst maxima above the mirror is equal to.
(a) 30 mm (b) 0.15 mm
(c) 60 mm (d) 0.75 mm.
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
In a Youngs double slit experiment set up, source S of wavelength 6000 illuminates two slits S
1
and
S
2
which act two coherent sources. The source S oscillates about its shown position according to the
equation y = 1 + cos t where y is in millimeters and t in seconds.
8. At t = 0, fringe width is b
1
, and at t = 2 seconds, fringe width of fgure is b
2
. Then
(a) b
1
> b
2
(b) b
2
> b
1
(c) b
1
= b
2
(d) Data is insuffcient.
9. At t = 2 second, the position of central maxima is
(a) 2 mm above the C (b) 2 mm below the C
(c) 4 mm below the C (d) 4 mm below the C.
10. At t = 1 second, a slab of thickness 2 10
3
mm and refractive index 1.5 is placed in just front of S
1
.
The central maxima is formed at
(a) 1 mm above the C (b) 1 mm below the C
(c) 2 mm above the C (d) 2 mm below the C.
ASSERTION / REASON
Codes.
Statement 1.
Statement 1.
11. STATEMENT 1
The flm which appears bright in refected system will appear dark in the transmitted light and vice-
versa.
STATEMENT 2
The conditions for flm to appear bright or dark in refected light are just reverse to those in the
transmitted light.
12. STATEMENT 1
For best contrast between maxima and minima in the interference pattern of Youngs double slit
133 OPTICS
experiment, the intensity of light emerging out of the two slits should be equal.
STATEMENT 2
The intensity of interference pattern is proportional to square of amplitude.
13. STATEMENT 1
In Youngs double slit experiment, the fringes become indistinct if one of the slits is covered with
cellophane paper.
STATEMENT 2
The clear cellophane paper decrease the wavelength of light.
14. STATEMENT 1
In Youngs double slit experiment the two slits are at distance d apart. Interference pattern is
observed on a screen at distance D from the slits. At a point on the screen when it is directly
opposite to one of the slits, a dark fringe is observed. Then the wavelength of wave is proportional to
square of distance of two slits.
STATEMENT 2
For a dark fringe intensity is zero.
15. STATEMENT 1
If the phase difference between the light waves emerging from the slits of the Youngs experiment is
radian, the central fringe will be dark.
STATEMENT 2
Phase difference is equal to times of path difference.
MATRIX MATCH
16. In case of Youngs double slit arrangement match the following facts
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
134 OPTICS
17. If one of the two slits of a Youngs double slit experiment is painted over so that it transmits half the
light intensity as compared to that of the other, then
(a) The fringe system would disappear
(b) The bright fringes will be more bright & dark fringes will be more dark
(c) The dark fringes would be less dark and bright fringes would be less bright
(d) Bright as well as dark fringes would be darker.
18. In Youngs double slit experiment, the constant phase difference between two sources is
.
2
The
intensity at a point equidistant from the slits in terms of maximum intensity
0
I
is
(a)
0
I
(b)
0
I
2
(c)
0
3I
4
(d)
0
3I
B
S
1
S
2
Q
P
O
19. In the fgure, Youngs double slit experiment Q is the position of the frst
bright fringe on the right side of O.P is the 11
th
fringe on the other side,
as measured from Q. If
6000A
=
, then
1
S B
will be equal to
(a)
6
6 10 m
(b)
6
6.6 10 m
(c)
7
3.318 10 m
(d)
7
3.144 10 m
20. In a Youngs double-slit experiment, the central bright fringe can be identifed
(a) as it has greater intensity than the other bright fringes
(b) as it wider than the other bright fringes
(c) as it is narrower than the other bright fringes
(d) by using white light instead of monochromatic light.
21. Four light waves are represented by
(i) y = a
1
(ii) y = a
2

(iii) y = a
1
(iv) y = a
2

Interference fringes may be observed due to superposition of
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv).
22. Identify the correct statements related to Youngs double slit experiment
(a) the initial phase difference between the two sources should be constant
(b) the distance between two successive maxima or minima is constant
(c) the angular fringe width d is independent of the order n of maxima
(d) the fringe width is given by .
23. As a wave propagates.
(a) the wave intensity remains constant for a plane wave
(b) the wave intensity decreases as the inverse of the distance from the source for a spherical wave
(c) the wave intensity decreases as the inverse square of the distance from the source for a
spherical wave
(d) total intensity of the spherical wave over the spherical surface centred at the source remains
constant at all times.
COMPREHENSION
135 OPTICS
@ Write-up 1
A thin flm of a specifc material can be used to decrease the intensity of refected light. There is
destructive interference of waves refected from upper and lower surfaces of the flm. These flms are
called nonrefecting or antirefection coatings. The process of coating the lens or surface with non
refecting flm is called blooming as shown in the fgure. The refracting index of coating (n
1
) is less
than that of the glass (n
2
).
Film
Glass
R.I. = n
1
1
2
R.I. = n
2
Air
24. If the light of wavelength l is incident normally and the thickness of flm is t then optical path
difference between waves refected from upper and lower surface of flm is
(a) 2n
1
t (b)
1
2n t
2
(c)
1
2n t
2
+
(d) 2t.
25. Magnesium fuoride (MgF
2
) is generally used as antirefection coating. If refractive index of MgF
2
is
1.38 then minimum thickness of flm required is (Take = 550 nm) .
(a) 112.4 nm (b) 78.2 nm
(c) 99.64 nm (d) 225 nm.
26. If the thickness of flm in above question is not technologically possible to manufacture, then next
thickness of flm required is (approximately)
(a) 298.9 nm (b) 271.7 nm
(c) 304.7 nm (d) 550 nm.
ASSERTION / REASON
Codes.
Statement 1.
Statement 1.
27. STATEMENT 1
The maximum intensity in interference in an interference pattern is four times the intensity due to
each slit.
STATEMENT 2
Intensity is directly proportional to square of amplitude.
28. STATEMENT 1
When monochromatic light is incident on a surface separating two media, the refected and refracted
light both have the same frequency as the incident frequency.
STATEMENT 2
The frequency of monochromatic light depends on media.
136 OPTICS
29. STATEMENT 1
No interference pattern is detected when two coherent sources are infnitely close to each other.
STATEMENT 2
The fringe width is inversely proportional to the distance between the two coherent sources.
30. STATEMENT 1
For best contrast between maxima and minima in the interference pattern of Youngs double slit
experiment, the intensity of light emerging out of the two slits should be equal.
STATEMENT 2
The intensity of interference pattern is proportional to square of amplitude.
MATRIX MATCH
31. Match the column
LEVEL - II
KEY
MODEL QUESTIONS
SINGE CHOICE CORRECT QUESTION
1. (c) 2. (c)
3. (b) 4. (c)
5. (a, c, d) 6. (a, c)
7. (b)
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
8 (c) 9. (d)
10. (a)
ASSERTION / REASON
137 OPTICS
11. (a) 12. (b)
13. (c) 14. (b)
15. (b)
MATRIX MATCH
16. (a q)
(b r)
(c p)
(d s)
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
KEY
17. (c) 18. (b)
19. (a) 20. (d)
21. (a, d) 22. (a, b, c, d)
23. (a, c, d)
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
24. (a) 25. (c)
26. (a)
ASSERTION / REASON
27. (b) 28. (c)
29. (a) 30. (b)
MATRIX MATCH
31. (a s)
(b p)
(c r)
(d q)
138 OPTICS
LEVEL-II
LEVEL - II
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
MODEL QUESTIONS
1. For sustained interference waves must be coherent
2. The condition for maxima and minima formed by refracted light is not reversed.
3.
( )
2
min 1 2
I I I =
4. Coherence is lost for a duration of time.
5. For sustained interference, sources must be coherent.
6. All points lying on any circle on the screen, concentric with A are symmetric with respect to S
1
S
2
. Path
difference = nl, for maximum.
7.
1
D
y
4d
=
= 1.5 mm.
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
8. to 10.
Position of central maxima at any time is
y = 2 (1 + t) mm
at t = 2 seconds,
y = 4 mm.
at t = 1 second
Central maxima is at
y = 0
But when a plate is inserted
Central maxima is at

1
D
y ( 1)t
d
=
= 1 mm.
ASSERTION / REASON
11. The phase is refected light and transmitted light differ by 180 at the air-flm barrier.
12. The visibility of the fringes is difned by : and the contrast of the fringe system is higher
when visibliity is higher.
13. Contrast is reduced when the intensities of light emerging from the slits are not equal.
14. .
15. path difference.
MATRIX MATCH
16. Independent sources are not choherent, in general. When white light is used in Youngs doulbe slit
experiment, coloured fringes are obtained (except for the central fringe). A diffraction pattern is obtained
139 OPTICS
with a single slit. The contrast depends on the relative intensities of light from the two slits.CE QU
PRACTICAL QUESTIONS
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
17.
( )
2
min 1 2
I I I =

( )
2
max 1 2
I I I = +
.
18.
2
0
I I cos
2
=

2
0
I cos
4
| |
=
|
\ .
0
I
2
=
.
19.
n
10 D D
y x
d d
= =

x 10 =

6
6 10 m
=
.
20. Because after using white light central bright fringe will be white due to zero path difference for all
colours.
21. For superposition waves must be coherent (i.e., must have same frequency)
22. For sustained interference, waves must be coherent and fringe width doesnt depend upon order n.
23. For plane wave, For sphericalwave,
I = const,
2
P
I
r
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
24. OPD = 2 n
1
t
(a)
25. For destructive interference,

1 min 1 2
2n t ( n n )
2
= <

min
550
t 99.64 nm
4 1.38
= =
.
26.
1
3
2n t
2
=

min
t 3t 298.9nm =
.
ASSERTION / REASON
27. .
28. Frequency remains unchanged during refection and refraction.
29. In this case intensity will be same at each point on the screen.
140 OPTICS
30.
Contrast is better when visibility is high.
MATRIX MATCH
31. A line source produces a cylindrical wave front while a point source produces spherical wavefront.

Contrast is better when visibility is high
.
LEVEL - III
MODEL QUESTIONS
1. In Youngs double slit experiment, 12 fringes are observed to be formed in a certain segment of the
screen when light of wavelength 600 nm is used. If the wave length of light is changed to 400 nm,
number of fringes observed in the same segment of the screen is given by
(a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 24 (d) 30.
2. Two beams of light having intensities I and 4I interfere to produce a fringe pattern on a screen.
The phase difference between the beams is
/ 2
at point A and
at point B. Then the difference

between the resultant intensities at A and B is
(a) 2 I (b) 4 I (c) 5 I (d) 7 I.
3. In Youngs double slit experiment the wavelength of light was changed from 7000
A
to 3500
A
. While doubling the separation between the slits, which of the following is not true for this
experiment?
(a) The width of fringes changes
(b) The colour of bright fringes changes
(c) The separation between successive bright fringes changes.
(d) The separation between successive dark fringes remains unchanged.
4. In the ideal double slit experiment, when a glass plate of refractive index 1.5 and thickness t is
introduced in the path of one of the interfering beams of wavelength
, the intensity at the position

of central maxima, remains unchanged. Minimum thickness of glass plate is
(a) 2
(b)
2 / 3
(c)
/ 3
(d)
.
A
B B
A
C
5. A ray of light of intensity I is incident on a parallel glass slab at a point A as
shown. It undergoes partial refection and refraction. At each refection, 25%
of incident energy is refected. The rays AB and
A B
undergo interference
(see fgure). The ratio of their intensities is
(a) 4 : 3 (b) 8 : 1 (c) 7 : 1 (d) 49 : 1.
6. If the width of slit S
1
in Youngs double slit experiment is gradually increased.
141 OPTICS

(a) bright fringes become brighter and dark fringes become darker.
(b) Bright fringes become less bright , dark fringes become less dark.
(c) Bright fringes become brighter, dark fringes lighter.
(d) Bright fringes become less bright, dark fringes darker.
7. A light wave can travel
(a) in vacuum (b) in vacuum only
(c) in a material medium (d) in a material medium only.
8. Which of the following properties of light conclusively support wave theory of light?
(a) Light obeys laws of refection
(b) speed of light in water is smaller than the speed in vacuum
(c) light shows interference
(d) light shows photoelectric effect.
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
In Youngs experiment, light of wavelength 6000 is incident on the double slits. Intensity of central
maximum, formed at O, is I
0
, and the angular fringewidth is 0.1. If a thin transparent plate A is
placed in the path of one of the interfering beams, it is found that smallest thickness of the plate, for
which intensity at O becomes half of maximum, is 250 nm. Also, the zero order fringe earlier at O
now forms 0.5 mm from O.
O
S
1
S
2
d
D
D >> d
However, instead of plate A, if a plate B made of another material is placed in the path of one of the
interfering beams, smallest thickness of B for which intensity at O becomes zero is 300 nm. Neglect
absorption of light by the plates and consider the following situations.
Answer the following questions .
9. Refractive index of plate A is
(a) 1.4 (b) 1.5
142 OPTICS
(c) 1.6 (d) 1.82.
10. Refractive index of plate B is
(a) 2 (b) 1.8
(c) 1.65 (d) 1.48
11. If plate A is kept in front of S
1
and plate B in front of S
2
then intensity at O is
(a) I
0
(b) I
0
/2
(c) I
0
/4 (d) I
0
/8.
ASSERTION / REASON
Codes.
Statement 1.
Statement 1.
12. STATEMENT 1
In Youngs double slit experiment the fringes become indistinct if one of the slits is covered with
cellophane paper.
STATEMENT 2
The cellophane paper decreases the wavelength of light.
13. STATEMENT 1
In interference all the fringes are of same width
STATEMENT 2
In interference fringe width is independent of position of the fringe.
14. STATEMENT 1
One of the condition for interference is that the two slits should be very narrow.
STATEMENT 2
Fringe width is inversely proportional to separation between slits.
15. STATEMENT 1
Interference obeys the law of conservation of energy
STATEMENT 2
The energy is redistributed in case of interference.
MATRIX MATCH
143 OPTICS
17. In Youngs double slit experiment, the slits are illuminated by white light. The distance between two
slits is d and screen is D distance away from the slits. Some wavelengths are missing on the screen
in front of one of the slits. These wavelengths are
(a)
2 2
d d
,
D 3D
=
(b)
2
2d
D
=
(c)
2
2d
3D
=
(d)
2 2
d d
,
D 2D
=
.
18. White light is incident on a soap flm of thickness
5
5 10
cm and refractive index 1.33. Which

wavelength is refected maximum in the visible region ?
(a) 2600
A
(b) 8866
A
(c) 5320
A
(d) 3800
A
.
s
1
s
2
O
19. A monochromatic beam of light falls on Youngs double slit

experiment apparatus at some angle (say ) as shown in the
fgure. A thin sheet of glass is inserted in front of the lower slit S
2
.
The central bright fringe (path difference = 0) will be obtained
(a) anywhere depending on angle thickness of plate t and
refractive index of glass
(b) at O
(c) below O
(d) above O
20. Youngs double slit experiment is performed in a liquid. The 10
th
bright fringe in liquid lies where 6
th

dark fringe lies in vacuum. The refractive index of the liquid is approximately
(a) 1.2 (b) 1.67
(c) 1.5 (d) 1.8
21. Two identical coherent sources are placed on a diameter of a circle of radius R at separation
( ) x R <<
symmetrically about the center of the circle. The sources emit identical wavelength

144 OPTICS
each. The number of points on the circle with maximum intensity is
( ) x 5 =
(a) 24 (b) 20
(c) 22 (d) 26.

d
P
22. A plane wave front of light is incident on a plane mirror as shown in the fgure.
Intensity is maximum at P when
(a)
cos / 2d =
(b)
cos 3 / 4d =
(c)
sec cos 3 / 4d =
(d)
sec cos / 2d =
23. In Youngs double slit experiment, the y coordinates of central maxima and 10
th
maxima are 2 cm
and 5 cm respectively. When the apparatus is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.5, the
corresponding y-coordinates will be
(a) 2 cm, 4 cm (b) 4/3 cm, 10/3 cm
(c) 2 cm, 7.5 cm (d) 3 cm, 6 cm.
24. A plate of thickness t made of a material of refractive index
is placed in front of one of the slits in

a double slit experiment. What should be minimum thickness t, which will make the intensity at the
centre of the fringe pattern zero ?
(a)
( ) 1
2

(b)
( ) 1

(c)
( ) 2 1

(d)
( ) 1
.
C
S
S
1
2
I
0
I
0
I
0
I
0
d
S
3
S
4
D
d
2
D
25. In the given fgure, C is middle point of line
1 2
S S .
A monochromatic
light of wavelength
in incident on slits. The ratio of intensity at

3
S

and
4
S
is
(a) 0 (b)
(c) 4 . 1 (d) 1 . 4.
26. When light propagates in vacuum there is an electric feld and a magnetic feld. These felds
(a) are constant in time
(b) have zero average value
(c) are perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light.
(d) are mutually perpendicular
27. Huygens principle of secondary wavelets may be used to
(a) fnd the velocity of light in vacuum
(b) explain the particle behaviour of light
(c) fnd the new position of a wavefront
(d) explain Snells law.
28. Three observers A, B and C measure the speed of light coming from a source to be v
A
, v
B
and v
C
.
145 OPTICS
The observer A moves towards the source and C move away from the source at the same speed.
The observer B stays stationary. The surrounding space is water everywhere. Select the correct
option(s) from the list given in that question.
(a) v
A
> v
B
> v
C
(b) v
A
> v
B
> v
C
(c) v
A
= v
B
= v
C
(d) v
B
=
( )
A C
1
v v
2
+
.
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
The Youngs double-slit experiment is done in a medium of refractive index 4/3. A light of 600 nm
wavelength is falling on the slits having 0.45 mm separation. The lower slit s
2
is covered by a thin glass
sheet of thickness 10.4 mm and refractive index 1.5. The interference pattern is observed on a screen
placed 1.5 m from the slits. All the wavelengths given in this are for the given medium of refractive index
4/3. Ignore dispersion.
29. The location of the central point maximum (bright fringe with zero path difference) on the y-axis is.
(a) 4.33 mm (b) 3.44 mm
(c) 4.033 mm (d) 3.044 mm.
30. The light intensity at central point of screen relative to the maximum fringe intensity is given by.
(a) 0.50 (b) 0.75
(c) 0.25 (d) 1.00
31. Now, if 600 nm light is replaced by white light of range 400 to 700 nm, fnd the wavelengths of the
light that forms maxima exactly at central point.
(a) = 650 nm and 434.4 nm (b) = 450 nm and 434.4 nm
(c) = 850 nm and 234.4 nm (d) = 250 nm and 234.4 nm.
ASSERTION / REASON
Codes.
Statement 1.
Statement 1.
32. STATEMENT 1
In Youngs double slit experiment interference pattern disappears when one of the slits is closed
STATEMENT 2
Interference occurs due to superimposition of light wave from two coherent sources
33. STATEMENT 1
If the phase difference between the light waves emerging from the slits of the Youngs experiment is
p- radian, the central fringe will be dark.
STATEMENT 2
146 OPTICS
Phase difference is equal to
2
times the path difference.

34. STATEMENT 1
Interference pattern is obtained on a screen due to two identical coherent sources of monochromatic
light. The intensity at the central part of the screen becomes one half if one of the sources is blocked.
STATEMENT 2
The resultant intensity is the sum of the intensities due to two sources; if one is blocked the intensity
obviously reduces to one-half.
MATRIX MATCH
LEVEL - III KEY
MODEL QUESTIONS
1. (b) 2. (b)
3. (d) 4. (a)
5. (b)
6. (c) 7. (a, c)
8. (b, c)
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (b)
ASSERTION / REASON
12. (c) 13. (a)
14. (a) 15. (a)
MATRIX MATCH
16. (a q)
(b s)
(c r)
(d p)
147 OPTICS
PRACTICE QUESTIONS KEY
17. (a) 18. (c)
19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (a)
23. (b) 24. (c)
25. (b)
26. (b, c, d) 27. (c, d)
28. (a, d)
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (a)
ASSERTION / REASON
32. (a) 33. (b)
34. (d)
MATRIX MATCH
35. (a r)
(b q)
(c p)
LEVEL - III SOLUTIONS
MODEL QUESTIONS
1.
12 600D n 400D
d d

=

n 18 =
.
2.
net
I | (I 4I) (I 4I 2 I 4Icos ) | 4I = + + + =
.
3.
D
d
=
If d will change, width of fringe will change.
4.
2
m
d
I I cos
2
=
For I to be I
m
,
2 , =

(1.5 1)t =

t
3
1
2
=
| |
|
\ .
.
148 OPTICS
5.
2
max
2
min
I 3 I
2 8
I 49
I 1
I 3 I
2 8
| |
+
|
|
\ .
= =
| |
|
|
\ .
.
6.
2 2
max 1 2 min 1 2
I ( I I ) , I ( I I ) = + =
Here, I
1
will increase thats why I
max
and I
min
will increase.
7. Light is an electromagnetic wave which can travel in vacuum and in a material medium also.
8. In interference, fringes are formed which is the proof of continuous energy distribution i.e., wave theory
of light.
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
9. Here,

, x
2 4

= =
.

m
I
I
2
=
,

( )
A
I t
4
=

( )
10
2
A
6000 10
1 250 10
4

=
.
10.
A
1.6 =

, x
2
= =

( )
10
9
B
6000 10
1 300 10
2

=
.
11.
x
2 4 4

= =
.

2
=

0
I
I
2
=
.
ASSERTION / REASON
12. The contrast between maximum and minimum intensity reduces as a result of covering one of the slits
with cellophase paper.
13. near the central maximum.
149 OPTICS
14. for small d, W will be large.
15. In interference, the energy is more at maximum while it is less at minima.
MATRIX MATCH
16.
and
Also .
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
17.
d (2n 1) D
2 2d

=
n = 1, 2, 3, .
18.
2 t n
2
+ =
(for maxima)

4 t
2n 1
.
19.
x 0 =

dsin ( 1)t 0 =
So, anywhere depending on angle
thickness of plate t and refractive index of glass
.
20.
10 D 11 D 11
,
d 2d 20

= =

20
11
=
.
21.

P
S
1
S
2
5

x 5 cos =
at P
and
5 cos n =
for maxima

n 20 =
.
22. At P,
x dsec cos2 dsec
2
= + +

2dcos
2
= +
150 OPTICS
for maxima,
2dcos n
2
+ =
.
23. y maxima = 2 / 1.5 = 4/3
y
10th
maxima = 5 / 1.5 = 10/3
24.
( 1)t
2
=
or,
t
2( 1)
=

.
25.
3
4
S
0
S
I
4I
I 0
= =
.
26. The coverage value of a sinusoidal function is zero;
v, E, B

are mutually perpendicular.

27. From Huygens construction.
28. Here, velocity of light in medium will be less than C. Thats why we can use the relative motion concept.
COMPREHENSION
@ Write-up 1
29.
6
3 3
x 1 10.4 10
2 4

(
=
(

n
D
y x 4.33 mm
d
= =
.
30.
2
x

2
m
d 3
I I cos
2 4
= =
.
31.
6
3 3
x 1 10.4 10 n
2 4

(
= =
(

n = 1, 2, 3, .

650 nm, and 34.4 nm =
.
ASSERTION / REASON
32. At least two waves are necessary for interference.
33. If the phase difference is rad. It means waves superimpose in opposite phase.
34. If one of these slits is closed, intensity becomes one fourth
.
MATRIX MATCH
35. The phenomena which can be explained by wave theory are refection, refraction, interference etc. and
the phenomena which can be explained by particle nature of light is photoelectric effect.
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
MODEL QUESTIONS
151 OPTICS
1. A thin wafer of 9.9 m thickness and refractive index 1.5 is introduced in front of one of
the slits in a youngs double-slite experiment. By how many fringe widths does the fringe pattern
shift ?
2. LIght used in a youngs double-slit experiment consists of two wavelengths . 450nm and 720nm. In
the interference pattern , eighth maximum of the frst coincides with the n
th
maximum of the second.
What is n ?
3. In YDSE, d = 2 mm, D = 2m and
500nm =
. If intensity of two slits are I
0
and 9 I
0
then the intensity
at
1
y mm
6
=
is K I
0
. Find K.
4. Two identical coherent sources of wavelength
are placed at
(100 , 0)
and
( 50 ,0)

respectively. A detector moves slowly from origin to
(2 , 0)
along xaxis. The number of maximas
detected [including origin and
(2 , 0)
] are
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
A
B
C
D
P
d/2
d/2
Screen
Paral lel beam of
light of wavelength
5. For the situation in the fgure
BP AP and D d
3
= >>
. The slits are of equal
widths, having intensity I
0
. If the intensity of P is K I
0

fnd K.
6. A parallel beam of light of wavelength 500 nm and intensity
2
10
watt / m
is incident normally on
two circular openings A and B of radii 10
3
m and 5 10
3
m. A perfectly transparent flm of thickness
250 nm and refractive index 1.5 is placed in front of A. A lens is placed symmetrically w.r.t. openings.
Assume that 20% of the power received by circular openings goes in original direction. The power
received at the focus of the lens is 13 x 10
6
watt. Assuming there is no absorption by the lens.
Find x.
Screen
A
B
D 2D
S
1
S
2
d
Source
7. In YDSE, the point source of light is placed as shows
in fgure that follows. The source starts moving at t =
0 from the shown position in upward direction along
AB with constant velocity 3 m/s. The wavelength is

and
D d >>
and
d >>
. Find the velocity of central
maxima (in m/s).
MODEL QUESTIONS
KEY
1.9. 2. 5.
3.7. 4. 5.
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
152 OPTICS
1.
2.

3.
3 3 6
dy 2 10 1 10 10
x m
D 2 6 6

= = =

6
7
2 2 10 2
x
6 3 5 10

= = =

1 2 1 2
I I I 2 I I cos = + +

0
I 7I =
.
4. If detector moves by
0.5
from origin it observed 2
nd
maxima. So after every
0.5
, one maxima
will be observed.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
KEY
5. 3. 6. 4.
7. 6.
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
5.
BP AP
3
=

2
2
d
D D
4 3
+ =

2
2
d
D 1 1
3 4D

+ =
`

)

2
2
1 d
D 1 1
2 3 4D

+ =
`
)

2
d
8D 3
=

2 2
CP AP D d D = +

2
2
1 d
D 1 1
2 D

= +
`
)

2
d 4
2D 3
= =

8
( )
3
=

R 0
I 3I =
.
6. When interference taking place, resultant power

I Power
153 OPTICS

1 2 1 2
P P P 2 PP cos = + +
(i)

2 6
1 A A
10
P P 20% of r 2 10 watt
= = =

2 6
2 B B
10
P P 20% of r 50 10 watt
= = =

x ( 1)t 125 nm = =

2
x
2

= =
Putting in (i)

6
P 52 10 watt
=
.
7.

vt dy
x d
D 2D
=
For central maxima
x 0 =

y 2vt =

dy
2v 2 3 6 m/ s
dt
= = =
.
1. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths of
6500
and
5200
is used to obtain interference
fringes in a Youngs double slit experiment.
(i) Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from the central maximum for the
wavelength
6500
.
(ii) What is the least distance from the central maximum where the bright fringes due to both the
wavelengths coincide?
Given that the distance between the slits is
2mm
and the distance between the plane of the slits
and the screen is
120cm
.
2. In Youngs double slit experiment using monochromatic light, the fringe pattern shifts by a certain
distance on the screen when a mica sheet of refractive index
1.6
and thickness
1.964
micron is
introduced in the path of one of the interfering waves. The mica sheet is then removed and the distance
between the slits and the screen is doubled. It is observed that the distance between successive maxima
(or minima) now is the same as the observed fringe shift upon the introduction of the mica sheet.
154 OPTICS
Calculate the wavelength of monochromatic light used in the experiment.
3. An air-wedge flm is formed by placing an aluminium foil between two glass slides at a distance
of
6.0cm
from the line of contact of the slides. When the air wedge is illuminated normally by
monochromatic light of wavelength
5893
, interference fringes are produced parallel to the line of
contact of the glass slides having a separation of
1.20mm
. Calculate the angle of the wedge and the
thickness of the foil.
4. In Youngs double slit experiment, the incident sodium light consists of two wavelengths of
5890
and
5895
. The separation between the slits is
1mm
and the screen is
1m
away from the slits. It is
observed that the contrast in the fringe pattern varies from a maximum at the 0
th
order to a minimum at
the n
th
order for the frst time. Find the value of
n
. How far from the centre of the screen does this occur.
S
1
S
2
S
a
b
O
5. A monochromatic source of light

S
illuminates two narrow
slits
1 2
S &S
at separation
d
. The source and the screen are at
distances
a
and
b
from the plane of the slits. The space between
the point source
S
and lower half of the slit system is flled with
water of refractive index
as shown in the fgure. Both the slits

are sealed with mica sheets of equal thickness. Find the distance
from the point
O
where the central fringe will shift. Assume that
d a,b <<
.
6. A parallel beam of white light falls on a thin flm of refractive index 1.33.The angle of incidence is
o
52
. What must be the flm thickness so that the yellow light of wavelength
0.60 m
is most intensively
refected. Given
sin52 0.788 =
.
7. Consider the Youngs double slit experimental set up with two identical narrow slits
1
S
and
2
S
which
are
2mm
apart. A screen is placed at a distance of
1m
from the slits and the space between the slits
and the screen in flled with a homogeneous transparent liquid of refractive index
1.3
. The slits are
covered by transparent thin plates of the same material of thickness
2 m
and
1 m
respectively. The
refractive index of the plates is
1.4
. The slits are illuminated by parallel beam of monochromatic light of
wavelength
6000
(in air). Find the ratio of intensity at
O
(the foot of perpendicular bisector of
1
S

2
S

on the screen) to the maximum intensity of the interference pattern obtained on the screen.

155 OPTICS
8. In a Youngs interference experimental set-up, the two identical slits are illuminated by light
originating from a sodium vapour lamp which contains two closely speed lines referred to as
1
D
and
2
D

lines of two wavelengths with mean wavelength of
5893
. It is observed that the contrast in the fringe
system varies periodically, starting from a maximum contrast at the O
th
order fringe. The fringes are not
distinguishable for the frst time at an order of
n 491 =
. Find the wavelength separation
( )
between
the
1
D
and
2
D
lines of sodium.
9. A glass lens
g
( 1.6) =
is coated with a thin transparent flm of magnesium fuoride
f
( 1.38) =

to make it nonrefecting. What is the minimum thickness of the flm for the lens to be nonrefecting for
incident light whose wavelength is
5500
.
10. In a double slit experiment, interference pattern is produced using monochromatic light of
wavelength
5890
. By introducing a thin transparent plate
( 1.5) =
the path of one of the interfering
waves, it is observed that the central fringe now occupies the position of 5
th
bright fringe in the initial
pattern. Calculate the thickness of the plate.
11. In a double slit experiment the slit separation is
1.0mm
and the screen is placed
1.0m
away. The
slits are illuminated by white light. Find the wavelengths of the visible region which will be absent at a
distance of
2mm
from the central white fringe.
12 . A double slit Youngs experiment is performed with monochromatic light of wavelength
5890
. The slits are
2mm
apart and fringes are observed on a screen placed at
10cm
away from the
slits. When a thin transparent sheet of thickness
0.5mm
is introduced in front of one of the slits, it is
observed that the interference pattern shifts by
5mm
. Find the index of refraction of the transparent
plate.
13. In a double slit experiment the slit separation is adjustable. If the wavelength of the monochromatic
source is
5890
and the separation between the plane containing the slits and the screen = 1 meter;
fnd the minimum separation between the slits if the angular resolution of the eyes of the observer is
o
1
60
| |
|
\ .
.
A B
14. A narrow monochromatic beam of light of intensity
I
is incident on a glass plate
A
as shown in fgure. Another identical glass plate
B
is kept close to the frst one
and parallel to it. Each glass plate refects 25% of light incident on it and transmits
the remaining. Find the ratio of the maximum and the minimum intensities in the
interference pattern formed by the two beams obtained after one refection at each
plate.
A
O
0.5mm
1.30m
L
1
L
2
0.15m
S
156 OPTICS
15. In the given fgure a thin convex lens of circular shape having focal
length
10cm
is cut into two identical halves
1
L
and
2
L
by a plane
through its diameter which are placed symmetrically about the central
axis
SO
with a gap of
0.5mm
. A monochromatic source of wavelength
500nm
and a screen are placed at
15cm
and
130cm
from the lens
system.
(i) Find the distance
OA
, if
A
is the position of the third maximum in the interference pattern
(ii) What will happen to the fringe system if the gap between
1
L
and
2
L
is reduced, other conditions
remaining the same.
KEY
1. (i) 1.17 mm (ii) 0.156 cm
2. = 5892
3. = 14.76 mm.
4. x = 0.347m.
5.
2
2
d
y ( 1)ab 1 / d
4a
| |
= +
|
\ .
6.
(2n 1) 0.14 m = +
7. 3/4
8. =6
9. 99.6 nm.
10.
4
5.89 10 cm
=
11.
4444
and
5714
12.
1.2 =
13. 2.025nm.
14.
max min
I / I
15. (i) 1 mm
(ii) fringe width increases
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
1. (i) For constructive interference resulting in the formation of bright fringe, the distance
n
x
for the nth
bright fringe from the central maximum is
n
nD
x
d
=
Given
n 3 =
,
D 120cm =
,
6500 =

10
6500 10 m
=
,
d 2mm =

3
2 10 m
=
157 OPTICS

2 10
n 3
3 120 10 6500 10
x m
2 10

1.17mm =
.
(ii) For the coincidence of the two bright fringes, let nth bright fringe of
1
coincides with
th
(n 1) +

bright fringe of
2
, thus

1 2
n(D ) D
(n 1)
d d

= +
or,
1
2
n 1 6500 5
n 5200 4
+
= = =

n 4 =

Required distance from the central maximum is

8
1
1
nD 4 120 6500 10
x cm
d 2 10

= =

0.156cm =
.
2. The distance through which the central fringe gets shifted by introducing the mica sheet is

x ( 1)tD / d =
(i)
where
=
refractive index of mica,

t =
its thickness
6
1.964 10 m
=

D =
separation between screen and the plane of the slits
and
d =
slit separation
In the second case,
D
is changed to
2D
and the mica plate is removed, the fringe width

(2D)
d

=
... (ii)
Equating (i) and (ii), we get

( 1)tD 2D
d d

=
or,
( 1)t
2

=

6
(1.6 1) 1.964 10
m
2

=

6
0.5892 10 m
=

5892 =
.
3. If
be the separation between two consecutive bright bands, we have, the path difference

1 2
2(t t ) =
or,
2 tan =

10
3
5893 10 m
tan
2 2 1.2 10

= =

or,
4
2.46 10
=
radius
If
t
be the thickness of the foil,
t
tan
s
=
or,
( )
2 4
t s tan 6 10 m (2.46 10 )

= =

6
14.76 10 m
=

14.76 m =
.
158 OPTICS
4. The condition for minimum contrast is given by

1 2
1
n n
2
| |
= +
|
\ .
or,
1
n(5895) n 5890
2
| |
= +
|
\ .
Solving, we get
n 589 =
.
Thus fringes will be indistinguishable at the order
n 589 =
.
The required distance from the centre of the screen is

10
3
D 589 5895 10 1
x n n
d 10

= = =

0.347m =
.
5. Let the central fringe is shifted to
P
, where
OP y =
. For
P
to be the central maximum, optical path
from
S
to
P
through the slits
1
S
and
2
S
must be equal.

2 2 1 1
(SS ) S P SS S P + = +

or,
2 1 2
( 1)SS (S P S P) =

1 2
S S sin dtan = =
or,
2
2
d y
( 1) a d
2 b
| |
+ =
|
\ .
Simplifying, we get

2
2
d
y ( 1)ab 1 / d
4a
| |
= +
|
\ .
.
6. For maximum intensity in the reflected beam, the condition of constructive interference
1
2 t cosr n
2
| |
= +
|
\ .
must be satisfed. The thickness

1
t n
2 2 cosr
| |
= +
|

\ .

2 2
1
n
2
2 sin i
| |
= +
|
\ .

2 2
1 0.60 m
n
2
2 (1.33) (0.788)
| |
= +
|
\ .

0.15 m
(2n 1)
1.071
= +

(2n 1) 0.14 m = +
.
Hence the required thickness will be
(0.14,0.42,0.70,....) m
.
7. For the slit
1
S
, the optical path introduced is
1 s 1
( )t =
Similarly for slit

2
S
,

2 s 2
( )t =
Net optical path introduced is

1 2 s 1 2
( )(t t ) = =

(1.4 1.3)(2 1) m 0.1 m = =

The phase difference between the waves reaching the point equidistant from the two slits will be
159 OPTICS

0
2
=
optical path difference

6
10
2 0.1 10
3 6000 10

= =
Hence the intensity at

O
is

1 2 1 2
I I I 2 I I cos = + +

0 0 0 0
I I 2I cos 3I
3
= + + =
But the intensity where the waves superpose in the same phase is

( ) ( )
2 2
max 1 2 0 0
I I I 2 I 4I = + = =

The required ratio of intensities is

0
max 0
3I I 3
I 4I 4
= =
.
8. The two spectral lines will produce their individual fringe pattern and their superposition results in the
variation of contrast starting from the O
th
order to a minimum contrast at the n
th
order where
n 491 =
.
This happens when maximum of
1
falls on the minimum of

2
,
i.e.,
1 2
1
n n
2
| |
= +
|
\ .
,
where,
1
and
2
are the component wave length with

1 2
>
.
Given
n 491 =
, we have

1 2
1
491 491
2
| |
= +
|
\ .
or,
1
2
983
982
or,
1 2
1 2
1965
1
+
=

or,
1 2
1965
2( ) 2
+
=
or,
mean
1965
2
or,
mean
2 5893 2
6
1965 1965

= =
Hence wavelength separation
6 =
.
9. A glass lens is made nonrefecting by coating it with a thin flm of a material whose refractive index
f g
<
. If the coating is a quarter-wave length thick, the difference in the path length between the
160 OPTICS
refected rays is
2t / 2 =
, where

0
f
is the wavelength of light in the coating. Here both the

refected waves (i) and (ii) undergo a 180 phase shift, they are out of phase for a path difference of
/ 2
and interfere destructively, i.e., the waves are transmitted rather than refected, making the lens
surface nonrefecting.
Hence
min
t
4

=

0
f
4

10
5500 10 m
4 1.38

9
99.6 10 m
=

99.6nm =
.
10. Displacement of the central fringe is given by

( 1)tD
x
d

=
Given that this displacement is equal to fve times the fringe width, i.e.,
D
5 5
d

( 1)tD 5D
d d

=
or,
8
5 5 5890 10
t cm
( 1) (1.5 1)

= =

4
5.89 10 cm
=
.
11. The wavelengths which satisfy the condition for destructive interference will remain absent at the given
position and correspond to the dark fringe. If
n
x
be the distance from the central maximum where dark
fringe exists, we have

n
x (2n 1)
2
= +
,
where,
n 0,1,2,.... =
and
is the fringe width

D
d
| |
=
|
\ .

n
D 1 D
x (2n 1) n
2d 2 d
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
or,
n
1
x d / n D
2
| |
= +
|
\ .
Given
3
n
x 2mm 2 10 m
= =
,

3
d 1mm 1 10 m
= =

D 1.0m =
Putting
n 1,2,3, 4...... =
161 OPTICS

40000,1333.3, 8000,5714.2, 4444.4,3636.3 =
.
The absent components consist of
4444
and
5714
.
12. In absence of the thin plate, the path difference at the central fringe is zero, but its introduction in front of
one of the slits produces a path difference
( 1)t =
where
t
is the thickness and
is its refractive
index. Since introducing a path difference of one wave length shifts the fringe system by one fringe-
width
( ) =
, hence number of fringes shifted will be
( 1)t
n

= =

and the corresponding distance

( 1)t D ( 1)tD
x n
d d

= = =
Given
2
t 0.5mm =5 10 cm,D 10cm
= =

d 2mm 0.2cm, = =

x 0.5cm =

2
( 1) 5 10 10
0.5
0.2

=
Solving we get

1.2 =
.
13. The observed can see the fringes distinctly if the angle subtended by the fringe width
at the eye
( ) =
be such that
o
1
60
| |
>
|
\ .
But
D
=
(radian)

D
dD d

= =

min
1
d 60 180

=
or,
min
60 180
d

=

10
5890 10 60 180
(m)
3.14

=

2.025mm =
.
14. Since each plate refects 25%
1
4
| |
=
|
\ .
of the incident intensity, the transmitted wave will consist of 75%
3
4
| |
=
|
\ .
of the incident light, assuming no absorption by the this glass plates. The intensity of part (i)
and (ii) are shown in the fgure as
I
4
and
9
I
64
respectively.
If
1
a
and
2
a
be the corresponding amplitudes, then
162 OPTICS

2
1 1
2 2
I a
I a
| |
=
|
\ .

or,
1 1
2 2
a I I / 4 4
a I 9I / 64 3
= = =
or,
1 2
1 2
a a 7
a a 1
| | +
=
|
\ .
or,
2
1 2
2
1 2
(a a ) 49
1 (a a )
+
=
or,
max min
I / I
.
15. (i) The split parts
1
L
and
2
L
of the convex lens with a separation
1 2
O O
produces coherent sources
(real images of
S
)
1
S
and
2
S
. The separation between
1
S
and
2
S
can be obtained from similar
triangle
1 2
SO O
and
1 2
SS S
.

1 2
1 2
O O u
S S u v
=
+

or,
1 2
0.5mm 15cm
S S (15 30)cm
=
+
[

v 30cm =
from lens formula]
or,
1 2
S S 1.5mm =
Now, the fringe width
D
d
=
; where

D =
distance between coherent sources & screen

(130 30)cm 100cm = =

9 7
500nm 500 10 m 500 10 cm

= = =
and,
d 1.5mm 0.15cm = =

7
100 500 10 1
cm
0.15 30

= =

1 1
OA 3 3 cm cm
30 10
= = =
=
1mm
.
(ii) If the separation
1 2
O O
is reduced the distance between the coherent sources
1 2 1 2
u v
d S S O O
u
+ | |
= =
|
\ .

is also reduced and accordingly the fringe width
D
d
| |
=
|
\ .
increases.
1. A doubled slit apparatus is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.33. It has slit separation of
1 mm and distance between the plane of slits and screen is 1.33 m. The slits are illuminated by a
parallel beam of light whose wavelength in air is 6300
.
(i) calculate the fringe width
(ii) one of the slits of the apparatus is covered by a thin glass sheet of refractive index 1.53. Find the
smallest thickness of the sheet to bring the adjacent maximum on the axis.
x
y
D=1.0 m
d=1.0 mm
Screen
30
163 OPTICS
2. A coherent parallel beam of microwaves of wavelength
0.5 =

mm falls on a Youngs double slit apparatus. The separation
between the slits is 1.0 mm. The intensity of microwaves is
measured on a screen placed parallel to the plane of the slits at a
distance of 1.0 m from it as shown in the fgure.
(a) If the incident beam falls normally on the double slit apparatus,
fnd the ycoordinates of all the interference minima on the
screen.
(b) If the incident beam makes an angle of 30 with the xaxis (as
in the dotted arrows shown in fgure), fnd the ycoordinates of
the frst minima on either side of the central maximum.
S
Y
O
*

3. The Youngs double slit experiment is done in a medium of
refractive index 4/3. A light of 600 nm wavelength is falling on the
slits having 0.45 mm separation. The lower slit S
2
is covered by
a thin glass sheet of thickness 10.4
m
and refractive index 1.5.
The interference pattern is observed on a screen placed 1.5 m
away from the slits as shown.
(a) Find the location of central maximum (bright fringe with zero path difference) on the y-axis.
(b) Find the light intensity at point O relative to the maximum fringe intensity.
(c) Now if 600 nm light is replaced by white light of range 400 to 700 nm, fnd the wavelengths of the
light that form maxima exactly at point O.
[All wavelengths in the are for the given medium of refractive index 4/3. Ignore dispersion]
4. In a Youngs double slit experiment, two wavelengths of 500 nm and 700 nm were used. What is the
minimum distance from the central maximum where their maxima coincide again? Take
3
D / d 10 =
.
Symbols have their usual meanings.
5. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths 6500 and 5200 is used to obtain interference fringes
in a Youngs double slit experiment. (a) Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from
the central maxima for the wavelength 6500 . (b) What is the least distance from the central maxima
where the bright fringes due to both the wavelengths coincide? The distance between the slits is 2 mm
and the distance between the plane of the slits and screen is 120 cm.
6. In a modifed Youngs double slit experiment, a monochromatic uniform and parallel beam of light of
wavelength 6000 and intensity (10/p)W/m
2
is incident normally on two circular apertures A and B of
radii 0.001 m and 0.002 m respectively. A perfectly transparent flm of thickness 2000 and refractive
index 1.5 for wavelength 6000 is placed in front of aperture A. Calculate the power (in watts) received
at the focal spot F of the lens. The lens is symmetrically placed with respect to the aperture. Assume
that 10% of the power received by each aperture goes in the original direction and is bought to the
focal spot.
KEY
1. (i)
0.63mm =
(ii)
t 1.579 m =
2. (a)
0.26m
and
1.13m
(b)
1
y 0.26m =
and
2
y 1.13m =
3. (a)
y 4.33mm =
(b)
max
3
I I
4
=
164 OPTICS
(c) 400 to 700 nm are 650 nm and 433.33 nm
4. = 3.5 mm.
5. (a) b = 0.039 cm (b)
y
= 0.156 cm
6. 7 10
6
watt
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
1. Given m = 1.33, d = 1 mm, D = 1.33 m
l = 6300
(i) Wavelength of light in the given liquid
l =
6300
1.33
4737 = 4737 10
10
m
\ Fringe width, w =
D
d

w =
10
3
(4737 10 m)(1.33 m)
(1 10 m)
= 6.3 10
4
m
(ii) Let t be the thickness of the glass slab.
O
Path difference due to glass slab at center O.
Dx =
glass
liquid
| |
|
|
\ .
t
=
1.53
1
1.33
| |
|
\ .
t
or Dx = 0.15 t
Now, for the intensity to be minimum at O, this path difference should be equal to
2

\ Dx =
2

or 0.15 t =
4737
2

\ t = 15790
or t = 1.579 mm.
2. Given l = 0.5 mm, d = 1.0 mm, D = 1m
(a) When the incident beam falls normally .
Path difference between the two rays S
2
P and S
1
P is
Dx = S
2
P S
1
P d sin q
For minimum intensity,
d sin q = (2n 1)
2
, n = 1, 2, 3, .
or sin q =
( ) 2n 1
4

165 OPTICS
=
(2n 1)0.5
2 1.0
=
2n 1
4
As sin q 1 therefore
(2n 1)
4
1 or n 2.5
So, n can be either 1 or 2
When n = 1, sin q
1
=
1
4
or tan q
1
=
1
15
n = 2, sin q
2
=
3
4
or tan q
2
=
3
7
\ y = D tan q = tan q (D = 1 m)
So, the position of minima will be .
y
1
= tan q
1
=
1
15
m = 0.26 m
y
2
= tan q
2
=
3
7
m = 1.13 m
And as minima can be on either side of center O.
Therefore there will be four minimas at positions 0.26 m and +1.13 m on the screen.
(b) When a = 30, path difference between the rays before reaching S
1
and S
2
is
[In this case, net path difference Dx = Dx
1
Dx
2
]
Dx
1
= d sin a = (1.0) sin 30 = 0.5 mm = l
So, there is already a path difference of l between the rays.
Position of central maximum. Central maximum is defned as a point where net path difference is zero.
So
Dx
1
= Dx
2
or d sin a = d sin q
or q = a = 30
or tan q =
1
3
=
0
y
D
\ y
0
=
1
3
m (D = 1m)
y
0
= 0.58 m
At point P, Dx
1
= Dx
2
Above point P Dx
2
> Dx
1
and
166 OPTICS
Below point P Dx
1
> Dx
2
Now, let P
1
and P
2
be the minimas on either side of central maxima. Then, for P
2
Dx
2
Dx
1
=
2
or Dx
2
= Dx
1
+
2
= l +
2
=
3
2
or d sin q
2
=
3
2
or sin q
2
=
3
2d
=
(3)(0.5)
(2)(1.0)
=
3
4
\ tan q
2
=
3
7
=
2
y
D
or y
2
=
3
7
m = 1.13 m
Similarly by for P
1
Dx
1
Dx
2
=
2
or Dx
2
= Dx
1

2
= l
2
=
2
or d sin q
1
=
2
or sin q
1
=
2d
=
(0.5)
(2)(1.0)
=
1
4
\ tan q
1
=
1
15
=
1
y
D
or y
1
=
1
15
m = 0.26 m
Therefore, y-coordinates of the frst minima on either side of the central maximum are y
1
= 0.26 m and
y
2
= 1.13 m.
3. Given l = 600 nm = 6 10
7
m
d = 0.45 mm = 0.45 10
3
m
D = 1.5 m
Thickness of glass sheet, t = 10.4 mm
= 10.4 10
6
m
Refractive index of medium, m
m
=
4
3
And refractive index of glass sheet, m
g
= 1.5
(a) Let central maximum is obtained at a distance y below point O. Then Dx
1
= S
1
P S
2
P =
yd
D
Path difference due to glass sheet
Dx
2
=
g
m
1
| |
\ .
t
Net path difference will be zero when
Dx
1
= Dx
2
or
yd
D
=
g
m
1
| |
\ .
t
167 OPTICS
\ y =
g
m
D
1 t
d
| |
\ .
Substituting the values, we have
y =
1.5
1
4 3
| |
|
\ .
6
3
10.4 10 (1.5)
0.45 10
y = 4.33 10
3
m
or we can say y = 4.33 mm
(b) At O, Dx
1
= 0 and Dx
2
=
g
m
1 t
| |
\ .
\ Net path difference, Dx = Dx
2
Corresponding phase difference, Df or simple f =
2
.Dx
Substituting the values, we have
f =
7
2 1.5
1
4 3 6 10
| |

|
\ .
(10.4 10
6
)
f =
13
3
| |
|
\ .
Now, I(f) = I
max
cos
2
2
| |
|
\ .
\ I = I
max
cos
2
13
6
| |
|
\ .
I =
3
4
I
max
(c) At O . path difference is Dx = Dx
2
=
g
m
1
| |
\ .
t
For maximum intensity at O
Dx = nl (Here n = 1, 2, 3, )
\ l =
x x x
, ,
1 2 3

and so on
Dx =
1.5
1
4 3
| |
|
\ .
(10.4 10
6
m)
=
1.5
1
4 3
| |
|
\ .
(10.4 10
3
nm)
\ Maximum intensity will be corresponding to
l = 13000 nm,
1300
2
nm,
1300
3
m,
1300
4
nm .
= 1300 nm, 650nm, 433.33 nm, 325 nm nm .
The wavelengths in the range 400 to 700 nm are 650 nm and 433.33 nm.
4. Let n
1
bright fringe corresponding to wavelength l
1
= 500 nm coincides with n
2
bright fringe
corresponding to wavelength l
2
= 700 nm.
168 OPTICS
\ n
1
1
D
d
=
n
2
2
D
d

or
1
2
n
n
=
2
1
=
7
5
This implies that 7
th
maxima of l
1
coincides with 5
th
maxima of l
2
. Similarly 14
th
maxima of l
1
will
coincide with 10
th
maxima of l
2
and so on.
\ Minimum distance =
1 1
n D
d
= 7 5 10
7
10
3
= 3.5 10
3
m = 3.5 mm
5. (a) According to theory of interference, position y of a point on the screen is given by

D
y ( x)
d
=
and as for 3
rd
maximum Dx = 3l

8
D 120
y (3 ) (3 6500 10 )cm 0.117cm
d 0.2

= = =
also as
(D / d), y 3 , = =
i.e.,
(y / 3) 0.039 = =
cm.
(b) If n is the least number of fringes of l
1
( = 6500), which are coincident with (n + 1) of smaller
wavelength l
2
( = 6500 ),

y n (n 1) = = +
, i.e.,
1
2
n 1
n
+
= =

or
2
1 2
5200 5200
n 4
6500 5200 1300
= = = =

So
y 4 4 0.039 0.156 = = =
cm.
6. As intensity and power are defned as

E E
I , P
St t
= =
and P = IS
So power received at A and B is respectively,

2 5
A
10
P (0.001) 10 W
= =
and
2 5
B
10
P (0.002) 4 10 W
= =
and as only 10% of the incident power passes,

5 6
A
10
P 10 10 W
100

= =
and
5 6
B
10
P 4 10 4 10
100

= =
W
Now as due to introduction of flm the path difference produced

x ( 1)t (1.5 1) 2000 1000 = = =

So,
2 2
( x) 1000
6000 3

= = =

A
B
L
F
But as in interference,

1 2 1 2
I I I 2 I I cos = + +

and if S is the area of focal sport,

A B A B
P IS I S I S 2S( I I )cos = = + +

i.e.,
A B A
P P P 2 P P cos( / 3) = + +
B
or
6 6
P 10 [1 4 2( 1 4) (1/ 2)] 7 10

= + + =
watt.
169 OPTICS
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INTRODUCTION

are very small

= refractive index of the medium in which incident rays are present

= refractive index of the medium in which refracted rays are present.

3. Critical angle does not depend on angle of incidence.

4. For small angled prism

Combination of Two Prism:

are depressive powers for the

are the mean deviation produced by them.

i.e. the one image is larger than the object

Refractive index of the medium relative of vacuum

Dispersion without deviation

, the refected ray deviate from its original path by angle

(c) virtual and located at a point between C and O

(d) none of these.

, falls symmetrically on a glass slab as shown. the angles of incidence of

from it. The light produced by a

for more materials; .

image is real, inverted and magnifed.

(d) depends on refractive index for a given real depth.

. Use the New Cartesian Sign Convention.

rays will appear to come from left of YT

observed depth will be less than that for normal view.

(d) None of these.

mirror should be rotated by 1 anticlock vise.

at air glass surface, we get

at glass water surface we have

with the normal to the surface?

on one of the fat surfaces of a transparent cylindrical rod of refractive

From equation (ii),

. When the angle of incidence is greater than

total internal refection will occur.

the minimum value of the angle,

be the critical angle and

is the refractive index of glass we have

The maximum value of

for air glass interface. So,

, fnd the angle of incidence

is incident on the plane of separation. Find the unit vector in the

Equivalent optical path = m distance travelled in water

Solving we get d = 0.6 m

from plane surface (R =

For IInd surface

is the phase difference and I is the resultant intensity.

Schematic arrangement of YDSE

is introduced infront of one of the slits, the

The optical path difference is given by

=6000A D = 2 m, d = 6 mm. When a flm of refractive index 1.5 is introduced in

between the two interfering beams of light, conditions of

, as shown in fgure. Let us assume that the

is the wavelength of light in vacuum (or air)

Similarly, condition of destructive interference will be,

. If the whole set-up is placed inside a transparent liquid of refractive

, the new fringe width will be

, the shift in the fringe pattern is

in the path of one of the

are placed in the path of

fringes (d) none of these.

is constant for all values of

be the fringe width in the interference

, then the value of

where the central maximum is located at

fringes (d) none of the above.

), the intensity at the position